Epidote phenocrysts in dacitic dikes,Boulder County,Colorado

Epidote (Ps21%) crystallized early as elongate phenocrysts in Late Cretaceous rhyodacitic dikes in the vicinity of Ward, Boulder County, Colorado. Other unusual phenocryst phases are garnet (Gr17–24%) and muscovite. In a xenolith containing kyanite, corundum, biotite, and plagioclase, magmatic garnet grew as a rim around xenocrystic pyrope-rich (Py37%) garnet. The xenolith was derived from a granulite-facies zone, not represented at the present-day erosion surface which is composed of upper amphibolite-facies cordierite and sillimanite-bearing gneisses. The dike magmas were fed not from an immediately underlying batholith but from a magma chamber at a depth corresponding to a pressure of 8–13 kilobars. Phenocrysts cystallized in the temperature range 800 to 700° C, under H₂O and O₂ activities greater than normal for silicic magmas. This occurrence shows convincingly not only that epidote can be magmatic but that it is a possible early-crystallization phase in silicic magmas.     

Carbonate dikes in lava (Karadag,Crimea)

The dikes are obviously injections synchronous with their host lavas. They were produced at the floor of a marine basin where the thin sheet of lava was easily cooled and fissured on its contact with water and by seismic oscillations of the ground. reviewed by: V.P. Sokoloff.     

Differentiation of the Cuthbert Lake ultramafic dikes and related mafic dikes

In the Cuthbert Lake region of north-central Manitoba, northeasterly trending ultramafic-mafic dikes, part of the Molson dike swarm, show a range of composition from gabbro to olivine-hornblende pyroxenite to hornblende peridotite. The major dike which is ultramafic in composition is 60 m thick. Olivine and chromian spinel were the earliest cumulus phases formed in a subcrustal magma chamber before the emplacement of the dikes. Orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene were formed following emplacement at about 1120° C. Plagioclase and hornblende were the latest phases to crystallize from the intercumulus melt. Mineralogical and chemical variations across the major dike are interpreted to have resulted from flow differentiation of multiple injections of magma carrying suspended olivine crystals. Olivine phenocrysts changed their compositions from about Fo₈₇ to values ranging from Fo₈₀to Fo₇₃ as a function of the amount of intercumulus melt. The composition of this melt is estimated to have been basaltic. A mafic dike, about 10 m thick and occurring about 20 m away from the main ultramafic dike, is believed to have been formed from magmas that were tapped from an upper layer overlying the olivine-rich zone in a subcrustal magma chamber. Separation must have occurred when clinopyroxene and plagioclase appeared on the liquidus.Geological Survey of Canada Contribution 36486     

Origin of composite dikes in the Gouldsboro granite, coastal Maine

Composite dikes, consisting of aphyric basaltic margins and phenocryst-rich rhyolitic interiors, cut the Gouldsboro granite of coastal Maine at many localities. Limited hybridization (exchange of crystals, commingling, and mixing) occurs in most of the dikes and indicates that the two magmas were contemporaneous with emplacement of rhyolitic magma following closely in time the initial emplacement of the basaltic dike. Petrographic characteristics and geochemistry indicate that the source of the rhyolite was resident magma in the Gouldsboro granite magma chamber. The composite dikes formed when basaltic dikes ruptured the Gouldsboro magma chamber, permitting partly crystallized magma from the margin of the chamber to flow outward into the center of the basaltic dikes. Field relations of similar composite dikes in other areas (e.g., Iceland, Scotland) are consistent with this model. A second type of composite dike (silicic margins with chilled basaltic pillows) commonly cuts mafic intrusions along the Maine coast and probably formed when a granitic dike ruptured an established chamber of mafic magma, permitting resident mafic magma to collapse downward into the still Liquid granitic dike. Most composite dikes have probably formed when a magma chamber was disrupted by a dike of contrasting magma rather than by tapping a stratified magma chamber.     

Groundmass oxide minerals in the Koidu kimberlite dikes,Sierra Leone,West Africa

Petrology and oxide mineral chemistry are presented on 5 kimberlite dikes that are classified into three groups: (1) one dike is highly carbonated and highly oxidized (> MH) and is characterised by chlorite+Mn-titanomagnetite+rutile+hematite (after chlorite)+maghemite (after titanomagnetite), with ilmenite and perovskite being absent; (2) three dikes are typified by atoll-textured spinels +phlogopite+euhedral Mn-picroilmenite, of intermediate oxidation state (WM-FMQ) with coexisting deuterically serpentinized olivine+Ni-Fe alloys and magnetite; (3) the remaining dike records an early crystallization event under very low ( WM) redox conditions that precipitated anionic-deficient spinels and a Mg-Ti-Cr-wüstite-type phase, followed by late stage more oxidizing (=FMQ) Mnpicroilmenite.Spinels are complexly zoned and crystallization trends among the dikes are diverse, underscoring the fact that no single compositional trend, or evolutionary sequence is typical of kimberlites. Ilmenites are euhedral, and criteria for groundmass crystallization are established. Extraordinarily high MnO (max 17 wt%) contents and high geikielite (62 mole%) concentrations expand the ilmenite field typically assigned to that of kimberlites. Zirconium, Nb and Cr are present in concentrations of 0.5–3 wt% (as oxides) in ilmenite. These highly incompatible elements, along with Mn, are concentrated in late stage melt fractions. The high pyrophanite contents, which are more typical of silicic alkali suites, are accompanied by phlogopite in the Koidu dikes.Objective evaluations of kimberlite-carbonatite relations, as outlined in the literature, cannot be made based on the oxide mineral group. Much of the compositional data for oxides in kimberlites are on mantle-derived xenolith suites and are not from oxides derived from the crystallization of kimberlitic melts.Assessments of the fO₂'s of kimberlites have considerable potential in evaluating diamond survival through redox reactions. Manganese-rich (+Nb, Zr, Cr) ilmenites are typical of many kimberlites and should be considered in the suite of index minerals employed in prospecting.     

Petrogenesis of Early Cretaceous mafic dikes in southeastern Jiaolai basin,Jiaodong Peninsula,China

Mafic dikes of mainly Early Cretaceous age (130–110 Ma) are widely developed on the Jiaodong Peninsula, China. Previous studies of the dikes, which have focused mainly on occurrences in the Jiaobei uplift and in the Sulu orogenic belt, have thoroughly examined their petrogenesis and geodynamic setting. This study identified four previously unknown mafic dikes (dolerite and lamprophyre) in southeastern Jiaolai basin (near Haiyang city), Jiaodong Peninsula. Detailed geochemical and geochronological analyses were conducted to determine the petrogenesis of the dikes and to infer their geodynamic setting. Zircon U–Pb dating by laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) indicates that the dikes were emplaced at ~126 Ma. The dikes are characterized by low SiO₂ contents (44.3–52.3 wt.%), high contents of MgO (7.28–10.13 wt.%), Cr (267–652 ppm), and Ni (93–335 ppm), and high Mg^# values (63–73); they are enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs; Ba, K, and Sr), depleted in high field strength elements (HFSEs; Nb, Ta, P, and Ti), and are characterized by high (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i isotope ratios (0.707226–0.708222), low ε_Nd(t) values (?12.3 to ?13.6), and zircon ε_Hf(t) values (?15.6 to ?23.6). These features suggest that the dikes were derived from enriched subcontinent lithospheric mantle (SCLM). The wide range of Rb/Sr (0.04–0.18) and Ba/Rb (5–34) ratios, and the low and limited range of Dy/Yb (1.93–2.52) and K/Yb (5.71–11.99) ratios of the dikes indicate that the magmas originated from a low degree of partial melting of an amphibole- and phlogopite-bearing lherzolite in the spinel–garnet transition zone. The parental magma might have experienced fractionation of olivine and clinopyroxene during its ascent without significant crustal contamination. Evident depletion of Nb–Ta and Zr–Hf, low and limited range of Th/Yb ratios, elevated Ba/La ratios, constant chondritic Zr/Hf ratios, and a large range of Hf/Sm ratios further indicate that the mantle sources of the dikes were altered by carbonate-related metasomatism from subducted slab-derived fluids, which were most likely related to subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific plate during the Mesozoic. The mafic dikes in the southeastern Jiaolai basin resemble the arc-like mafic dikes in the Jiaobei terrain and the Sulu orogenic belt, and possibly indicate lithospheric thinning induced by slab rollback of the Palaeo-Pacific plate.     

Gold deposits in dikes of the Yana-Kolyma belt

The ore-bearing dikes widespread in the Yana-Kolyma metallogenic belt vary in composition from granite porphyry to lamprophyres, gabbromonzonite, and dolerite. The dikes make up suites tens of kilometers in extent and up to 8–10 km wide or fields a few thousand square kilometers in area. Previously, the ore mineralization was traditionally referred to the gold-quartz type superimposed on dikes. However, isotopic and thermobarogeochemical data indicate that the mineralization is close to an intrusion-related gold deposit. A deep magma chamber could have been a source of sulfur in sulfides from beresites and quartz veins hosted in the Kolyma dikes. The deposits considered in the paper are permissive for large economic reserves with low and medium Au grades.     

Metamorphism of mafic dikes from the central White-Inyo Range, eastern California

Thin mafic dikes, possibly correlative with the Independence dike swarm of SE California, transect uppermost Proterozoic–Cambrian metasedimentary strata in the White-Inyo Range. Textures and bulk-rock chemistry indicate that the protoliths were diabases and microdiorites, accompanied by Ca + Mg + Fe +Ni + Cr-rich hornblende (± minor augite) cumulates. Analytical data suggest crystal settling and fractionation at shallow depths. Most of the dikes lie in the mapped aureoles of – and were metamorphosed by – voluminous Late Jurassic granitoid plutons; however, a few metadikes cut these plutons and must have been recrystallized during the emplacement of Cretaceous granitic stocks. The mafic metadikes thus include members of two or more temporally distinct suites, pre-Late Jurassic, and latest Jurassic–Cretaceous. Neoblastic mineral assemblages and element partitioning within these nonfoliated mafic metadikes reflect lower-to-upper greenschist facies overprints; metamorphic parageneses, coincident with those developed in the metasedimentary wallrocks, are defined by the production of chlorite, biotite, white mica, epidote, and actinolite, and by albitization of the igneous plagioclase. Based on analytical and mineralogic data obtained in this study, the following conclusions regarding subsolidus recrystallization of the mafic metadikes are advanced: (1) Newly grown minerals and phase assemblages are systematic in their areal distributions. (2) Metamorphic grade increases chiefly toward the north and east, toward the Late Jurassic granitoids. (3) Element fractionation among coexisting neoblastic phases is regular, and compatible with a close approach to chemical equilibrium. (4) Assemblages 3–5 km from the granitic intrusive contacts reflect lowermost greenschist facies physical conditions. (5) Investigated mafic dikes exhibit mineral parageneses isofacial with the regional/contact metamorphic assemblages previously documented for the enclosing pre-Mesozoic clastic country rocks. Clearly, mafic dikes of several ages of injection and recrystallization are present in the central White-Inyo Range, making correlation with the Independence dike swarm problematic. In any case, the dikes record localized contact metamorphism that took place sporadically over portions of an approximately 100 million year interval. Received: 13 March 1996 / Accepted: 24 December 1996     

Rb-Sr ages of Precambrian dolerite and alkaline dikes,southeast Mysore state,India

Rb-Sr isochron ages have been determined for two suites of Precambrian dikes in the Bidadi-Harohalli area of southeast Mysore State. Whole-rock samples of unmetamorphosed dolerites yield an age of 2420±246 (2σ) m.y., which is a minimum value for the intruded Peninsular Gneiss and Closepet Granite. The dolerite magma originated in the mantle, as indicated by the initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio of 0.7012±0.0010 (2σ). A suite of alkaline dikes, also referred to as felsite and feldspar porphyry dikes, has an age of 832±40 (2σ) m.y., which correlates with the intrusion of the Chamundi Hill Granite and the feldspar porphyry dikes near Srirangapatnam. One of the alkaline dikes has a K-Ar age of 810±25 m.y., indicating an absence of subsequent thermal events in the area.     

新疆巴楚辉绿岩岩脉的岩石成因和大地构造意义

塔里木盆地西北部巴楚地区出露的二叠纪基性岩脉为研究塔里木盆地及其邻区晚古生代区域大地构造演化提供了重要信息。巴楚地区基性岩脉中辉绿岩脉富集大离子亲石元素、轻稀土元素以及高场强元素,La/Nb=0.84～1.23,Zr/Nb=5.80～7.81,Ce/Pb=2.6～15.4和 Nb/U=27.0～37.3,初始~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr=0.70495～0.70560,ε_(Nd)(t)=-1.7～ 2.0,明显不同于受俯冲交代地幔源区的产物,也区别于典型洋岛玄武岩(OIB),相反具有 OIB 型 富集岩石圈地幔的元素-同位素地球化学特征,能被理解为与二叠纪软流圈和岩石圈相互作用产物,其起源与软流圈地幔上涌有关,表明二叠纪时巴楚地区应处于软流圈上隆的岩石圈伸展构造背景。结合区域地质资料,可认为二叠纪时地幔源区属性自塔里木盆地内部向北至西南天山边缘呈规律性变化     

Geochronology,geochemistry, Hf isotopic compositions and formation mechanism of radial mafic dikes in northern Tibet

A large mafic dike swarm is radially distributed in southern Qiangtang. Three typical samples were selected for geochronology, geochemistry, and Hf isotopic analysis. Zircon U–Pb dating indicates that the three dikes formed at 291 ± 2, 292 ± 3, and 300 ± 2 Ma. Whole-rock compositions show that the southern Qiangtang mafic dikes are alkaline, Fe + Ti rich, and exhibit relative enrichment in light rare-earth elements. The ratios of incompatible elements are similar to those of oceanic island and Emeishan basalts. Geochemical diagrams show that the dikes erupted in an intraplate environment. Zircon Hf isotopic data suggest that magma that produced the mafic dikes was derived from a depleted mantle source. The geochemical characteristics of the dikes approximate that of eruption products of a brief period of mantle plume activity (300–280 Ma). According to eight geologic maps of Qiangtang, the mafic dikes crop out over an area of 150 km from north to south and 500 km from east to west, radiating outward from Mayigangri. We conclude that the mafic dikes in southern Qiangtang are related to the combined effect of Permian plate motions and mantle plume activity, and the Mayigangri area overlies the hot spot. Furthermore, the mantle plume in southern Qiangtang may have propelled the closing of the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean.     

攀西地区二叠纪赋存铌钽矿的正长岩脉的成因探讨

攀西地区广泛发育正长岩脉,其中有些岩脉富含铌钽等稀有金属元素。这些岩脉多侵入于二叠纪辉长岩体中,并与该区玄武岩及长英质岩体共生。锆石U-Pb年代学表明这些正长岩脉与长英质岩体及辉长岩体形成时代相一致(258~256Ma),但是否有成因联系并不清楚。本文对攀西地区炉库和白草两个Nb-Ta矿区中的富矿正长岩脉、贫矿正长岩脉及相关正长岩体在进行了详细的岩石学、矿物学及主微量地球化学的基础上,又开展了全岩Sr-Nd同位素研究。研究表明,岩石的εNd(t)非常均一(富矿正长岩脉εNd(t)=-0.2~+0.2,贫矿正长岩脉εNd(t)=-0.3~+0.7,正长岩体εNd(t)=-0.3~+0.4);两矿区岩石初始86Sr/87Sr值同位素则表现出宽泛的范围,正长岩体和贫矿正长岩脉的(86Sr/87Sr)i分别变化于0.7032~0.7090和0.7044~0.7064,富矿正长岩脉的(86Sr/87Sr)i变化于0.7049~0.7091,较大的初始86Sr/87Sr比值可能由于岩石遭受一定程度的蚀变所致。本文两矿区的富矿正长岩脉及贫矿正长岩脉和正长岩体的Sr-Nd同位素特征,与攀西地区红格镁铁质/超镁铁质层状侵入体的一致(εNd(t)=-2.7~+1.0,(86Sr/87Sr)i=0.7058~0.7064),表明其与峨眉山玄武岩及镁铁质侵入体来自于相同的地幔源区。结合作者及其他研究者对本区正长岩脉和相关正长岩体的主微量地球化学研究,我们认为本区炉库和白草矿区的富矿正长岩脉及相关正长岩体可能是峨眉山地幔柱岩浆活动造成的底侵在下地壳底部的辉长质岩石低程度(5%~10%)部分熔融形成的产物,且较少受到地壳物质混染。     

Petrology of late proterozoic mafic dikes in the Nico Perez region,central Uruguay

Summary Tholeiitic basaltic and basaltic andesite dikes of Brasiliano (or PanAfrican) age ( 600 Ma) intrude the basement of the Nico Perez region, Uruguay. Major and trace element geochemistry of the basalts indicates that they suffered fractionation in shallow magma chambers. The variation in element ratios, which remain virtually unchanged during fractionation (K/Rb, Rb/Ba, Ba/Nb, La/Nb, Zr/Nb and Ti/Zr), indicate that the dikes are not strictly comagmatic. However, they have certain features in common: LILE and LREE enrichment with respect to HFSE and HREE; high Rb/Ba (> 0.9) and Rb/Sr (> 0.08); low K/Rb (< 214); negative Nb and Ti anomalies (La _n /Nb _n > 2; Ba/Nb > 22 Ti/Zr < 60).⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd at 665 Ma are in the range 0.7052 – 0.7119 and 0.51158 – 0.51177, respectively.The lack of correlations between isotope and trace element variations indicate that these characteristics are not controlled by crustal contamination of the melts. They are interpreted as being due to the melting of an enriched mantle (C1) under the influence of a fluid-rich component (C2) which stabilized a Nb-retaining titanate phase in the residuum. Although this process may be related to a subduction environment, it is also possible that it occurred in an ensialic region by the interaction of deep mantle fluids with the lithospheric continental mantle.The parent mantle underlying the early Proterozoic (1.8 Ga) Florida region had isotope and geochemical characteristics which could evolve to the values observed in the adjacent Nico Perez region. It is therefore proposed that mantle enrichment took place in the early Proterozoic and that this mantle melted under the influence of fluids in the late Proterozoic to derive the Nico Perez dikes.

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Petrologie von spätproterozoischen, mafischen Gängen in der Nico Perez-Region, Zentral Uruguay

Zusammenfassung In das Grundgebirge der Nico Perez-Region, Uruguay, intrudierten tholeiitische und basaltandesitische Gange panafrikanischen (Brasiliano) Alters ( 600 Ma). Die Hauptund Spurenelementgeochemie der Basalte zeigt eine Fraktionierung in seichten Magmakammern an. Die Streuung jener Elementverhältnisse, die während der Fraktionierung scheinbar unverändert bleiben (K/Rb, Rb/Ba, Ba/Nb, La/Nb, Zr/Nb und Ti/Zr), weist darauf hin, daß die Gänge nicht streng komagmatisch sind. Sie haben aber dennoch bestimmte Merkmale gemeinsam: Anreicherung von LILE und LREE in Bezug auf HFSE and HREE; hohes Rb/Ba (> 0, 9) and Rb/Sr (> 0, 08); niedriges K/Rb (< 214); negative Anornalien bei Nb and Ti (La _n /Nb _n > 2; Ba/Nb > 22, Ti/Zr < 60). Bei 665 Ma liegen⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr und¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd im Bereich von 0, 7052 bis 0, 7119 beziehungsweise von 0,51158 bis 0,51177.Fehlende Korrelationen zwischen Isotopen- und Spurenelement-Streuungen zeigen, daß these Eigenschaften nicht durch Kontamination der Schmelzen mit Krustenmaterial kontrolliert werden. Sie werden mit der Aufschmelzung von angereichertem Mantel (C1) unter dem Einfluß einer Fluid-reichen Komponente (C2) erklärt. Diese Komponente stabilisierte eine Titanat-Phase im Residuum, die Nb zurückhielt. Obwohl dieser Prozeß einem Subduktions-Milieu zugeordnet werden kann, ist es auch möglich, daß er in einem intrakontinentalen Bereich durch Wechselwirkung von Fluiden aus dem tiefen Mantel mit dem kontinentalen Lithosphärenmantel stattfand.Der Ausgangsmantel, der die frühproterbzoische (1, 8 Ga) Florida-Region unterlagert, weist isotopische and geochemische Merkmale auf, aus denen sich die in der benachbarten Nico Perez-Region beobachteten Werte entwickelt haben könnten. Daher wird angenommen, daß die Anreicherung im Mantel im frühen Proterozoikum stattfand und daß dieser Mantel unter tern Einfluß von Fluiden im späten Proterozoikum Schmelzen bildete, von denen die Gange von Nico Perez abgeleitet werden können.

     

Petrogenesis of composite dikes in granitoids of western Transbaikalia

The performed studies have revealed two varieties of composite dikes differing in morphology and internal structure depending on (1) the proportions of salic and basic components and (2) the rheologic state of the host environment. The latter can be both a solid substrate with open fractures and a melt at different stages of crystallization. The evaluated isotopic age of dikes in the Shaluta massif, 290.8 ± 2.7 Ma and 283.4 ± 3.4 Ma, is correlated with the time of the pluton formation. The age of the composite dike breaking through the metamorphic deposits on the eastern shore of Lake Baikal is 284.10 ± 0.96 Ma. The mass formation of composite dikes in western Transbaikalia is correlated with the Late Paleozoic magmatism, which resulted in one of the Earth’s largest granitoid provinces. The intrusion of dikes was not a single-stage event; it lasted at least 10-12 Myr and was apparently related to the repeated intrusion of large volumes of salic magmas and the formation of granitoid plutons. Early Mesozoic composite dikes associated with alkali-granitoid plutons of the Late Kunalei igneous complex (230-210 Ma) are much scarcer. Basic magmas of the composite dikes were generated at depths greater than 75 km as a result of the melting of a modified (enriched in crustal components) mantle source. Salic components of the dikes, independently of their geologic position, are generally similar in composition to the granitoids of the plutonic facies, and the differences are apparently due to hybridization proceeding at great depths.© 2018, V.S. Sobolev IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.     

浙北富阳神功村二长花岗斑岩脉SHRIMP锆石U—Pb年龄及其地质意义

浙北富阳神功村地区二长花岗斑岩脉侵入于中新元古界地层中,采自该岩脉样品的锆石离子探针(SHRIMP)U-Pb同位素年龄为117.7Ma±2.7Ma。这一数据表明本区二长花岗斑岩岩脉的形成年代为早白垩世中期,而不是1∶5万填图资料所认为的新元古代时期(晋宁晚期)。新获得的高精度年龄数据支持华南中生代末广泛的岩浆侵入作用始于早白垩世中期的观点。     

福建上杭盆地基性岩墙的地球化学特征及其地质意义

系统的元素地球化学研究表明,上杭盆地基性岩墙属于碱性玄武岩系列,富集LREE、Pb,相对亏损大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、Sr、K,具有异于消减带地球化学特征的特点。MgO的双变量图解及w(CaO)/w(Al_2O_3)比值特征反映了岩浆经历了镁铁质矿物的结晶分异作用。而岩墙微量元素的特征,指示岩墙岩浆是来自软流圈地幔与石榴石橄榄岩地幔低程度(7%~15%)熔融体混合形成的岩浆高度演化后的产物,在侵位过程中基本未受到地壳混染的作用。运用构造环境判别方法,确定岩墙形成于陆内初始裂谷环境,系受到太平洋板块和印度洋板块运动的影响,软流圈地幔上涌、底侵、部分熔融,从裂谷构造薄弱带侵位形成基性岩墙。这些研究为福建内陆新生代构造-岩浆活动提供了一个新例证。     

西藏谢通门县邦弄含铁电英岩脉的地质特征及成因分析

文章介绍了西藏谢通门县邦弄地区含铁电英岩脉的地质特征.电英岩脉的延伸方向大致与区内的断层平行,围岩为中粒斑状角闪黑云二长花岗岩.电英岩脉中见有不同程度的铁矿化,共有23条矿化较好的含铁电英岩脉.含铁电英岩脉中矿石矿物为赤铁矿(镜铁矿),脉石矿物为石英、电气石及少量的白云母和长石.矿石具叶片状、鳞片状结构,块状构造,矿石...     

北京云蒙山浅色花岗岩脉及韧性剪切变形的地球化学特征

对云蒙山地区的花岗岩、糜棱岩化花岗岩及周围太古宙花岗片麻岩中的浅色花岗岩脉的主要及稀土元素地球化学研究结果表明：与未糜棱岩化花岗岩相比，浅色花岗岩脉具有较低的LREE和P2O5含量及（La／Gd）N比值，Sm／Nd比值较高，而剪切应变岩石的LREE相对富集；糜棱岩化花岗岩具有近平行于未糜棱岩化花岗岩的稀土元素配分模式；浅色花岗岩脉BH-2-5和BH-2-6具有和未糜棱岩化花岗岩相似的重稀土元素配分模式；浅色花岗岩脉BH-2-3的稀土元素配分模式和所有分析的样品都不一样，推断BH-2-3有可能是古老变质岩部分熔融的产物。在部分熔融过程中，诸如独居石这样的富含轻稀土元素的副矿物以残留体的形式出现，不参与部分熔融，导致BH-2-3具有很低的LREE和P2O5含量及高达0．4122的Sm／Nd比值。而其他两条浅色花岗岩脉有可能是云蒙山花岗岩后期岩浆分异的产物，随分异程度的增强和富含轻稀土元素的副矿物的分离结晶作用，导致最后岩浆的SiO2增高、LREE含量减少及Sm／Nd比值发生变化。     

The dunite bodies, websterite and orthopyroxenite dikes of the Leka ophiolite complex, Norway

Summary The investigated mantle section of the Leka ophiolite complex extends 1.4 km from and 1.1 km along the exposed Moho. The foliated peridotite contains numerous tabular and elongated dunite bodies, orthopyroxenite dikes, websterite veins, and dikes. The foliation of the peridotite is inclined by about 45° to the Moho. The dunite bodies and the dikes cut the foliation at low angles. The dunite bodies vary in width from 0.1 to 50 m and in length from 10 m to more than 1 km. Wider dunite bodies are commonly surrounded by 0 to 1.0 m wide margins of dunitized peridotite. Websterite veins may be present outside these margins. Apart from sporadic chromite layers the dunite is very homogenous. The dunite bodies are considered to have formed by deposition of olivine along the walls of dikes originally containing tholeiitic melt. The tholeiitic melt at first heated the peridotitic sidewalls so that they became partially molten and dunitized. The ascending magma then eroded the sidewalls and removed olivine as xenocrysts. When the ascent rate decreased, the temperature of the sidewalls decreased, so that olivine (Fo_89–92) began to crystallize along the dike walls. There is also evidence for percolative melt migration along foliation planes, however, the largest proportion of the melts intruded along dikes. The websterite dikes are mostly 1 to 4 cm wide and 3 to 20 m long and dispersed with mutual distances of 20–50 m. The websterite veins and dikes probably originated from melts that were generated along the heated sidewalls of the dunite bodies. The 0.02 to 10 m wide orthopyroxenite dikes have exceptionally high MgO contents for their SiO₂ contents; about 36 wt.% MgO and 50 wt.% SiO₂. They may have formed as segregates from a SiO₂-rich magma, although the parent magma does not appear to have been boninitic. The parent magma may instead have formed by second stage partial melting of depleted lherzolite.     

青藏高原南部岩脉分布及其研究意义

青藏高原是面积大、海拔高、时代最新的经典碰撞造山带，其演化过程被记录在各类地质作用中，包括各类岩浆作用。岩脉是与其他类型岩浆作用具有相似矿物成分的小规模侵入体，德国人Harry Rosenbusch早在1877年对其开展了系统研究。区域上大规模产出的基性岩墙群经常发育在伸展构造环境，并被认为代表地质历史时期发生的大陆裂解作用，其深部则与地幔柱或者热点存在相关。在青藏高原的羌塘地体、拉萨地体和喜马拉雅造山带发育了不同类型的岩脉或岩墙群。在羌塘地体中部出露面积约为40000km²的早二叠世（约283Ma）基性岩墙群属于大火成岩省（LIP）岩浆作用，与二叠纪中特提斯洋的初始打开有关。在西藏南部的特提斯喜马拉雅带产出的时代约为132Ma的白垩纪措美-班伯里大火成岩省岩浆作用，覆盖面积超过50000km²，其最早的岩浆作用可能代表了特提斯喜马拉雅之下大陆裂解之前孕育克格伦地幔柱头部的相关岩石圈伸展作用，并继续裂解导致了印度与澳洲大陆的裂解分离。本文着重讨论了高原南部的白垩纪以来的岩脉，它们主要发育在拉萨地体南部，蕴含了岩浆作用与构造作用的双重信息。它们具有不同的产状、成分、年龄和成因，对于揭示冈底斯弧演化、印度与亚洲大陆的碰撞过程，以及碰撞导致的高原应力状态变化等都具有重要的意义。高原南部岩脉主要分为三期：（1）时代约为90Ma的岩脉，具有玄武质到中酸性的成分，主要侵位在日喀则白垩纪弧后盆地，例如在南木林县南部出现的基性-酸性双峰式岩浆作用，可能代表了冈底斯岩浆弧之上发育的伸展作用。（2）时代约为50Ma的同碰撞期岩脉，主要侵入到林子宗火山岩、冈底斯岩基或者白垩世设兴组/昂仁组沉积地层等单元中，它们发育时间为60~41Ma，其峰期作用时间与冈底斯岩浆大爆发的时间一致，可能受控于深部俯冲的特提斯洋洋壳的断裂作用。（3）碰撞后中新世岩脉，多具有埃达克质岩石的地球化学性质，与区域上钾质-超钾质火山岩和埃达克质侵入岩的时代一致，它们是高原南部加厚下地壳部分熔融作用的产物，可能受控于下地壳拆沉作用或者与南北向裂谷带密切相关的板片撕裂有关。这些岩脉的延伸方向既有南北向，也有东西向，在构造上可能代表了高原隆升到最大高度后深部拆沉作用导致的山体垮塌伴生的伸展构造有关。