1961—2010年中国东北半干旱区东界变化趋势分析

气候带边界的变化是大尺度地理特征对气候变化的响应方式之一,半干旱区的边界变化对其响应尤为敏感。我们整合了中国东北地区50年(1961—2010年)的气象数据,以降水量和温度所计算的干燥度指数作为干湿气候带划分的指标,在ArcGIS中采用Kriging空间插值法,在不同时间尺度上分析了近50年来中国东北半干旱区东界的波动趋势。结果表明:中国东北半干旱区界限变化呈整体向东、向南扩展的趋势,其变化受时间累积效应的影响,在50年(1961—2010年)尺度上范围最大,面积为285 648.4km2。数据分析表明,降水量减少是导致半干旱区边界变化的主要因素,气温的影响次之。     

秦岭山地植被NDVI对气候变化与人类活动的响应

秦岭山地是中国中东部重要的地理界线和山地生态系统最为丰富的区域之一,对气候变化和人类活动的影响较为敏感。基于秦岭山地MODIS NDVI、气温、降水和DEM数据,利用线性趋势法、相关系数、偏相关系数和缓冲区方法,分析了植被NDVI对气候变化与人类活动的响应,结果表明:(1)2000—2015年秦岭山地植被NDVI总体呈线性增加趋势,占总面积的84.84%。减少趋势主要分布在中西部区域(中、高海拔地区)以及河流谷地、盆地,如汉中市、安康市和商洛市等城市附近区域。(2)2000—2014年秦岭山地植被NDVI与气温之间以负相关为主,与降水之间以正相关为主,同时气温、降水对植被NDVI的影响具有交叉作用,其中降水的交叉作用(10.05%)高于气温的作用(9.64%)。(3)市级较县级范围人类活动强烈,植被NDVI在1 km范围变化速率为正(植被增加)、2~5 km范围变化速率为负(植被恶化,可能遭受人为破坏)、6~10 km范围变化速率为正(人类活动相对较弱)、11~15 km范围变化趋于平稳(基本不受人类活动影响)。该研究可为秦岭山地植被生态环境保护和人类活动调整与限制提供科学依据。     

近30年来三江源地区土地覆被与宏观生态变化特征

利用1970年代中后期MSS图像和1980年代末、2004年以及2008年三期TM图像并结合野外调查,获得三江源地区四期土地覆被空间数据集,提出了土地覆被转类指数和土地覆被状况指数,以表征该区域生态变化的趋势。通过计算土地覆被转类途径和幅度、土地覆被转类指数和土地覆被状况指数,分析青海三江源地区1970年代中后期以来土地覆被时空变化特征及其反映的宏观生态状况变化。结果表明:三江源地区近30年平均土地覆被状况指数为38.20,土地覆被状况为4级,其中黄河流域最好,其次为澜沧江流域,长江流域最差;三江源地区土地覆被转类,在1970s~1990s和1990s~2004年两个时段,均主要以高生态级别向低生态级别转移为主,2004~2008年时段,主要以低生态级别向高生态级别转移为主;由土地覆被状况指数变化率和土地覆被转类指数,可以反映出近30年来三江源地区土地覆被和宏观生态状况,总体上经历了变差(1970s~1990s时段土地覆被状况指数变化率Zc为-0.63,土地覆被转类指数LCCI为-0.58)—显著变差(1990s~2004时段Zc为-0.94,LCCI为-1.76)—略有好转(2004~2008时段Zc为0.06,LCCI为0.33)的变化过程。这一变化过程前、中期主要受到气候变化和草地载畜压力共同驱动的影响,后期则叠加了生态建设工程的驱动作用。     

气候变化背景下青冈分布变化及其对中国亚热带北界的指示意义

气候是影响植被类型和分布的关键因素,植被类型和分布格局也能反映气候的地域差异。随着气候变暖,全球气温和降水格局都将发生变化,植被类型和分布格局也将随之改变。而植物对气候变化的响应存在一定的滞后性,因此仅用气候指标研究亚热带北界及其移动具有一定的局限性。以青冈（Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Thunberg) Oersted）为研究对象,应用最大熵模型（Maxent）,研究了其对气候变化的响应并探讨了气候变化情景下青冈分布格局变化对中国亚热带北界移动的指示意义。结果表明：影响青冈分布的主导环境因子为年降水量、最冷季降水量、气温年变化范围和最冷月最低气温;随着气候变暖,青冈分布北界将向北移动,其分布质心亦向西北移动,预示着在气候变暖的背景下,到21世纪中叶中国亚热带北界将向北移动约1个纬度。     

气候变化背景下东北地区气象干旱的时空演变特征

基于中国东北地区98个气象站点历史数据和WCRP多模式耦合CMIP3输出的IPCC SRES A1B、A2和B1气候变化情景下的降雨资料,计算3、6、12和24个月尺度上的标准化降水指数(SPI),结合M-K检测、EOF分解和小波分析,研究东北地区干旱的时空变化格局及其对气候变化的响应特征。结果表明：① SPI能较好地检测东北地区干湿变化状况,4个时间尺度上主要的空间模态具相似的分布型,其中12个月尺度SPI显示东北大部分地区在过去50 a干旱程度呈显著加剧、范围有明显扩大的趋势,其中南部和中部辽河流域是干旱严重区;② 干旱时间变化特征具明显的空间差异,南部干旱第一主周期为11 a,北部则为3.5 a;③ 气候变化情景下,2011~2060年的干旱以前30 a趋强,之后趋缓,且干旱高发区存在一定的北移趋势。     

长白山北坡岳桦林线变动的水热条件分析

近50年来长白山北坡林线种群呈现明显的扩张态势。为揭示林线变动机制,本文以长白山天池气象站的气象数据(1953-2007年)为基础,结合野外的气温观测,以温暖指数(WI)及湿润指数(HI)为生态气候指标,以16℃·月和68.8 mm/℃·月为阈值,通过数据保证率的计算推测55年来长白山北坡岳桦林线的水热条件变化。结果表明:以WI和HI指标确定的林线位置分别在1975~2460 m和1584~2231 m。WI与HI变化对林线高度变动影响的交互作用不显著(p>0.05),WI与HI变化呈显著负相关(p<0.01),两种林线变化也呈负相关(r=-0.11<0),交互作用和相关分析结果显示水热条件的不同步变化使岳桦林线上侵不能达到各自的潜在高度,林线位置波动在1975~2231 m。林线上缘波动的复杂程度高于下缘,波动幅度与胁迫力的大小呈正相关。     

中国海洋生态安全时空分异及演化趋势研究

基于2006—2016年统计数据,以中国11个沿海地区为例,构建了中国海洋生态安全评价指标体系,评价了中国海洋生态安全时空分异的状况,基于标准差椭圆分析了中国海洋生态安全格局重心转移的状况,最后运用Hurst指数进行了中国海洋生态安全演化趋势的研究。结果显示：在2006—2016年,中国海洋生态安全状况总体呈上升的趋势,海洋生态安全指数均值逐年增加,由0.346 2增加到0.421 0,增长率为21.6%。中国海洋生态安全整体具有阶段性。中国海洋生态安全区域差异呈现逐年扩大的趋势。在空间格局上,中国海洋生态安全整体状况良好,且大致呈现出“以上海为中心南北对称”的空间分布特征。中国海洋生态安全重心变化幅度较小,基本在31°10′N附近南北偏移,呈现以上海为重心的南北偏移,北移的趋势较南移相对明显。在演化趋势上,中国海洋生态安全以很弱的反持续性为主,Hurst指数总体位于?2~2等级,整体变化幅度相对较小,演化趋势呈现空间上的不均衡特征。     

基于HadCM3模式的我国主要气候区划界线时空预测研究

气候区域分异规律及其时空演变研究是气候变化研究的核心内容之一。以1951-2014年中国气象数据和基于HadCM3模式的1950-2059年气象模拟数据为数据源来分析中国主要气候区划界线的时空变化趋势。结果表明：我国寒温带界线北移,且速度呈加快趋势;中温带和暖温带的北部界线向北移动,且东段界线的移动趋势较明显;亚热带北部界线已越过秦岭-淮河一线,且其东段北移趋势较明显;热带范围逐渐向北扩张。东北地区由湿润转干燥,达到干湿并存的状态;河西走廊、青藏高原和新疆地区总体上呈转湿趋势,虽北方半干旱区有部分区域转换为干旱区,但未出现明显的移动;华北平原等地区的湿润-半湿润界线和干湿区分界线均向西北方向移动;南方湿润区的干湿状况未发生显著变化。     

植被恢复与气候变化影响下的鄱阳湖流域蒸散时空特征

蒸散是地球表层物质循环与能量交换过程的重要组成部分,了解其时空特征和影响因素具有重要的科学意义。以鄱阳湖流域为研究区,基于WaSSI-C生态水文模型,利用气象数据、叶面积指数数据和土壤数据等估算1983-2011年鄱阳湖流域蒸散,分析其时空特征,并通过情景模拟定量分析植被恢复和气候变化对蒸散的影响。研究表明：鄱阳湖流域蒸散多年均值变化范围为741~914 mm/a,植被和降水量分布是造成流域蒸散空间差异的主要原因;近三十年来鄱阳湖流域蒸散呈阶段性增长趋势,增长率为1.495 mm/a;植被、气温和降水对鄱阳湖流域蒸散的单独影响均为正向,但气温和降水的联合效应会导致蒸散下降;鄱阳湖流域蒸散变化的主导因素具有空间差异性,从整体上看,植被恢复是驱动蒸散呈增加趋势的主要原因,而气候变化是导致蒸散年际波动的主要原因。     

1980-2000年中国LUCC对气候变化的响应

基于中国1980~2000年气候数据及两期土地利用/土地覆盖 (LUCC) 数据,利用Holdridge 植被生态分区模型、重心模型及土地利用程度模型,分析气候变化及人类活动对中国植被覆盖及土地利用的影响程度及变化趋势。1980~2000年间,中国大部分地区温度升高,降水增多。气候变化不仅影响了中国植被群落分区,更进一步影响了植被群落的生长状况;东北、华北、内蒙古高原等区域未利用土地型向草地和灌木生态类型转换,草地和灌木型生态类型向林地和耕地型转换;又因为1980~2000年间中国经济的发展,东部沿海区域城市乡村建设用地及交通用地的增多,使土地利用类型由农业耕地型向建设用地型发展,导致土地利用程度指数的升高。气候变化及经济发展的双重作用,导致中国土地利用程度重心20年来向东北方向移动了54 km,东西方向土地利用程度偏移强度,气候占81%,人类活动占19%,南北方向土地利用程度偏移强度,气候占85%,人类活动占15%。     

Northward-shift of temperature zones in China’s eco-geographical study under future climate scenario

Despite the well-documented effects of global climate change on terrestrial species’ ranges, eco-geographical regions as the regional scale of ecosystems have been poorly studied especially in China with diverse climate and ecosystems. Here we analyse the shift of temperature zones in eco-geographical study over China using projected future climate scenario. Projected climate data with high resolution during 1961–2080 were simulated using regional climate model of PRECIS. The number of days with mean daily temperature above 10℃ and the mean temperature of January are usually regarded as the principal criteria to indicate temperature zones, which are sensitive to climate change. Shifts due to future climate change were calculated by comparing the latitude of grid cells for the future borderline of one temperature zone with that for baseline period (1961–1990). Results indicated that the ranges of Tropical, Subtropical, Warm Temperate and Plateau Temperate Zones would be enlarged and the ranges of Cold Temperate, Temperate and Plateau Sub-cold Zones would be reduced. Cold Temperate Zone would probably disappear at late this century. North borderlines of temperature zones would shift northward under projected future climate change, especially in East China. Farthest shifts of the north boundaries of Plateau Temperate, Subtropical and Warm Temperate Zones would be 3.1°, 5.3° and 6.6° latitude respectively. Moreover, northward shift would be more notably in northern China as future temperature increased.     

未来气候情景下中国生态地理区域系统温度带的北移(英文)

Despite the well-documented effects of global climate change on terrestrial species' ranges,eco-geographical regions as the regional scale of ecosystems have been poorly studied especially in China with diverse climate and ecosystems.Here we analyse the shift of temperature zones in eco-geographical study over China using projected future climate scenario.Projected climate data with high resolution during 1961-2080 were simulated using regional climate model of PRECIS.The number of days with mean daily temperature above 10℃ and the mean temperature of January are usually regarded as the principal criteria to indicate temperature zones,which are sensitive to climate change.Shifts due to future climate change were calculated by comparing the latitude of grid cells for the future borderline of one temperature zone with that for baseline period(1961-1990).Results indicated that the ranges of Tropical,Subtropical,Warm Temperate and Plateau Temperate Zones would be enlarged and the ranges of Cold Temperate,Temperate and Plateau Sub-cold Zones would be reduced.Cold Temperate Zone would probably disappear at late this century.North borderlines of temperature zones would shift northward under projected future climate change,especially in East China.Farthest shifts of the north boundaries of Plateau Temperate,Subtropical and Warm Temperate Zones would be 3.1°,5.3° and 6.6° latitude respectively.Moreover,northward shift would be more notably in northern China as future temperature increased.     

1961—1987年与1988—2014年辽宁省气候区划界线变化及可能气候成因

基于同一区划方法、指标体系,使用1961—2014年辽宁省52站气象观测资料,分析辽宁省气温、气候区划指标、范围及界线的变动特征。结果表明：辽宁省年均气温在1988年发生一次突变,突变后气温开始显著上升;≥10 ℃积温日数比较显著地响应气温突变,而干燥指数、7月平均气温变化不显著。在空间分布上区划指标值均存在不同程度的变化。① 全省≥10 ℃积温日数均出现增加,但在中西部地区显著增加;② 在盘锦-抚顺一线以北（南）,气候总体呈不显著变湿（干）趋势;③ 7月平均气温呈缓慢上升趋势。区划范围及界线位置出现更加显著地变化：① 暖温带范围主要向北向东扩展,中温带向东收缩;② 半湿润区范围主要向北向西扩展,半干旱区向西北方向收缩,湿润区范围基本不变;③ Tb范围显著向北向东扩展,Ta范围向北向东收缩。在此基础上分析了气候格局变化的可能气候成因,发现突变后≥10 ℃积温日数期间500 hPa高度场增加与4月和10月东亚冬季风减弱,4—10月东北冷涡持续天数增加和7月500 hPa高度场增加,可能分别是温度带,Tb区、Ta区和半湿润区、半干旱区变化的原因。     

Interdecadal fluctuation of dry and wet climate boundaries in China in the past 50 years

Based on the mean yearly precipitation and the total yearly evaporation data of 295 meteorological stations in China in 1951-1999, the aridity index is calculated in this paper. According to the aridity index, the climatic regions in China are classified into three types, namely, arid region, semi-arid region and humid region. Dry and wet climate boundaries in China fluctuate markedly and differentiate greatly in each region in the past 50 years. The fluctuation amplitudes are 20-400 km in Northeast China, 40-400 km in North China, 30-350 km in the eastern part of Northwest China and 40-370 km in Southwest China. Before the 1980s (including 1980), the climate tended to be dry in Northeast China and North China, to be wet in the eastern part of Northwest China and very wet in Southwest China. Since the 1990s there have been dry signs in Southwest China, the eastern part of Northwest China and North China. The climate becomes wetter in Northeast China. Semi-arid region is the transitional zone between humid and arid regions, the monsoon edge belt in China, and the susceptible region of environmental evolution. At the end of the 1960s dry and wet climate in China witnessed abrupt changes, changing wetness into dryness. Dry and wet climate boundaries show the fluctuation characteristics of the whole shifts and the opposite fluctuations of eastward, westward, southward and northward directions. The fluctuations of climatic boundaries and the dry and wet variations of climate have distinctive interdecadal features.     

Interdecadal fluctuation of dry and wet climate boundaries in China in the past 50 years

Based on the mean yearly precipitation and the total yearly evaporation data of 295 meteorological stations in China in 1951–1999, the aridity index is calculated in this paper. According to the aridity index, the climatic regions in China are classified into three types, namely, arid region, semi-arid region and humid region. Dry and wet climate boundaries in China fluctuate markedly and differentiate greatly in each region in the past 50 years. The fluctuation amplitudes are 20–400 km in Northeast China, 40–400 km in North China, 30–350 km in the eastern part of Northwest China and 40–370 km in Southwest China. Before the 1980s (including 1980), the climate tended to be dry in Northeast China and North China, to be wet in the eastern part of Northwest China and very wet in Southwest China. Since the 1990s there have been dry signs in Southwest China, the eastern part of Northwest China and North China. The climate becomes wetter in Northeast China. Semi-arid region is the transitional zone between humid and arid regions, the monsoon edge belt in China, and the susceptible region of environmental evolution. At the end of the 1960s dry and wet climate in China witnessed abrupt changes, changing wetness into dryness. Dry and wet climate boundaries show the fluctuation characteristics of the whole shifts and the opposite fluctuations of eastward, westward, southward and northward directions. The fluctuations of climatic boundaries and the dry and wet variations of climate have distinctive interdecadal features.     

中国西北与华北地区末次冰期黄土气候记录的对比研究

选用末次冰期具有代表性的黄土高原西部区临夏塬堡黄土剖面和华北地区具有代表性的北京西山东斋堂黄土剖面,通过对这两个剖面岩性、质量磁化率、粒度中值的变化幅度、频率、量值和所反映的气候环境状况及产生这种气候状况的原因的对比分析发现:两个剖面均记录了末次冰期可与反映全球冰量变化的SPECMAP曲线对比的MIS2、MIS3和MIS4 3个阶段,尽管其反映的气候状况并不相同。如末次冰期西北和华北地区风力强度基本接近（粒度中值值基本接近）,华北地区气候更为温湿,土壤的成壤强度更高,降水量更大,而西北地区就弱很多。这可能与两个地区地处不同的气候带有关,即西北地区地处温带干旱、半干旱区,华北地区地处暖温带半湿润区,尽管两剖面同处中纬度,但西北地区的塬堡剖面深居内陆,四周多高山,来自海洋的湿润气流很少能够到达,降水量远比同纬度其他地区少的缘故。同时还表明:就磁化率指标和粒度指标而言,磁化率指标对区域气候环境变化的响应更敏感,更能准确记录反映区域的气候环境变化状况。     

Spatiotemporal characteristics,patterns and causes of land use changes in China since the late 1980s简

Land-use/land-cover changes （LUCCs） have links to both human and nature inter- actions. China＇s Land-Use/cover Datasets （CLUDs） were updated regularly at 5-year inter- vals from the late 1980s to 2010, with standard procedures based on Landsat TM／ETM＋ im- ages. A land-use dynamic regionalization method was proposed to analyze major land-use conversions. The spatiotemporal characteristics, differences, and causes of land-use changes at a national scale were then examined. The main findings are summarized as fol- lows. Land-use changes （LUCs） across China indicated a significant variation in spatial and temporal characteristics in the last 20 years （1990-2010）. The area of cropland change de- creased in the south and increased in the north, but the total area remained almost un- changed. The reclaimed cropland was shifted from the northeast to the northwest. The built-up lands expanded rapidly, were mainly distributed in the east, and gradually spread out to central and western China. Woodland decreased first, and then increased, but desert area was the opposite. Grassland continued decreasing. Different spatial patterns of LUC in China were found between the late 20th century and the early 21st century. The original 13 LUC zones were replaced by 15 units with changes of boundaries in some zones. The main spatial characteristics of these changes included （1） an accelerated expansion of built-up land in the Huang-Huai-Hai region, the southeastern coastal areas, the midstream area of the Yangtze River, and the Sichuan Basin; （2） shifted land reclamation in the north from northeast China and eastern Inner Mongolia to the oasis agricultural areas in northwest China; （3） continuous transformation from rain-fed farmlands in northeast China to paddy fields; and （4） effective- ness of the ＂Grain for Green＂ project in the southern agricultural-pastoral ecotones of Inner Mongolia, the Loess Plateau, and southwestern mountainous areas. In the last two decades, although climate change in the north affected the change in cropland, policy regulation and economic driving forces were still the primary causes of LUC across China. During the first decade of the 21st century, the anthropogenic factors that drove variations in land-use pat- terns have shifted the emphasis from one-way land development to both development and conservation. The ＂dynamic regionalization method＂ was used to analyze changes in the spatial patterns of zoning boundaries, the internal characteristics of zones, and the growth and decrease of units. The results revealed ＂the pattern of the change process,＂ namely the process of LUC and regional differences in characteristics at different stages. The growth and decrease of zones during this dynamic LUC zoning, variations in unit boundaries, and the characteristics of change intensities between the former and latter decades were examined. The patterns of alternative transformation between the ＂pattern＂ and ＂process＂ of land use and the causes for changes in different types and different regions of land use were explored.     

Spatiotemporal characteristics,patterns, and caus-es of land-use changes in China since the late 1980s

Land-use/land-cover changes (LUCCs) have links to both human and nature interactions. China's Land-Use/cover Datasets (CLUDs) were updated regularly at 5-year intervals from the late 1980s to 2010,with standard procedures based on Landsat TM\ETM+ images. A land-use dynamic regionalization method was proposed to analyze major land-use conversions. The spatiotemporal characteristics,differences,and causes of land-use changes at a national scale were then examined. The main findings are summarized as follows. Land-use changes (LUCs) across China indicated a significant variation in spatial and temporal characteristics in the last 20 years (1990-2010). The area of cropland change decreased in the south and increased in the north,but the total area remained almost unchanged. The reclaimed cropland was shifted from the northeast to the northwest. The built-up lands expanded rapidly,were mainly distributed in the east,and gradually spread out to central and western China. Woodland decreased first,and then increased,but desert area was the opposite. Grassland continued decreasing. Different spatial patterns of LUC in China were found between the late 20th century and the early 21st century. The original 13 LUC zones were replaced by 15 units with changes of boundaries in some zones. The main spatial characteristics of these changes included (1) an accelerated expansion of built-up land in the Huang-Huai-Hai region,the southeastern coastal areas,the midstream area of the Yangtze River,and the Sichuan Basin;(2) shifted land reclamation in the north from northeast China and eastern Inner Mongolia to the oasis agricultural areas in northwest China;(3) continuous transformation from rain-fed farmlands in northeast China to paddy fields;and (4) effectiveness of the "Grain for Green" project in the southern agricultural-pastoral ecotones of Inner Mongolia,the Loess Plateau,and southwestern mountainous areas. In the last two decades,although climate change in the north affected the change in cropland,policy regulation and economic driving forces were still the primary causes of LUC across China. During the first decade of the 21st century,the anthropogenic factors that drove variations in land-use patterns have shifted the emphasis from one-way land development to both development and conservation.The "dynamic regionalization method" was used to analyze changes in the spatial patterns of zoning boundaries,the internal characteristics of zones,and the growth and decrease of units. The results revealed "the pattern of the change process," namely the process of LUC and regional differences in characteristics at different stages. The growth and decrease of zones during this dynamic LUC zoning,variations in unit boundaries,and the characteristics of change intensities between the former and latter decades were examined. The patterns of alternative transformation between the "pattern" and "process" of land use and the causes for changes in different types and different regions of land use were explored.     

亚洲季风与中国干湿、农牧气候界线之关系

基于中国553个气象站点1958~2000年日降水量资料、北方295个气象站点同期(20(cm)蒸发皿资料,界定出半干旱区和农牧交错区各自的范围。利用东亚夏季风强度指数(1951~1995年)与印度夏季降水量(1951~1998年)资料, 分析了半干旱区和农牧交错区东南-西北界10年际空间变化与亚洲夏季风的关系。近50年中国干湿、农牧气候界线的动态变化是影响中国的季风环流强弱作用在空间上的实物表现, 季风环流的强弱变化控制着气候界线空间摆动的范围与方向, 其年代际变化是中国干湿、农牧气候界线呈现出年代际变化特征的根源。分析显示, 在现代情况下, 农牧气候界线位置的空间摆动主要反映人类生产活动强度的强弱差异, 人为因素起主导作用。     

基于RS和GIS的中国西北不同生态类型区生态环境时空变化研究

采用定性与定量相结合的方法,在遥感（RS）和地理信息系统（GIS）支持下,利用1982-2000年的空间分辩率为8 km×8 km的NDVI数据（由NOAA-AVHRR提供）和地面气象资料,联合分析西北不同生态类型区生态环境的变化过程,得出中国西北地区NDVI的年平均值及其历年变化曲线、NDVI年平均值分布图和每隔10 a的差值变化图。由此可以看出,生态环境变化时空特点明显:20世纪80年代生态环境的变化波动不大,90年代以来波动变化明显,而且从1998年以后生态环境总体呈下降趋势;不同生态类型区植被指数年际变化的驱动因子不同,黄土高原区植被指数年际变化与降水量的相关性显著,而青藏高原高寒区与气温的相关性显著,其他分区与降水量和气温的相关性都不显著;生态环境变化的地域差异性明显,西北不同生态类型区中生态环境由好到差依次是陕南-陇南湿润半湿润区、黄土高原区、青藏高原高寒区、干旱区。四个分区1990年比1982年生态环境有所提高,但干旱区退化面积较大,2000年与1990年相比,生态环境都出现不同程度的退化,其中,陕南-陇南湿润半湿润区退化面积最大,其次是黄土高原区。整体生态环境状况不佳,而且近年的退化应该引起重视。