“雅安天漏”研究II．数值预报试验

本文建立了一个用于研究“雅安天漏”的有限区域数值预报模式，并用该模式对１０个“雅安天漏”个例进行了数值预报试验，取得了较满意的结果。该模式动力框架的主要特点是：（１）模式的基本方程组便于构造出完全能量守恒的差分格式；（２）采用了静力扣除；（３）模式的垂直坐标选用了η坐标；（４）选用Ｅ网格作为变量的水平分布形式；（５）位势高度与其他预报量在垂直方向交错分布；（６）对Ｅ网格的波解分离问题采取了特殊的处理技巧；（７）首次采用“半格距”差分解决了矩形Ｅ网格及球坐标Ｅ网格沿对角线的差分计算；（８）采用显示分解的时间积分方案；（９）尽量保留初始场信息。模式的物理过程主要包括：（１）大尺度凝结降水；（２）对流调整及对流降水；（３）水平扩散和垂直通量输送；（４）地面辐射收支和边界层参数化。试报降水的主要降水中心及降水范围与观测分析比较相似。大于１０ｍｍ和２５ｍｎ降水的ＴＳ平均评分分别为０．４１和０．３２。     

再论不等距差分格式的计算紊乱问题

不等距差分格式中存在的计算紊乱问题在文章[1]中已有较好的研究,那里比较了三种构造不等距差分格式的方法,给出了“超高频”条件的表达式,并指明:当出现“超高频”条件时,波不能穿透“界面”,由细网格一侧传到粗网格一侧,而在细网格一侧产生完全的伪反射.但该文没有分析所有可能的情况,本文再用物理分析和数值试验的方法对该文未曾分析的情况进行了详细研究,主要结果有:1.在特殊情况下,即在频率等于临界值时,理论和数值试验结果都表明,不仅在细网格一侧有伪反射,而且在粗网格一侧还有放大的透射波.2.当区域中布多种网格时,不     

最优差分方案

在数值预报和数值模拟中,描述空间微分项的最主要的方法是有限差分法,但使用差分方法会引入截断误差.伍荣生1979年指出,通过在原物理场的基础上构造一个新的物理场,替代原物理场进行差分计算,可以达到减小误差的目的.该文是伍荣生1979年工作的继续,目的在于解释伍荣生1979年所构造的差分格式并得到更为一般化的差分格式.文中给出新的差分格式结合了经典有限差分方法的快速计算和谱方法的高精度的优点.如果在一个给定的网格上对气象要素场进行离散傅里叶级数展开,则基函数(正弦或余弦)的频谱是事免已知的.作者将伍荣生1979年构造物理场的方法视为对物理场的一次平滑,探讨了获取二次平滑场、多次平滑的一般化方法.获取平滑场的基奉原理是使得在固定频谱上的差分逼近程度达到最优.通过对频谱上的累计误差的下降速度分析表明,平滑次数的上限为3次.数值分析的结果表明,二次平滑的最大误差是未作任何平滑的最大误差的0.04倍,在使用相同计算代价的情况下,二次平滑的最大误差是经典的差分格式的0.3倍.平流试验的结果也表明,新的差分格式即一次平滑、二次平滑方案的结果远远优于经典的差分格式.新的差分格式意义在于,在不加密网格的情况下提供了一条提高数值计算精度的途径.     

一类计算稳定性好的显式平流差分格式

通常的显式平流差分格式，如迎风格式，Lax-Wendroff格式等，均是有条件稳定的,其稳定条件与差分网格的时、空步长有关。本文对线性和拟线性平流方程分别构造了一种计算稳定性好的显式差分格式。对前一格式，本文严格证明了它的无条件稳定性及收敛性，并具有一阶精度；对后一格式，由于非线性方程的限制，本文用数值试验研究了它的计算稳定性。     

应用于双向套网格模式的一种变格距差分解法

本文提出了一种用于双向套网格模式的变格距差分计算方案。该方案在不同格距的网格区采用不同精度的差分格式，它自然地连接粗细网格，避免了一般套网格方案在粗细网格相重合点上进行的重复计算。用解析法和数值试验证明了:它与其它一些变格距差分格式相比，对短波的穿透能力有明显改进，虚假的反射也较小。应用该方案建立了正压原始方程双向套网格模式，并采用空间分解和时间分解计算方法。这不仅使二维问题转化为二个一维问题，而且二维套网格也可简化为一维均匀网格和一维套网格两部分，从而使计算和程序简化。用理想场为初值所做的一系列数值试验表明，该模式中的波可以自由进出粗细网格区，计算稳定。最后，还用该模式做了台风路径预报试验，给出了一些试验结果。     

一个在球面半规则网格上的求解Helmholtz方程的多重网格法

该文就球面上求解Ｈｅｌｍｈｏｌｔｚ方程的问题提出了一个多重网格有限差分法，有限差分风格的分辨率在纬度方向（即经向）不变而在经度方向（即纬向）可变，以使球面上网格点的实际间隔大致保持均匀，在每个网格点，把其残差减小到给定量所需要的ＣＰＵ时间与网格分产率无关，由于可变网络距的结果，其离散误差要比二阶误差稍糟些，该解算方法适用于球面上的一般椭圆型方程，对不宜做均匀网格距求解的一些问题也是有用的。     

不等距差分格式的计算紊乱问题

本文用物理分析方法研究不等距差分格式和大小网格相配套的格式中存在的计算紊乱问题,指出在一般情况下,当扰动由粗网格进入细网格时,在粗网格一侧将产生二倍格距的寄生伪反射;若扰动由细网格进入粗网格,在细网格一侧也产生上述的寄生伪反射;而且当振动频率较高(“超高频条件”)时,波动能量几乎全部变为寄生伪反射波,产生严重的计算紊乱。因此设计计算格式时,必须注意避免形成“超高频条件”。文中还比较了三种构造不等距差分格式的方法:(a)坐标变换法(b)加权平均法(c)Isaacson法。指出:当不出现超高频条件且波长>6δs时,三法都可给出较小的寄生伪反射率,而以(b)法为最优。但当波长较短且无超高频条件时只有(b)法才能给出较小的寄生伪反射率。     

用多重网格法解赫姆霍兹型欧拉方程

讨论了用多重网格方法（ＭＧＭ）求解赫姆霍兹型欧拉方程第一边值的五个定解问题，并与变系数超松弛迭代法作了比较。结果表明，在相同的精度条件下，前者所需的计算时间要比后者少，时间效率比随着网格数的增加而明显提高，反映了用多重网格方法求解大型差分方程组数值解的优越性。     

在均匀经纬度网格中计算高纬纬向差商的问题

针对在高纬地区计算纬向差商时，常须把时间步长取得很小，或采取Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ滤波的问题，提出了可以避免这些困难的差分格式，这种格式可以根据任何给定的、稳定的差分格式构造。在形式上它和后者相同，但要求调整网格距，使之可以取和中纬地区同样大的时间步长，并满足计算稳定性条件，在计算中它很有用，也很方便，几乎没有额外的运算量．而且，如果所根据的格式具有质量或能量守恒性质，新格式也同样具有．     

球面上斜压原始方程组保持总有效能量守恒的差分格式

本文从标准层结近似下球面上的斜压原始方程组出发,针对两类常用的网格系统——C-网格和B-网格,分别设计出可以保持总动能、总有效位能和总有效表面位能之和守恒的差分格式.同时,讨论了定义在交错网格上的差分和平均算子的一些很有用的性质.     

Finite-dimensional quasi-Hamiltonian structure in simple model equations

Summary A simple systematic method has been developed to investigate the laws of conservation for approximating model equations. The main purpose of this paper is to identify these model equations as approximations of continuous Hamiltonian systems. If this identification is possible, the laws of conservation of the model system can be investigated as for a finite dimensional Hamiltonian system. Obviously, this method can be applied only in the case where the original continuous equations are Hamiltonian. The applicability of the general method has been verified by using three well-known finite-difference schemes as examples. These examples show that this technique is a possible systematic way to construct new conservative finite-difference approximations, as well as to identify the conserved quantities of well-known schemes.     

长时效的正压原始方程能量完全守恒(拟)谱模式

遵循误差反演补偿新计算原理,对正压原始方程传统气象全球拟谱模式方案进行了改造,构造了正压原始方程能量完全守恒全球拟增模式新计算方案,解决了正压原始方程的（非线性）计算稳定性问题和能量守恒整体性质保持问题,改进了相应正压原始方程传统气象全球拟谱模式方案的计算效能。新方案的数值试验表明：在计算实践上,新方案在解决能量守恒问题的同时,可解决（非线性）计算稳定性问题,并在一定条件下可解决非线性计算收敛性问题。进一步的比较数值试验还表明：在计算实践上,新方案具有在提高相应传统气象方案的计算精度,减少其计算量的同时,延长其计算时效,解决其中一类特定“气候漂移”问题方面的效用。本工作原理也适用于斜压原始方程情形。     

有效的正压原始方程拟能守恒保真（拟）谱模式

本工作遵循保真计算原理与方法,对正压原始方程气象传统全球（拟）谱模式方案进行改造,构造了正压原始方程拟能完全守恒（拟）谱模式新型保真计算方案,解决了正压原始方程的（非线性）计算稳定性问题和拟能守恒整体性质保持问题,改进了相应正压原始方程气象传统全球（拟）谱模式方案的计算效能。新型保真方案的数值实验表明,计算实践中,新方案在解决拟能守恒问题的同时,可解决（非线性）计算稳定问题,并在一定条件下可解决非线性计算收敛性问题。进一步的比较数值实验还表明,计算实践中,新型保真计算方案在提高相应气象传统方案的计算精度、     

THE FORMULATION OF FIDELITY SCHEMES OF PHYSICAL CONSERVATION LAWS AND IMPROVEMENTS ON A TRADITIONAL SPECTRAL MODEL OF BAROCLINIC PRIMITIVE EQUATIONS FOR NUMERICAL PREDICTION

In this paper,two formulation theorems of time-difference fidelity schemes for generalquadratic and cubic physical conservation laws are respectively constructed and proved,with earliermajor conserving time-discretized schemes given as special cases.These two theorems can providenew mathematical basis for solving basic formulation problems of more types of conservative time-discrete fidelity schemes,and even for formulating conservative temporal-spatial discrete fidelityschemes by combining existing instantly conserving space-discretized schemes.Besides.the twotheorems can also solve two large categories of problems about linear and nonlinear computationalinstability.The traditional global spectral-vertical finite-difference semi-implicit model for baroclinicprimitive equations is currently used in many countries in the world for operational weatherforecast and numerical simulations of general circulation.The present work,however,based onTheorem 2 formulated in this paper,develops and realizes a high-order total energy conservingsemi-implicit time-difference fidelity scheme for global spectral-vertical finite-difference model ofbaroclinic primitive equations.Prior to this,such a basic formulation problem remains unsolved forlong,whether in terms of theory or practice.The total energy conserving semi-implicit schemeformulated here is applicable to real data long-term numerical integration.The experiment of thirteen FGGE data 30-day numerical integration indicates that the newtype of total energy conserving semi-implicit fidelity scheme can surely modify the systematicdeviation of energy and mass conserving of the traditional scheme.It should be particularly notedthat,under the experiment conditions of the present work,the systematic errors induced by theviolation of physical laws of conservation in the time-discretized process regarding the traditionalscheme designs(called type Z errors for short)can contribute up to one-third of the totalsystematic root-mean-square(RMS)error at the end of second week of the integration and exceedone half of the total amount four weeks afterwards.In contrast,by realizing a total energyconserving semi-implicit fidelity scheme and thereby eliminating corresponding type Z errors,roughly an average of one-fourth of the RMS errors in the traditional forecast cases can be reducedat the end of second week of the integration,and averagely more than one-third reduced at integraltime of four weeks afterwards.In addition,experiment results also reveal that,in a sense,theeffects of type Z errors are no less great than that of the real topographic forcing of the model.The prospects of the new type of total energy conserving fidelity schemes are very encouraging.     

THE FORMULATION OF FIDELITY SCHEMES OF PHYSICAL CONSERVATION LAWS AND IMPROVEMENTS ON A TRADITIONAL SPECTRAL MODEL OF BAROCLINIC PRIMITIVE EQUATIONS FOR NUMERICAL PREDICTION*

In this paper,two formulation theorems of time-difference fidelity schemes for general quadratic and cubic physical conservation laws are respectively constructed and proved,with earlier major conserving time-discretized schemes given as special cases.These two theorems can provide new mathematical basis for solving basic formulation problems of more types of conservative time-discrete fidelity schemes,and even for formulating conservative temporal-spatial discrete fidelity schemes by combining existing instantly conserving space-discretized schemes.Besides.the two theorems can also solve two large categories of problems about linear and nonlinear computational instability.The traditional global spectral-vertical finite-difference semi-implicit model for baroclinic primitive equations is currently used in many countries in the world for operational weather forecast and numerical simulations of general circulation.The present work,however,based on Theorem 2 formulated in this paper,develops and realizes a high-order total energy conserving semi-implicit time-difference fidelity scheme for global spectral-vertical finite-difference model of baroclinic primitive equations.Prior to this,such a basic formulation problem remains unsolved for long,whether in terms of theory or practice.The total energy conserving semi-implicit scheme formulated here is applicable to real data long-term numerical integration.The experiment of thirteen FGGE data 30-day numerical integration indicates that the new type of total energy conserving semi-implicit fidelity scheme can surely modify the systematic deviation of energy and mass conserving of the traditional scheme.It should be particularly noted that,under the experiment conditions of the present work,the systematic errors induced by the violation of physical laws of conservation in the time-discretized process regarding the traditional scheme designs(called type Z errors for short) can contribute up to one-third of the total systematic root-mean-square(RMS) error at the end of second week of the integration and exceed one half of the total amount four weeks afterwards.In contrast,by realizing a total energy conserving semi-implicit fidelity scheme and thereby eliminating corresponding type Z errors,roughly an average of one-fourth of the RMS errors in the traditional forecast cases can be reduced at the end of second week of the integration,and averagely more than one-third reduced at integral time of four weeks afterwards.In addition,experiment results also reveal that,in a sense,the effects of type Z errors are no less great than that of the real topographic forcing of the model.The prospects of the new type of total energy conserving fidelity schemes are very encouraging.     

物理守恒律保真格式构造与数值预报斜压原始方程传统谱模式改进研究

文中构造并证明了一般二次和三次物理守恒律时间差分保真格式两个构造定理，以往一些主要时间离散守恒格式构造方案可作为两个定理特例给出。它们不仅可为解决更加广泛类别的时间离散保真格式构造基本问题提供适用数学基础，而且也为结合已有瞬时空间离散守恒格式，解决更加广泛类别的时－空离散意义下保真格式构造基本问题提供适用的数学基础。此外，文中两个定理还可解决两大类问题的线性和非线性计算不稳定性问题。斜压原始方程传统半隐式全球谱－垂直有限差分模式目前是世界上许多国家的业务预报和大气环流模式。本工作利用文中新构定理，构造并且实现了斜压原始方程全球谱－垂直有限差分模式半隐式高阶全能量守恒方案。以往该项基本问题无论在理论还是实践上长期以来一直都未能得到解决。该项全能量守恒半隐式全球谱模式方案适用于实测资料的长时间数值预报积分。使用ＦＧＧＥ夏季资料进行的１３个个例３０ｄ数值积分实验表明：新型全能量半隐式保真方案可以有效地改进传统预报方案中关于能量质量守恒性质的系统性偏差。值得注意的是，实验统计分析还显示：在本文实验条件下，传统方案中由于时间离散过程中原物理守恒律性质破坏导致的系统误差（简称Ｚ类误差），对于实验总体均方根系统误差的贡献     

再论发展方程差分格式的构造和应用

【摘　要】本文把一大类大气、海洋方程归结为一种发展方程,具体构造了若干定时间步长的显式完全平方守恒差分格式。并证明在一定条件下,这类格式也具有能量守恒、“广义能量”守恒和“平均尺度”守恒的特性,它表明这类格式具有较好的计算稳定性和省时性。文中还探讨了显式平方守恒格式与隐式平方守恒格式之间的密切联系。最后给出了令人满意的用四波的R-H波作数值检验的结果。     

LONG VALID TIME ENERGY PERFECT CONSERVATIVE FIDELITY SPECTRAL SCHEMES OF BAROTROPIC PRIMITIVE EQUATIONS*

In accordance with a new compensation principle of discrete computations,the traditional meteorological global (pseudo-) spectral schemes of barotropic primitive equation (s) are transformed into perfect energy conservative fidelity schemes,thus resolving the problems of both nonlinear computational instability and incomplete energy conservation,and raising the computational efficiency of the traditional schemes.As the numerical tests of the new schemes demonstrate,in solving the problem of energy conservation in operational computations,the new schemes can eliminate the (nonlinear) computational instability and,to some extent even the (nonlinear) computational diverging as found in the traditional schemes,Further contrasts between new and traditional schemes also indicate that,in discrete operational computations,the new scheme in the case of nondivergence is capable of prolonging the valid in-tegral time of the corresponding traditional scheme,and eliminating certain kind of systematical computational "climate drift",meanwhile increasing its computational accuracy and reducing its amount of computation.The working principle of this paper is also applicable to the problem concerning baroclinic primitive equations.     

Principles for capturing the upstream effects of deep sills in low resolution ocean models

Principles for incorporating the upstream effects of deep sills into numerical ocean circulation models using nonlinear analytical hydraulic models are discussed within the context of reduced gravity flow. A method is developed allowing the upstream influence of a numerically unresolvable deep sill or width contraction to be reproduced. The method consists of placing an artificial boundary in the numerical model's overflowing layer at some distance upstream of the actual sill or width contraction of the deep strait. Given the model state at time t, the dependent flow variables are then predicted at the artificial boundary at time t + Δt by using the method of characteristics in combination with quasi-steady hydraulic laws. The calculation requires the use of Riemann invariants and examples are given for a simple nonrotating flow and for rotating channel flow with uniform potential vorticity. The computation is considerably simplified by linearizing the relevant equations in the vicinity of the artificial boundary, resulting in a linear wave reflection problem. The reflection coefficients for the two cases are calculated and these can be used directly to numerically satisfy the boundary condition in a straightforward way.     

包含正定水汽输送算法改进的MM4中尺度模式与暴雨实例数值试验

暴雨预报是一个既重要又十分困难的问题。水汽条件是产生暴雨的关键，水汽的平流输送在模式的水汽方程中占有重要地位，模式对暴雨的预报能力必然涉及到水汽输送的计算精度问题；本文以著名的中尺度模式ＭＭ４为基础，理论测试和分析为依据，以引入新的正定高精度水汽输送算法作为消除模式水汽负值和改进中尺度模式预报能力的途径，研制了取名为改进的ＭＭ４中尺度模式，该模式除仍保留原ＭＭ４模式的所有功能外，增加了５种水汽输送算法的改进与选择，这５种算法是：１）Ｂ网格二阶守恒中心差（原ＭＭ４平流格式），２）上游差分，３）Ｂｏｔ（２阶），４）Ｂｏｔ（４阶），５）Ｐｒａｔｈｅｒ格式。多个暴雨、台风个例试验表明模式预报能力对水汽输送算法精度有显著的依赖性，采用高精度的水汽输送算法水汽保证正值并提高了模式对暴雨区、降水结构、雨团活动的预报能力。改进水汽输送算法的精度是提高中尺度模式对暴雨预报能力的重要途径。