STA/LTA—AIC算法对地震P波震相拾取稳定性影响

选取区域地震台网记录的地震波形数据,使用STA/LTA算法与STA/LTA—AIC算法,进行地震P波震相初至到时自动拾取,对地方震及震中距较大的震相进行P波震相拾取效果分析,发现:STA/LTA算法对于地方震P波震相识别精度较高,与STA/LTA—AIC算法拾取的P波震相初至到时相差不大;震中距变大后,STA/LTA算法对P波拾取位置相对于最佳位置向后延迟,STA/LTA—AIC算法有效矫正了STA/LTA算法拾取位置的延迟问题,与人工拾取位置差别可忽略不计。     

2011年3月11日日本宫城MW9.1地震的预滑与黏滑震相研究

实验室内的岩石黏滑实验表明：黏滑错动过程一般可分为预滑、黏滑和止滑三个阶段,其中黏滑过程往往不是一次单点错动过程,而是由多次黏滑错动过程组成,表现出在断层的不同部位多点黏滑错动的特征。
2011年3月11日日本宫城近海发生了M_W9.1大地震。对该地震在全球数字地震仪台网（GSN）的波形记录做了分析,在ERM台（Δ=3.8°）记录的Pn震相前约125.5 s处识别出预滑错动震相Xp;在GSN 98个台的长周期波形记录上识别出三次同震黏滑错动过程中激发出的三个同震黏滑错动震相Xs1、Xs2和Xs3,以及止滑过程中激发出的止滑面波震相XsQ和XsR。根据黏滑实验和观测结果,我们认为ERM台所处的地块在主震前约69.1 s时发生了一次临震预滑错动,激发出了预滑错动震相Xp。主震发生后与弹性破裂过程同时发生了第一次黏滑错动,激发出了黏滑错动震相Xs1;在弹性破裂开始后约27.5 s时发生了第二次黏滑错动,激发出了黏滑错动震相Xs2;在弹性破裂开始后约71.0 s时发生了第三次黏滑错动,激发出了黏滑错动震相Xs3;在弹性破裂开始后约93.1 s时黏滑错动幅度达到峰值Xsm。之后进入止滑阶段,止滑过程激发出了勒夫型长周期面波止滑震相XsQ和瑞雷型长周期面波止滑震相XsR。根据XsQ和XsR震相的周期普遍大于75 s的特征,我们认为XsQ和XsR可能是地幔内传播的面波,并给出XsQ和XsR面波的走时关系。根据主震发生后同震伴随有三个子黏滑错动过程的观测证据,认为此次M_W9.1大地震可能是黏滑错动和弹性破裂共同作用的结果。从地震记录图上识别出Xp震相有助于认识主震前的预滑错动过程,且有一定的前兆意义。研究Xs震相以及XsQ和XsR震相有助于认识同震黏滑错动过程并预判震灾损失。     

九寨沟MS 7.0地震前单台波速比变化特征

收集、整理四川省地震台网2013年5月至2017年9月产出的震相观测报告数据,采用单台多震和达法,重点分析2017年8月8日九寨沟M_S 7.0强震前龙门山断裂带中北段地区波速比变化特征。结果表明：龙门山断裂带中段西侧的茂县地震台,在发震前2年左右,波速比出现一次持续时间约一年半的下降异常;发震前半年左右,波速比出现明显回返特征,波速比回返至均值上下时即发生九寨沟M_S 7.0地震;震源区周边其他6个地震台波速比在发震前变化较平稳。茂县地震台波速比低值异常对判定九寨沟M_S 7.0强震前龙门山断裂带中北段可能存在孕震体具有重要参考价值。     

山西大同、朔州地区非天然地震特征与识别

通过震相特征、P波初动方向、As/Ap振幅比、频谱等,对山西北部非天然地震的特征及其识别进行研究.结果表明,爆破、塌陷具有相对独特的震相特征,塌陷震相频率单一、面波明显且出现早,爆破震相的P波发育且初动强而尖锐,波列衰减较快,持续时间短;在P波垂直初动方面,震中距100 km范围内,塌陷超过85％ 的台站初动向下,爆破...     

山西地区Pb震相记录特征研究

通过识别山西测震台网2016-2018年记录到的ML≥2.5地震事件波形Pb震相,获得山西地区不同震中距Pb震相的记录特征:山西地区Pb震相作为初至震相出现的最小震中距约80km左右,记录形态类似于正弦波,波形特征和Pn波相似,振幅比Pg波小,周期比Pg波大;Pb震相作为后续震相出现,一般呈锯齿状,处于Pn与Pg震相之间,周期较Pn与Pg波小,振幅稍大于Pn波,小于Pg波。通过识别Pb震相,采用在不同震中距范围内实测数据进行线性拟合的方法,得到其传播速度为6.815km/s。     

上海及邻近地区Pb震相识别

收集2009年以来上海地区近震事件,并重新进行震相拾取。通过走时曲线、时频分析等识别震相的辅助手段,确认震相的可靠性。研究结果表明,上海地区地震的Pb波作为初至震相时,震中距约100 km;初至震相是Pb波时,地震波形类似于正弦波且周期较大。     

油水两相饱和储层中平面震电波场响应特性

现有的孔隙介质震电理论缺乏针对含油储层震电耦合的数学模型及定量模拟,制约了该方法在含油储层中的推广应用.本文将非饱和孔隙介质中弹性波动理论与含油储层中动电耦合理论及麦克斯韦电磁理论相结合,建立了描述油水两相饱和储层中震电耦合波的数学方法,定量模拟了含油储层中平面震电波场响应特性,并探讨了储层参数对震电波场响应的影响.研究结果表明:油水两相饱和储层中震电耦合产生四种震电耦合波,震电横波、震电纵波P1、P2和P3波;震电波场响应具有频散特性,频率增大,震电纵波P2和P3波传播速度显著增大,震电波衰减常数均增大;相同频率下,震电纵波P2波电场强度及电流密度与固相速度比值的模值相比其它三种震电波的均较大,说明其激发电场和电流能力较强;震电波场响应受到宏观储渗参数的影响,储层孔隙度增大,震电波的传播速度均减小,三种震电纵波的衰减常数均增大,且震电横波和震电纵波P1波的电场强度与固相速度比值的模值均增大,震电纵波P2和P3波的均减小;储层渗透率增大,震电波的传播速度均增大,震电横波的衰减常数、电场强度与固相速度比值的模值亦增大,而三种震电纵波的则相反;含水饱和度增大,震电横波、震电纵波P1(低频时)和P2波的传播速度均减小,衰减常数、电场强度及电流密度与固相速度比值的模值均增大,震电纵波P3波的则相反;震电波响应电场强度及电流密度与固相速度比值的相位在高频时出现频散现象,同样受到储层参数的影响.     

2021年圣克鲁斯群岛MS 6.0地震PKPPKP震相识别

采用云南省地震局3个有人值守国家测震台和5个无人值守国家测震台记录到的2021年11月25日圣克鲁斯群岛M_S 6.0地震波形,运用测震学分析方法,对此次地震进行分析,提出其常见震相的一般性特征,并且重点总结了PKPPKP震相的特征,以免误将该震相分析为1个新地震的P波,分析结果表明PKPPKP震相在震中距约为70°时明显。     

鹤岗地震台阵勘选记录信号及噪声的相关性分析

基于2019年中国地震局"一带一路"鹤岗地震台阵勘选资料,分析了勘选测点记录的近震Pg震相和远震P波震相在时间域和频率域的相关性。时间域相关分析结果显示,鹤岗地震台阵场地对近震Pg震相和远震P波震相的最佳监测距离分别约为550 m和1 570 m;频率域相干分析显示,监测远震P波信号的最佳距离约1 570 m,与时间域分析结果一致;近震和远震的最佳监测距离分别对应勘选台阵最内圆和最外圆半径,可作为该台阵布局设计的依据。台阵增益分析显示,勘选台阵对于Pg和P波震相识别具有一定增强作用。     

高频GNSS形变波的震相识别：模拟实验与实例分析

高频GNSS震时形变波震相及识别是GNSS地震学的重要内容.在实时数据处理基础上,本文利用振动台的高频GNSS观测实验,并结合近期部分大震的高频GNSS形变波震相特征进行研究.数据处理结果表明,实时处理与事后处理的精度在同一量级,且与采样率无关.通过与同址观测强震仪和地震计记录的对比及特定震相的频谱分析,发现高频GNSS可完整记录P波、S波、Love波及Rayleigh波震相,影响震相记录的主要因素是GNSS定位精度与震级,而仅当震中距很小时,采样率将产生一定影响.研究结果得出：基于地震波传播规律,利用高频GNSS台阵记录的形变波空间分段特征,结合震相运动轨迹及其他地震波记录,可实现实时高频GNSS形变波的震相识别.     

MULTIPLE REFLECTIONS AND HEAD WAVES IN THE GULF OF SUEZ*

Inferior reflection quality in the Gulf of Suez at the target depth interval is attributable in part to surficial multiple reflections. An excellent example of the latter is observed on a typical seismic line in the northern portion of the Gulf. An increase in prominence of the multiple reflections appears associated with decreasing depth to a dipping highvelocity layer. Inversion of a second-order polynomial time-distance function, fitted to the observed refraction onset time-distance values, gives the velocity-depth function for sediments between the water bottom and a high-velocity layer. Velocities thus determined increase non-linearly with depth from a value near water velocity at the water bottom. Depths to the high-velocity layer are obtained from the associated head-wave linear time-distance function and by ray tracing in the overlying sediments. As the high-velocity layer approaches the water bottom from sub-water depths exceeding 0.6 km to a depth of 56 m, intensity of the multiple reflections increases to the extent of completely dominating individual records to a time of at least 3 s. The estimated plane-wave normal-incident reflection coefficient at the top of the high-velocity layer increases with decreasing depth to this layer, approaching 0.5 at the shallowest depth. This strong reflection coefficient further substantiates the existence of multiple reflections between the high-velocity layer and water layer. However, existence of water-layer multiples cannot be ruled out. The estimated water-bottom reflection coefficient is approximately 0.3, a substantial value. Multiple reflections of considerably less intensity are apparent where the high-velocity layer is deepest, and it is likely that such are waterlayer multiple reflections. Unfortunately, water-layer multiple reflections and multiple reflections between the water surface and high-velocity layer cannot be separated by their coincidence with time-distance (normal moveout) curves, the configuration of each visibly matching the curves equally well.     

AN ATTEMPT AT THE INVERSION OF REFLECTION DATA*

The main problem in seismic prospecting is to infer from the observed reflection response the distribution of density and seismic velocity with depth. This process is generally called the inversion of the reflection data. For plane waves propagating through plane parallel stratification, it can be shown that at any depth the ratio between the amplitude of the transmitted and reflected wave satisfies the Riccati equation. Based on this equation we have formulated an iterative inversion method, which is found to be suitable for numerical computations. We have applied this method on synthetic reflection data, and found that it provides a very fast and accurate inversion.     

TM reflection from an insulating layer within a lossy half-space

In this paper the possibility of detecting a semi-insulating layer in a homogeneous half-space model of the earth is examined using VHF electromagnetic waves (30–300 MHz). The scheme is to employ an obliquely incident TM (transverse magnetic) plane wave. The corresponding TM reflection coefficient in the vicinity of the Brewster angle null is then considered for possible clues. It is shown that when the host medium is not excessively lossy, the TM reflection coefficient shows significant deviation from the homogeneous half-space case. The measurement and interpretation have possible relevance to the detection of liquid hazardous waste layers at depth.     

来自海底高速层径向波的理论地震图研究

本文利用各向异性反射率技术计算理论地震图,提出海底高速薄层会产生沿高速层水平传播的波（简称径向波）,这种波在水层中作为P波,在固液界面激发下行横波,该均匀横波以临界角入射高速薄层,在层内作为超临界角的非均匀横波水平传播,再以临界角转换为上行传播的均匀横波,最终在固液界面上行透射转换为水层中P波.高速薄层传播的径向波不同于界面折射波,也不同于具有频散的面波和通道波.理论地震图的研究表明,径向波具有线性时距,能与海底强反射具有同等振幅水平;径向波有其振幅、时距位置和斜率这些观测记录参数,分别对应高速层的厚度、深度和近似的横波速度;径向波可以克服折射波解释中遇到的振幅强弱和高速层速度等困难.径向波可作为探测海底高速薄层的有力工具,对于研究高速层屏蔽、海底反射类型的多样性和相应的资料处理解释有重要意义.     

THE APPLICATION OF PML BOUNDARY CODITIONS IN THE SIMULATION OF SEISMIC WAVE BY THE HIGH-ORDER STAGGERED-GRID FINITE DIFFERENCES AT THE TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MEDIA

In the realm of the numerical simulation, finite difference method and finite element method are more intuitive and effective than other simulation methods. In the process of simulating seismic wave propagation, the finite differences method is widely used because of its high computational efficiency and the advantage of the algorithm is more efficient. With the demand of precision, more and more researchers have proposed more effective methods of finite differences, such as the high-order staggered-grid finite differences method, which can restore the actual process of wave propagation on the premise of ensuring accuracy and improving the efficiency of operation. In the past numerical simulation of seismic wave field, different models of isotropic medium are mostly used, but it is difficult to reflect the true layer situation. With the research demand of natural seismology and seismic exploration, the research on anisotropic media is more and more extensive. Transversely isotropic(TI)media can well simulate the seismic wave propagation in the formation medium, such as gas-bearing sandstone, mudstone, shale et al., the character of TI media is reflected by introducing the Thomsen parameters to reflect its weak anisotropy of vertical direction by using Thomson parameter. Therefore, studying the process of seismic wave propagation in TI media can restore the true information of the formation to the greatest extent, and provide a more reliable simulation basis for the numerical simulation of seismic wave propagation. In the geodynamic simulation and the numerical simulation of the seismic wave field, under the limited influence of the calculation area, if no boundary conditions are added, a strong artificial boundary reflection will be generated, which greatly reduces the validity of the simulation. In order to minimize the influence of model boundaries on the reflection of seismic waves, it is often necessary to introduce absorbing boundary conditions. At present, there are three types of absorption boundary conditions: one-way wave absorption boundary, attenuation absorption boundary, and perfectly matched layer(PML)absorption boundary. In terms of numerical simulation of seismic waves, the boundary absorption effect of PML is stronger than the first two, which is currently the most commonly used method, and it also represents the cutting-edge development direction of absorption boundary technology. The perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary is effectively applied to eliminating the reflective waves from model boundaries, but for transversely isotropic medium, the effect of the absorbing is not very well. For this reason, the elastic dynamic wave equations in transversely isotropic media are derived, and we describe a second-order accurate time, tenth-order accurate space, formulation of the Madariaga-Virieux staggered-grid finite difference methods with the perfectly matched layer(PML)are given. In addition, we have established vertical transversely isotropic(VTI)media and arbitrary inclined tilted transversely isotropic(TTI)media models, using a uniform half-space velocity model and a two-layer velocity model, respectively. By combining the actual geoscience background, we set the corresponding parameters and simulation conditions in order to make our model more research-oriented. When setting model parameters, different PML thickness, incident angle, source frequency and velocity layer models were transformed to verify the inhibition of boundary reflection effect by PML absorption boundary layer. The implementations of this simulation show that the formula is correct and for the transversely isotropic(TI)media of any angular symmetry axis, when the thickness of the PML layer reaches a certain value, the seismic wave reflection effect generated by the artificial boundary can be well suppressed, and the absorption effect of PML is not subject to changes in incident angle and wave frequency. Therefore, the results of our study indicate that our research method can be used to simulate the propagation process of seismic waves in the transversely isotropic(TI)media without being affected by the reflected waves at the model boundary to restore the actual formation information and more valuable geological research.     

粘性可压缩流体中的波

本文在小扰动条件下,从粘性可压缩流体的运动方程、状态方程以及连续性方程导出了它的波动方程,从而表明粘性可压缩流体中能够存在有耗损的纵波与横波。文中还针对自由界面、刚性界面、粘性流体内部分界面、粘性流体与弹性固体分界面等,求出了平面波的反射系数和透射系数。     

On love waves in heterogeneous media

Summary Love waves in a half space with one homogeneous elastic layer overlying a semiinfinite medium having elastic properties varying with depth has been considered. The frequency equation for small wave lengths has been obtained, considering general variation, and has been shown to involve the first three derivatives of the rigidity of the heterogeneous medium at its interface with the homogeneous layer.     

TRANSFORMATION OF TIME-DISTANCE CURVES OF DIVING WAVES INTO A MULTILAYERED MODEL*

A method to compute the parameters of a multilayered medium with dipping interfaces is described. The input data are time-distance curves of diving waves. The output data are the thickness of the layers, dips, and parameters characterizing the increase of velocity with depth. Three examples are presented.     

REFLECTION OF ELASTIC WAVES FROM PERIODICALLY STRATIFIED MEDIA WITH INTERFACIAL SLIP*

A periodically stratified elastic medium can be replaced by an equivalent homogeneous transverse isotropic medium in the long wavelength limit. The case of a homogeneous medium with equally spaced parallel interfaces along which there is imperfect bonding is a special instance of such a medium. Slowness surfaces are derived for all plane wave modes through the equivalent medium and reflection coefficients for a half-space of such a medium are found. The slowness surface for the SH mode is an ellipsoid. The exact solution for the reflection of SH-waves from a half-space with parallel slip interfaces is found following the matrix method of K. Gilbert applied to elastic waves. Explicit results are derived and in the long wavelength limit, shown to approach the results for waves in the equivalent homogeneous medium. Under certain conditions, a half-space of a medium with parallel slip interfaces has a reflection coefficient independent of the angle of incidence and thus acts like an acoustic reducing mirror. The method for the reflection of P- and SV-waves is fully outlined, and reflection coefficients are shown for a particular example. The solution requires finding the eigenvalues of a 4 × 4 transfer matrix, each eigenvalue being associated with a particular wave. At higher frequencies, unexpected eigenvalues are found corresponding to refracted waves for which shear and compressional parameters are completely coupled. The two eigenvalues corresponding to the transmitted wavefield give amplitude decay perpendicular to the stratification along with up- and downgoing phase propagation in some other direction. Much of this work was performed while the author was at the Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel. The author is grateful for illuminating discussions with K. Helbig and K. Gilbert.     

COMPUTATION OF THE TIME-DISTANCE CURVE FOR A DIPPING REFRACTOR AND VELOCITY INCREASING WITH DEPTH IN THE OVERBURDEN *

The paper presents the method and algorithm for computing the time-distance curve for head waves in the case of a dipping refractor and velocity increasing with depth in the overburden. The method is illustrated by an example.