围封对沙漠化草地土壤理化性质和固碳潜力恢复的影响

过度放牧是科尔沁沙地退化的主要原因,禁牧围封可以有效地控制牲畜对植被-土壤系统的破坏,促进退化生态系统的有效恢复。以过度放牧后的沙漠化草地为对象,调查了禁牧围封13年后沙漠化草地土壤理化性质的变化特征,并分析了围封对土壤固碳潜力的影响。结果表明：（1）沙漠化草地围封13年后,土壤砂粒含量减少、粉粒和黏粒含量增加,且粉粒增加最为明显,平均含量增加123%;土壤容重在不同土壤深度均呈下降趋势。（2）围封后土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮和速效钾含量呈增加趋势,分别增加了102%、97%、123%和24%,但土壤有效磷和缓效钾呈减少趋势;土壤pH显著升高,阳离子交换量呈现增加趋势。（3）除土壤有效铁外,其余有效微量元素包括有效铜、有效锰和有效锌平均含量均呈增加趋势,分别增加44%、30%和82%。（4）土壤有机质与pH值、阳离子交换量、全氮、速效氮、速效钾、有效铜、有效锰、有效锌含量呈显著正相关关系。（5）沙漠化草地围封13年后,100 cm深度土壤有机碳储量增加393.45 g·m^-2,碳截存速率为30.27 gC·m^-2·a^-1。对于因持续过度放牧所导致的严重退化草地,禁牧围封可有效促进土壤有机质、养分和微量元素的增加,影响土壤质地及固碳潜力等的变化,但严重退化沙漠化草地的恢复需要一个长期的过程,土壤有机碳储量要恢复到科尔沁非沙漠化草地水平至少需要百年的时间尺度。     

紫色土丘陵区小流域不同土地利用方式下土壤养分含量特征——典型农林复合生态系统案例分析

调查了川中丘陵区小流域典型农林复合生态系统土壤养分的时空分异，同时研究了不同土地利用方式下土壤养分含量的变化。结果表明：2002年与1999年相比，耕地土壤有机质含量，全量养分都有相应的增加，速效养分有一定程度的降低。土壤养分含量剖面分异明显，随深度的增加大多数呈明显的下降趋势。但全钾的变化比较特殊，不同深度土壤全钾含量没有明显的变化。不同台位林地的土壤养分含量存在明显的差异，林地土壤有机质、氮素含量随高度的增加而增加，但磷、钾含量却有随高度的增加而降低的趋势。不同土地利用方式之间土壤有机质、全氮、全钾含量差异显著。土壤有机质含量在几种土地利用方式之间的比较是：水田〉林地〉旱坡地〉草地，土壤全氮含量水田〉林地〉旱坡地〉草地，全钾含量水田〉草地〉林地〉旱坡地。     

三江源花石峡地区植被退化与土壤养分的关联

为探索三江源区草地退化过程中植被与土壤养分之间的关联性,对果洛州玛多县花石峡地区不同退化梯度草甸的植被特征和土壤养分进行了相关性分析。结果表明:在山地草甸梯度退化过程中,优质牧草丰富度、盖度均降低,低产杂草类植被比例增加;随着退化梯度加剧和土壤剖面加深,土壤养分梯度变化明显,有机质含量明显下降,土壤呈碱化趋势,速效磷含量下降。植被盖度与土壤速效磷、p H值、有机质含量呈高度关联性。有机质和磷肥是植被恢复重建的关键。     

青藏高原东缘玛曲沙化高寒草地土壤理化性质北大核心CSCD

沙漠化是青藏高原东缘高寒草地退化的重要指征,土壤理化性质是反映草地沙化过程的重要特征参数。以青藏高原东缘玛曲县为例,分析天然草地和轻度、中度、重度、极重度沙化草地土壤粒度组成、温湿度、有机碳和养分等因子的差异特征,旨在阐明高寒草地沙化过程中土壤理化性质的变化。结果表明:草地土壤黏土和粉沙含量随着沙化的发展显著减小,而沙颗粒含量(细沙和中沙)随着沙化程度的增加而增大;5—8月生长季,重度沙化土壤相比轻度沙化土壤温度明显升高,土壤含水量明显降低;随着沙化程度的增加,土壤有机碳含量显著降低,轻度沙化减少50%以上,中度至极重度沙化草地减少91%—99%;土壤全氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)、全磷(TP)、有效磷(AP)等含量在轻度以上沙化草地中显著降低,而全钾(TK)变化不明显,速效钾(AK)仅在中度至极重度沙化草地中含量降低。高寒草地沙化进程中,随着植被盖度的不断降低,表层细颗粒物逐渐风蚀、土壤养分流失,粗颗粒物质保留下来,土壤含水量降低,在风的分选作用下不断堆积形成流动性沙丘。     

辽河口湿地芦苇群落退化过程中土壤营养元素和含盐量变化

2011年8月,在辽河口芦苇(Phragmites australis)沼泽采集土壤样品,在室内对土样进行测试分析,研究芦苇群落退化演替过程中,芦苇沼泽土壤营养元素和含盐量的变化.结果表明,在芦苇群落退化过程中,土壤有机质含量先增加后减少,土壤全氮和全磷含量的变化也有相似规律,二者与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关,说明土壤中氮和磷的来源主要是动植物残体积累;土壤速效钾和易溶盐含量呈逐渐增加的趋势;土壤营养元素和含盐量的垂直分布表明,随着土壤深度的增加,土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、速效钾含量和易溶盐含量逐渐降低,但全磷含量无明显变化.     

基于卫星遥感信息的吉林省西部草地退化分析

利用 1996年和 1986年秋季陆地卫星TM数据 ,将计算机监督分类与非监督分类识别方法结合应用进行草地的解译 ,改进算法 ,改善遥感图像的识别精度。试验研究结果表明 :吉林省西部草原生态环境在恶化 ,草地面积平均每年减少 4.5× 10 4hm2 ,草地退化严重 ,退化草地面积已占草地总面积的 81.1%,而且退化程度也在加重 ,中、重度退化草地比例明显提高 ,草地退化呈发展的趋势。     

西藏不同退化高寒草地土壤酶的活性

对退化高寒草原土壤酶活性研究的结果表明:1)相对于正常草地,轻度退化草地土壤纤维素酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性均呈不同程度的提高;中度退化草地土壤纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶活性亦呈同一趋势,仅土壤脲酶活性显著降低;严重退化草地中3种土壤酶活性则均呈显著降低。2)不同土壤酶活性对土壤环境变化的敏感性总体呈碱性磷酸酶活性>脲酶活性>纤维素酶活性;土壤酶活性大小则均呈脲酶活性>碱性磷酸酶活性>纤维素酶活性。3)不同土壤酶活性与土壤有机碳均呈极显著正相关(r值为0.728 8~0.980 8,p≤0.01),与土壤全氮、有效氮、有效钾亦呈不同程度的正相关,与土壤有效磷含量则均呈显著或极显著负相关;土壤pH对土壤脲酶活性具有显著影响,对纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶活性的影响则不甚明显。4)西藏高原高寒、干旱条件下,中度,特别是轻度退化草地一定程度的沙化所导致的土壤通透性能的显著改善对提高土壤酶活性,进而促进土壤有机残体的分解和有机质的形成具有重要作用。5)土壤酶活性不仅可以反映不同程度退化高寒草原土壤肥力水平的差异,同时亦可作为评价草地土壤肥力的一个基本指标。     

荒漠草原不同退化阶段土壤微生物、土壤养分及酶活性的研究

 对我国荒漠草原生态系统不同退化阶段土壤微生物数量、微生物生物量、土壤养分及土壤酶活性进行研究。结果表明,随着草原退化程度加剧,土壤微生物数量、微生物生物量、土壤养分及土壤酶活性均表现出不同程度的变化。其中,土壤微生物数量、生物量和土壤酶活性随退化程度的加剧而有递减的趋势,各项值在总体上呈现出轻度退化>中度退化>重度退化;土壤养分中除了土壤钾含量无明显的规律性变化外, 其他含量表现出轻度退化>中度退化>重度退化的趋势;研究认为,荒漠草原的退化明显影响到土壤微生物的数量、生物量、土壤养分及土壤酶活性,土壤微生物对草原退化有响应。同时,相关性研究表明,土壤微生物数量、土壤养分和土壤生物活性之间呈较好的相关关系,这些指标可作为评价土壤肥力的有效指标。     

南澳岛植被恢复过程中不同阶段土壤的变化

采用时空互代法研究南澳岛植被恢复过程中不同阶段土壤变化，在植被恢复的过程中，该岛土壤pH值按退化草坡→人工林→次生林的顺序呈现出逐步降低的趋势，土壤全氮含量、速效磷和交换性K、Ca、Mg都随植被从草坡向次生林恢复过程而呈现逐步增加的趋势，虽然草坡10cm土壤有机质比10年龄的人工林群落2种群落3高，但却比群4、群落5、群落和群落8低，植被恢复过程中凋落物贮量也增加，其趋势同土壤养分增加是一致的，南澳岛在植被恢复过程中土壤结构和营养得到改善，而这又会促进植被恢复，同大陆相比，海岛土壤的交换性K、Ca、Mg含量较高，这可能同海岛特殊生境有关。     

低山丘陵区土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响—以河北省遵化市为例

通过调查河北省遵化市低山丘陵区油松林、板栗、草地和坡耕地等典型土地利用方式对土壤养分和土壤容重的影响，土地取样取土壤表层0-20cm，结果表明，森林的砍伐以及随后的耕种显著增加了土壤容重并降低了大部分土壤养分。和林地相比，草地、当年开垦的农地、板栗和耕种3年的农地容重分别增加了13.3%，14.2%,27.5%,39.7%。除全磷外，板栗和耕种3年的农地土壤养分有显著下降，和林地相比，板栗有机质减少了60.7%，全氮减少了35.6%，全钾减少了21.3%，速效钾减少了57%；耕种3年的农地土壤有机质、全氮、全钾和速效钾则分别减少了62.9%,52.6%,31%和60%。土壤退化指数的计算结果表明板栗和耕种3年的农地土壤发生了较为严重的退化。     

Effects of Enclosure on Plant and Soil Nutrients in Different Types of Alpine Grassland

Enclosure is one of the most widely used management tools for degraded alpine grassland on the northern Tibetan Plateau, but the responses of different types of grassland to enclosure may vary, and research on these responses can provide a scientific basis for improving ecological conservation. This study took one site for each of three grassland types (alpine meadow, alpine steppe and alpine desert) on the northern Tibetan Plateau as examples, and explored the effects of enclosure on plant and soil nutrients by comparing differences in plant community biomass, leaf-soil nutrient content and their stoichiometry between samples from inside and outside the fence. The results showed that enclosure can significantly increase all aboveground biomass in these three grassland types, but it only increased the 10-20 cm underground biomass in the alpine desert. Enclosure also significantly increased the leaf nutrient content of the dominant plants and contents of total nitrogen (N), total potassium (K), and organic carbon (C) in 10-20 cm soil in alpine desert, thus changing the stoichiometry between C, N and P (phosphorus). However, enclosure significantly increased only the N content of dominant plant leaves in alpine steppe, while other nutrients and stoichiometries of both plant leaves and soil did not show significant differences in alpine meadow and alpine steppe. These results suggested that enclosure has differential effects on these three types of alpine grasslands on the northern Tibetan Plateau, and the alpine desert showed the most active ecological conservation in the responses of its soil and plant nutrients.     

草地改良对陆地生态系统养分的影响——以福建省建瓯市牛坑龙草地生态系统试验站为例

以福建省建瓯市牛坑龙草地生态系统试验站为例,研究了土地覆被类型从荒坡地到人工草地的转变所引起的陆地生态系统养分含量和营养元素循环系数的变化。结果表明,随着土地覆被类型由荒坡地到人工草地的转变,陆地生态系统土壤中N、P、K的含量增加,而Al的含量逐渐降低;植被中的养分也经历了从无到有的历程,整个陆地生态系统养分贮存量的变化中N、P、K总量增加,而Al的总量减少。在陆地生态系统的两个群落中,所有元素的循环系数都发生了相应变化,这种变化是陆地生态系统对土地覆被类型变化的一种响应。     

阿拉善荒漠草地恢复初期植被与土壤环境的变化

对阿拉善荒漠草地恢复初期(1998-2001)植被特征和土壤养分的变化进行了研究。结果表明:草地恢复过程中,植被的盖度和生物量比封育前分别增加272%~536%和44.39%~305.3%。植被的恢复使土壤理化性质发生了变化,与封育前相比土壤中有机质、全N、速效K以及细砂、特别细砂和粘粒含量显著增加;速效N、速效P降低。土壤有机质、全N和全P的含量与土壤中<0.05 mm颗粒和速效K含量呈极显著正相关,并且前三者之间也呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。     

紫色土不同土体的土壤养分和酶活性特征

对紫色土未培肥和培肥的不同土体,在小麦生育期内土壤养分和酶活性的动态测定结果表明:未培肥土体的全氮、有效磷、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶有明显变化。尤其是砂土在改变为不同质地的土体后,上述土壤养分和酶活性都有所提高。培肥土体的土壤有机质、全氮、有效钾明显增加,土壤酶活性增强。砂土培肥的效果最显著。所以改变土体质地,并加以培肥,有助于提高土壤肥力,防治紫色土退化。     

Effects of grassland amelioration on terrestrial ecosystem nutrients:a case study in Jianou Niukenglong Grassland Ecosystem Experimental Station, Fujian Province

This paper studies the effects of land cover changes on distributions and circulations of nutrients in a terrestrial ecosystem, taking Jianou Niukenglong Grassland Ecosystem Experimental Station as a case study. During a two year experiment from 1994 to 1996, the land cover types were changed from desert slopeland to grasslands, in particular, Chamaecrista rotundifolia(pers) green + Pasalum thunbergii and Glycine max var. + Pasalum thunbergii. In order to study land cover change effects on nutrients in the terrestrial ecosystem, we selected organic materials (OMs), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and aluminum (Al) to study their changes in total soil nutrient concentrations, nutrient reserves in soil, distributions and reservations of nutrients in distinct grassland communities and overall nutrient contents reserved in terrestrial ecosystem, and their circulation with land cover change. The experimental results indicate that with the increase of vegetation coverage, the total concentrations of N, P and K grow rapidly in the soil, but that of Al decreases markedly. The increases of the total concentrations of N, P and K were mainly the consequences of changes of the factors that affect soil evolution, e.g., soil moisture, and changes of soil evolution processes, e.g., weathering rate and the decrease of soil erosion. These changes were caused by land coverage growth from desert slopeland to grassland. With the change of the land cover types and the increase of land coverage, the activity of Al accelerated as well, and the vertical penetration and lateral penetration of Al have been increased. Therefore, the loss of Al within the experimental terrestrial ecosystem was inevitable, and the total concentration and reserve of Al in soil have become smaller and smaller, in spite of the growth of grass absorbing some amounts of Al. The Al reserve has increased in vegetation, but it has declined in total terrestrial ecosystem. Land cover change also affects the circulations of nutrients in the terrestrial ecosystem and for the purpose of study on nutrient circulations, we choose to study plant absorption, litter and reservation of nutrients to establish an index to indicate the situations of nutrient circulations within terrestrial ecosystems. The results indicate that in the two land cover types (two grassland ecosystems), the sequence of nutrient circulation indices are N > K > P > Al in Chamaecrista rotundifolia(pers) green + Pasalum thunbergii and P > N > K > Al in Glycine max var. + Pasalum thunbergii. On the basis of the study, we can conclude that land cover change affects both distributions and circulations in the terrestrial ecosystem, and that different changes have distinct influences on distributions and circulations. Some nutrients were affected differently in some contents.     

草地改良对陆地生态系统养分的影响--以福建省建瓯市牛坑龙草地生态系统试验站为例

Both land use/land cover change (LUCC) and the effects of nutrients cycles on terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity are key environmental problems in the 21st century (Yang etal., 2002; Li, 1996; Bai and Bai, 1998). Land cover change is the accumulated result of land use, which includes three types, i.e., deterioration, transition and amelioration of land cover (Cai, 2001). The nutrient cycle is the main functional process to maintain stability and production of an ecosystem. Land cover …     

草原凋落物的分解及营养元素的释放和累积

草原凋落物的分解是草原生态系统物质循环的主要环节, 其中植物营养元素的释放和累积对退化草场恢复的进程和质量有着重要意义。本文从凋落物自身的性质、外部环境因素(生物及非生物因子)、混合效应等对凋落物分解速率的影响以及凋落物分解时植物营养元素的释放和累积两个方面论述了国内外对草原凋落物的分解及营养元素的生物地球化学行为的研究现状。一般情况下, 草原凋落物分解速率与凋落物自身的N、P、K等元素含量正相关, 与C/N、C/P、木质素、纤维素等的比值或含量值负相关, 而与周围环境中营养元素的组成及含量的关系不大。混合凋落物中不同种类凋落物的N、P含量及物种丰富度影响着非加性效应作用的效果。在凋落物分解过程中, 总体趋势表现为分解初级阶段对N的积累, 对P 和K的释放, 而对Na、Ca、Mg等营养元素来说, 随物种和根茎叶等部位的不同规律也不一样。凋落物中各元素的含量、凋落物分解阶段、物种类型、非加性效应、土壤环境等都是影响其营养元素释放和累积的因素。据此, 本文展望了草原凋落物未来可能的研究方向, 指出多因子的交互作用对草原凋落物分解的影响、凋落物混合分解机制探究、某些大量及微量营养元素的释放和累积可能是未来需要研究的重点。     

新疆昌吉州耕地开垦轨迹对土壤肥力变化的影响

定量刻画区域尺度耕地开垦轨迹（初始地类、初始土壤类型和耕作年限）对土壤肥力变化的影响,对指导区域农业施肥管理措施、提高农田土壤肥力具有重要意义。本文以新疆昌吉州为研究区,通过叠加5期土地利用数据来识别耕地开垦轨迹,基于1980年和2018年两期大量样点数据,分析耕地开垦前的土地利用方式和土壤类型以及开垦后耕作年限的差异对土壤肥力变化的影响。结果表明：① 1980—2018年间新开垦耕地面积的90.12%来源于草地,9.88%来源于未利用地。在此期间除碱解氮含量降低之外,其他土壤肥力指标含量均增加。② 高覆盖度草地被开垦会造成土壤有机质的损失,草地（高、中、低覆盖度草地）和未利用地（盐碱地和裸土地）被开垦会降低土壤碱解氮含量,增加有效磷和速效钾含量。③ 随耕作年限增加,土壤有机质呈现缓慢的增加态势并逐步趋于平稳;而速效养分含量短期内增加,当耕作年限达到中长期（19~28年）后趋于稳定或开始下降,存在阈值效应。④ 草地开垦造成的有机质损失在耕作年限达到中长期之后逐渐得以恢复。草地和未利用地开垦造成的碱解氮损失在耕作38年之后仍未得到恢复。⑤ 初始土壤类型为草甸土和灌漠土的现状土壤肥力较高,棕钙土和灰漠土的肥力较低。建议随耕地经营年限的增加,合理配比氮磷钾肥,改善重氮肥轻磷钾肥的现状,增加磷钾肥施用量,少量多次施用氮肥。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区新造耕地质量评价（英文）

In order to better understand the quality of newly created farmland(NF) as well as slope and check-dam farmland(CF) soil quality, two typical traditional farmland areas within the hilly and gully region of Chinese Loess Plateau were selected as controls in this analysis.The results of this study initially reveal that pH values for slope farmland(SF) and CF were significantly lower(P 0.05) than those for NF and that SF values were always greater than those of their CF counterparts. At the same time, cation exchange capacity(CEC) and soil organic matter(SOM) occurred in the following size-decreasing sequence, i.e., CF, SF, and NF. Data also show that long-term planting has resulted in increases in total nitrogen(N),available N, total phosphorus(P), available P, total potassium(K) and available K and has also enhanced concentrations of soil copper(Cu), zinc(Zn), iron(Fe), and manganese(Mg)as well as soil cadmium(Ca), lead(Pb), chromium(Cr), and mercury(Hg). These latter elements occur in the concentration sequence of SF CF NF. Overall, results indicate that long-term planting negatively impacts soil health because of the accumulation of toxic heavy metals. This means that farmland planted over longer timescales needs to lie fallow to enable it to rehabilitate while NF requires the addition of organic matter as well as rotational utilization in order to facilitate the development of green agriculture.