呼和浩特市降水的时空变化及干旱特征分析

本文利用呼和浩特及其周边22个气象站点1951-2018年年降水量月数据,定性、定量揭示了呼和浩特地区降水的时空变化及干旱特征。结果表明：呼和浩特多年平均降水量整体呈东南向西北递减的分布规律,以下降趋势为主,有8个站点降水量呈上升趋势。呼和浩特夏季多年平均降水量最大,秋季、春季次之,冬季最少;春季、秋季降水量呈上升趋势,夏、冬两季相反;春季降水量上升速度整体大于秋季,夏季降水量减少速度整体大于冬季。呼和浩特秋季发生干旱事件的频率最高,其次是夏季、年际和春季,冬季最低;整体上,呼和浩特发生轻旱事件的频率最高,其次是中旱和重旱,特旱事件频率最低。本研究丰富了降水量时空变化及干旱特征的研究成果,为区域生态环境改善、水资源问题应对等提供了参考。     

全球气候指数与天山地区气温变化遥相关分析

依据天山地区40个气象站点的实测气温资料和同期的全球气候指数,运用线性倾向估计和相关分析等方法,分析近63年来天山地区气温变化特征及其对全球气候变化的响应。初步得到以下结论:天山地区平均升温幅度为0.306℃/10a;南亚季风季风指数(SASMI)是影响天山地区气温变化的主要气候指数,春季SASMI与四季的气温均呈现正相关;夏季SASMI与春季气温呈现负相关,而与夏季气温呈现正、负两种相关;冬季SASMI与夏、秋、冬季气温均呈现正相关,说明春、冬SASMI对四季的升温均有一定影响。太平洋10年涛动(PDO)是影响天山气温变化的另一较为主要气候指数,夏季PDO与夏季气温呈现负相关,与冬季气温呈现正相关;秋季PDO与夏秋季气温均呈现负相关。夏季北大西洋涛动NAO与春季气温呈现负相关,与夏季气温呈现正负两种相关;夏冬季太平洋北美涛动(PNAO)与冬季气温呈现正相关,秋季印度洋偶极子(IOD)与春季气温呈现正相关。此外,上述气候指数对气温变化的影响,在空间上存在一定的差异性。     

腾格里沙漠近地面层风、气温、湿度特征

利用中国科学院风沙科学观测场2005年全年的近地层观测资料,研究了腾格里沙漠地区风向、风速玫瑰图,风速廓线,温度廓线和湿度廓线的月变化及季节变化规律,揭示了腾格里沙漠地区近地层风、温、湿要素特征。风速廓线的四季变化明显,夏季风速最大,其次为春季\,秋季,冬季风速最小。温度、湿度廓线也存在着明显的月变化:1月最冷,7月最热;10月湿度最大,4月湿度最小,四季中春季最干。     

基于EOF分解的辽宁省城市化气候效应检测

论文利用1961—2017年逐日气象数据以及社会经济数据,构建新的城市化指标,分析了城市化对辽宁气候变化的影响。研究表明:辽宁省气温呈显著增加趋势,国家站增温速率明显快于乡村站;城市化对平均最低气温影响最显著,平均气温次之,平均最高气温相对较弱;就四季而言,秋季城市化影响贡献率最大,冬季和夏季次之,春季相对较小。空间分布上,城市化影响高值区位于辽宁中部和西部地区,与辽宁省城市化发展水平基本吻合,城市化对气温的影响不是单一的,对于多数地区尤其是沈阳、大连等经济发展水平较高的地区,起到增温作用,但也对少数台站的升温起到了抑制作用。气温指标中,城市化对年和四季平均气温的影响最显著,对应模态均是第一模态,方差贡献率均在89%以上,空间相关性均通过显著性检验,其次是平均最低气温和日较差;季节变化特征上,冬季和春季的增温相对于秋季和夏季明显。降水指标基本对应第二模态,方差贡献率在9%~18%之间,城市化对气温的影响强于降水;结合时间系数,城市化效应表现为春季和冬季降水、大雨和暴雨日数略有增加,年、夏季、秋季降水、小雨、中雨日数减少。城市化对降水的影响表现出两面性,一方面使年降水和小量级降水减少,另一方面又使极端降水事件增多。     

1985-2012年哈尔滨自然历主要物候期变动特征及对气温变化的响应

利用中国物候观测网观测数据,新编制了哈尔滨地区1985-2012年的自然历。通过与原自然历（1963-1984年）比较,揭示了近30年以来哈尔滨地区21个植物99个物候期的变化特征,并通过物候期与气温的相关分析探讨了物候变化原因。结果表明：自1985年以来,哈尔滨的春季、夏季、秋季的物候期开始日期提前,冬季开始日期推迟。其中春季（以白榆叶芽膨大期为代表）、夏季（以暴马丁香开花始期为代表）、秋季（以金银忍冬果实成熟期为代表）分别提前了7天、6天和19天,冬季（以胡桃楸落叶末期为代表）推迟了2天。各物候期在春季、夏季、秋季的平均日期相较于原自然历提前了3~11天,在冬季推迟了3天。四季各物候期最早日期均以提前为主,夏冬季物候期最晚日期有所推迟。另外,各季节内部分物候期出现的先后次序发生了变化。近30年该地区气温的升高是物候季节开始日期提前的首要原因。且不同植物和物候期对气温变化的响应敏感性不同可解释物候季节内物候期先后次序的变化。     

秦岭南北日照时数时空变化及突变特征

根据秦岭南北47个气象站1960-2011年逐月数据,采用样条曲线插值法（Spline）、气候倾向率、Pettitt突变点检测、相关分析等方法对该区日照时数的时空变化特征以及影响其变化的气象要素进行了分析。结果表明：（1）研究区多年平均日照时数为1 838.7 h,空间分布呈东北向西南递减格局,按各分区日照长短排序为秦岭以北>秦岭南坡>汉水流域>巴巫谷地。四季日照时数分布特征与年尺度上的结论基本一致,4个季节按其大小排序为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,四季均以秦岭以北的日照时数最大。（2）近52 a各区年日照时数变化趋势较为一致,绝大部分站点呈下降趋势。下降的站点占本区站点总数的比例排序为巴巫谷地>汉水流域>秦岭以北>秦岭南坡,秦岭以南的广大地区相对于秦岭以北日照下降更明显。春季47%的站点呈上升趋势,显著上升的站点集中于中部地区;夏季98%的站点呈显著下降趋势;秋季和冬季变化特征及其空间分布无明显规律。（3）年尺度、春季和夏季突变年份集中于1978-1981年间,秋季的突变特征不甚明显,突变年份和空间分布无明显规律性可言,冬季日照时数突变年份同步性和一致性较差。（4）绝大部分站点日照时数与风速、最高气温、平均气温呈正相关关系,与降水和相对湿度呈负相关关系,与最低气温关系不明显。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠地表潜热时空特征分析

利用1979年3月至2004年2月月平均的NCEP/DOE再分析地表潜热资料,在分析塔克拉玛干沙漠四季潜热基本气候特征的基础上,通过EOF方法,对沙漠地表潜热异常变化的空间结构和时间演变趋势作了诊断研究。结果表明：①沙漠地区夏季潜热最大,春季和秋季次之,冬季最小;靠近山区的沙漠西部、西北部地区四季明显大于中、东部地区。②根据四季地表潜热距平场的EOF分析,该区潜热异常主要有全区一致型、南北差异型以及西北—东南差异型三种常见的分布模态。③25 a期间,塔克拉玛干沙漠地表潜热在第一空间尺度上四季都有不同程度增强的趋势;在第二空间尺度上,春季沙漠北部、西北部有减弱的趋势,南部、东南部有增强的趋势,而冬、夏、秋季变化趋势不是很大。     

近50年河北省干旱时空分布特征

干旱是影响我国的主要气象灾害之一,本文采用标准化降水指数SPI作为干旱评价因子对近50年来河北省干旱的时空变化特征进行了研究,得出以下主要结论:(1)春季干旱最为严重,干旱率呈逐渐降低的趋势,夏季干旱率呈逐渐增加、秋季和冬季干旱率略有降低的趋势;(2)春季干旱在20世纪70年代最为严重,夏季、秋季和冬季的年代际干旱分别以2000年以来、20世纪60年代和90年代最为严重;(3)春季干旱发生概率均大于20%,发生概率大于30%的旱情多发地区在各市均有分布;全省大部分地区夏季、秋季和冬季干旱发生概率为20%~30%,夏季干旱多发地区主要集中在河北省北部和西南部,秋季干旱多发地区主要集中在河北省西部和南部,冬季干旱多发地区主要集中在河北省北部。     

塔里木盆地沙尘天气的季节变化及成因分析

 选取了塔里木盆地周边16个站点,详细分析了沙尘天气的季节变化特征。结果表明：各站点沙尘天气频率虽均以春季最高,但其他3个季节沙尘日数的分布可以分为3种类型：第一种以秋季最高,夏季次之,冬季最低,如喀什和库车地区;第二种以夏季最高,冬季次之,秋季最低,如若羌地区;第三种以夏季最高,秋季次之,冬季最低,这一种类型是塔里木盆地沙尘天气季节分布的主要特征。沙尘天气的季节变化主要受风速和沙源季节变化的影响。当沙尘来源相似时,风速是控制沙尘释放强度的主要因素。     

近50年南海西沙地区的气候变化特征研究

采用西沙台站1958~2005年基本气象观测资料,系统分析西沙地区近50a来主要气象要素(温度、降水、风速、日照和云量)变化特征。结果表明,近50a来年均地面气温增暖幅度约1.0℃,增温速率0.19℃/(10a),与全国平均的增温率接近。四季的平均气温也都呈上升趋势,其中冬季和春季的上升趋势最明显,秋季次之,夏季的变化最小。降水的波动性很大,年降水量变化趋势不明显,四季中只有春季降水呈明显增加趋势。地面风速主要呈减小的趋势,特别是在近30a年平均风速比常年值明显偏小。四季风速均减小,尤其在秋、冬季。年日照时数、总云量均呈显著下降趋势,而低云量略有增加。     

Concordance of interannual variability in ice regime of Baikal and lake Ladoga

We examine the dependence of the ice conditions for two major lakes of Asia and Europe: Baikal and Ladoga, on regional values of the arithmetic sums of mean daily winter air temperatures and global atmospheric processes expressed by atmospheric circulation indices. By ranking the winters according to the sums of mean daily winter air temperatures, it was possible to identify winters of the same type of severity for the regions of Baikal and Ladoga. The winters of the same type show an enhancement in correlations between ice characteristics with respect to the sums of winter air temperatures and atmospheric circulation indices as well as ice characteristics of the two lakes. It is shown that the interannual changers in characteristics of ice regime of Ladoga and Baikal are largely determined by the same atmospheric processes. The role of the circulation is most clearly manifested in variation of temperature regime indicators. Thus, the sums of air temperatures accumulated during a winter in the regions of these lakes show primarily the closest correlation with the Arctic and North Atlantic oscillation indices.     

Highway Roadway Stability Influenced by Warm Permafrost and Seasonal Frost Action: A Case Study from Glennallen, Alaska, USA

Ground temperatures from four of the seven extensively studied highway cross-sections near Gulkana/Glennallen,Alaska during 1954~1962,were chosen to better understand the impacts of highway construction on warm permafrost.Both the thawing of permafrost and seasonal frost action impacted on road surface stability for about 6 years until the maximum summer thaw reached about 3 m in depth.Seasonal frost action caused most of the ensuing stability problems.Unusually warm summers and the lengths of time required to re-freeze the active layer were far more important than the average annual air temperatures in determining the temperatures of the underlying shallow permafrost,or the development of taliks.The hypothesized climate warming would slightly and gradually deepen the active layer and the developed under-lying talik,but its effect would be obscured by unusually warm summers,by warmer than usual winters,and by the vari-able lengths of time of the zero curtains.At least one period of climate mini-cooling in the deeper permafrost during the early 20th century was noted.     

Turf exfoliation in the high Drakensberg, Southern Africa

Limited research attention has focussed on turf exfoliation as a denudation process in mountain environments. This paper examines some characteristics of turf exfoliation forms identified within particular valley zones in the Drakensberg alpine belt. Morphological and sedimentological data are presented for turf exfoliated sites investigated in the Mashai Valley of eastern Lesotho. It is found that a variety of processes, including needle ice action, biological activity, fluvial processes and deflation, operating synergistically, are responsible for contemporary turf exfoliation in the high Drakensberg. It is apparent that the strong seasonality from mild, wet summers to cold, dry winters has helped induce the annual cycle of dominating processes.     

秦岭-黄淮平原交界带地表径流与其时间变化的关系分析

根据秦岭-黄淮平原交界带及其邻近地区42个径流站1962~1999年的观测资料,分析了地表径流量及其时间变化(年内分配和年际变化)的空间分布规律,得出二者之间存在正相关关系的结论,并探讨了这种反常现象的成因。     

Sequence of instability processes triggered by heavy rainfall in the northern Italy

Northern Italy is a geomorphologically heterogeneous region: high mountains, wide valleys, gentle hills and a large plain form a very varied landscape and influence the temperate climate of the area. The Alps region has harsh winters and moderately warm summers with abundant rainfall. The Po Plain has harsh winters with long periods of subfreezing temperatures and warm sultry summers, with rainfall more common in winter.Geomorphic instability processes are very common. Almost every year, landslides, mud flows and debris flows in the Alpine areas and flooding in the Po flood plain cause severe damage to structures and infrastructure and often claim human lives. Analyses of major events that have struck northern Italy over the last 35 years have provided numerous useful data for the recognition of various rainfall-triggering processes and their sequence of development in relation to the intensity and duration of rainfall. Findings acquired during and after these events emphasise that the quantity and typology of instability processes triggered by rainfall are related not only to an area's morphological and geological characteristics but also to intense rainfall distribution during meteorological disturbances. Moreover, critical rainfall thresholds can vary from place to place in relation to the climatic and geomorphological conditions of the area. Once the threshold has been exceeded, which is about 10% of the local mean annual rainfall (MAR), the instability processes on the slopes and along the hydrographic networks follow a sequence that can be reconstructed in three different phases.In the first phase, the initial instability processes that can usually be observed are soil slips on steep slopes, mud–debris flows in small basins of less than 20 km² in area, while discharge increases substantially in larger stream basins of up to 500 km². In continuous precipitation, in the second phase, first mud–debris flows can be triggered also in basins larger than 20 km² in area. Tributaries swell the main stream, which is already in a critical condition. The violent flow causes severe problems mainly along valley bottoms of rivers with basins up to 2000 km² in area. First bedrock landslides can occur, reaching a considerable area density, with volumes from a few hundred up to about one to two million cubic meters. In continuous precipitation, in the third phase, basins of more than 2000 km² in area reach their first critical stage. River-bed morphology is extensively modified, with erosional and depositional processes which can locally undermine the stability of structures and infrastructures. Waters overflow levees, flooding villages and towns to various widths and depths and sometimes claiming casualties. Some days after an intense rainfall period, large landslides involving the bedrock can still take place. These processes usually cause the movement of very large rock masses. The total duration of rainfall usually has a greater effect on these landslides than does the number of short periods of very intensive precipitation. This sequence cannot be divided into separate phases when the events occur simultaneously because of the presence of intense rainfall pulses and the generation of very diffuse surface runoff. Such situations usually happen during short-lasting heavy summer rainstorms or in late spring, when snow melt combines with intense rainfall. The three-phase sequence has been identified in three severe events that are analysed in this paper: Valtellina (Lombardy) in 1987, Tanaro Valley (Piedmont) in 1994 and Aosta Valley in 2000; but this sequence has also been observed during other events that occurred in northern Italy: in Piedmont in 1968, 1977, 1978, 1993 and 2000; in Lombardy in 1983 and 1992; in the Aosta Valley in 1993.     

30年来呼伦贝尔地区草地植被对气候变化的响应(英文)

Global warming has led to significant vegetation changes especially in the past 20 years. Hulun Buir Grassland in Inner Mongolia, one of the world’s three prairies, is undergoing a process of prominent warming and drying. It is essential to investigate the effects of climatic change (temperature and precipitation) on vegetation dynamics for a better understanding of climatic change. NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), reflecting characteristics of plant growth, vegetation coverage and biomass, is used as an indicator to monitor vegetation changes. GIMMS NDVI from 1981 to 2006 and MODIS NDVI from 2000 to 2009 were adopted and integrated in this study to extract the time series characteristics of vegetation changes in Hulun Buir Grassland. The responses of vegetation coverage to climatic change on the yearly, seasonal and monthly scales were analyzed combined with temperature and precipitation data of seven meteorological sites. In the past 30 years, vegetation coverage was more correlated with climatic factors, and the correlations were dependent on the time scales. On an inter-annual scale, vegetation change was better correlated with precipitation, suggesting that rainfall was the main factor for driving vegetation changes. On a seasonal-interannual scale, correlations between vegetation coverage change and climatic factors showed that the sensitivity of vegetation growth to the aqueous and thermal condition changes was different in different seasons. The sensitivity of vegetation growth to temperature in summers was higher than in the other seasons, while its sensitivity to rainfall in both summers and autumns was higher, especially in summers. On a monthly-interannual scale, correlations between vegetation coverage change and climatic factors during growth seasons showed that the response of vegetation changes to temperature in both April and May was stronger. This indicates that the temperature effect occurs in the early stage of vegetation growth. Correlations between vegetation growth and precipitation of the month before the current month, were better from May to August, showing a hysteresis response of vegetation growth to rainfall. Grasses get green and begin to grow in April, and the impacts of temperature on grass growth are obvious. The increase of NDVI in April may be due to climatic warming that leads to an advanced growth season. In summary, relationships between monthly-interannual variations of vegetation coverage and climatic factors represent the temporal rhythm controls of temperature and precipitation on grass growth largely.     

30年来呼伦贝尔地区草地植被对气候变化的响应(英文)

Global warming has led to significant vegetation changes especially in the past 20 years. Hulun Buir Grassland in Inner Mongolia, one of the world’s three prairies, is undergoing a process of prominent warming and drying. It is essential to investigate the effects of climatic change (temperature and precipitation) on vegetation dynamics for a better understanding of climatic change. NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), reflecting characteristics of plant growth, vegetation coverage and biomass, is...     

黄土高原半干旱区气溶胶光学特性季节变化特征

采用AERONET Version 2 Level 2.0气溶胶数据集,分析了光学厚度、Angstrom波长指数、粒子尺度体积谱分布(dⅤ(r)/dlnr)、折射指数(n-ik)和单次散射反照率(ω<,0>)等大气气溶胶光学特性参数的季节变化特征以及光谱依赖性.结果表明:气溶胶特性参量均具有明显的季节变化且呈现出明显的...     

The pollen record from El’gygytgyn Lake: implications for vegetation and climate histories of northern Chukotka since the late middle Pleistocene

Three types of pollen assemblages (shrub-dominated, mixed herb- and shrub-dominated, and herb-dominated) characterize the ~ 300,000 year palynological record from El’gygytgyn Lake. Despite major changes in global climatic forcings, all pollen spectra, with a few isolated exceptions, have strong to possible analogs in the modern plant communities of Northeast Siberia and Alaska. Paleoclimatic reconstructions based on squared chord-distance analog analyses indicate two periods (~8600–10,700 ¹⁴C year B.P. and OIS 5e) when summers were perhaps ~2 to 4°C warmer than modern. January temperatures were also warmer than present, and both July and January were wetter than today. Palynological data remain inconclusive as to the establishment of forests near El’gygytgyn Lake at these times. The wettest Julys occurred during OIS 5 d. July temperatures were near modern, and Januarys were colder and drier than now. January temperatures, even into the Middle Pleistocene, generally show little variability, suggesting that the suppression of arboreal taxa during glaciations was likely caused by cool summers with low effective moisture and not by frigid winters. Because age schemes that correlate magnetic susceptibility to variations in summer insolation or ∂¹⁸O have cool plant taxa persisting in warm times (and vice versa), we propose an alternative age model based on the palynological data. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available to authorised users in the online version of this article at . This is the first in a series of eleven papers published in this special issue dedicated to initial studies of El’gygytgyn Crater Lake and its catchment in NE Russia. Julie Brigham-Grette, Martin Melles, Pavel Minyuk were guest editors of this special issue.     

Mechanism and effects of the increase in winter temperatures in the Arctic region on cold winters in Heilongjiang Province,Northeast China for the period 1961–2018

With the advent of climate change,winter temperatures have been steadily in-creasing in the middle-to-high latitudes of the world.However,we have not found a corre-sponding decrease in the number of extremely cold winters.This paper,based on Climatic Research Unit (CRU) re-analysis data,and methods of trend analysis,mutation analysis,correlation analysis,reports on the effects of Arctic warming on winter temperatures in Hei-longjiang Province,Northeast China.The results show that:(1) during the period 1961-2018,winter temperatures in the Arctic increased considerably,that is,3.5 times those of the Equator,which has led to an increasing temperature gradient between the Arctic and the Equator.An abrupt change in winter temperatures in the Arctic was observed in 2000.(2) Due to the global warming,an extremely significant warming occurred in Heilongjiang in winter,in particular,after the Arctic mutation in 2000,although there were two warm winters,more cold winters were observed and the interannual variability of winter temperature also increased.(3)Affected by the warming trend in the Arctic,the Siberian High has intensified,and both the Arctic Vortex and the Eurasian Zonal Circulation Index has weakened.This explains the de-crease in winter temperatures in Heilongjiang,and why cold winters still dominate.Moreover,the increase in temperature difference between the Arctic and the Equator is another reason for the decrease in winter temperatures in Heilongjiang.