煤田自燃区上磁异常的成因

通过对内蒙古平庄西露天煤矿顶板砂岩的磁性研究,指出这些煤矿顶板的上侏罗统灰色砂岩在天然状况下是弱磁性的,天然剩磁在n×10^-3A/m级次,磁化率在10^-4（SI）级次。但经高温热处理（＞600℃）后,磁性迅速增高,剩磁增大五个级次,磁化率增大四个级次。通过多种岩矿分析方法进一步搞清楚,这些砂岩的胶结物成分是弱磁性的碳酸铁（FeCO₃）,经高温处理后,成为强磁性的磁铁矿（Fe₃O₄）。这种变化是我国北方地区许多侏罗纪煤田自燃区上出现磁异常的主要原因。文中还给出了黄铁矿热处理前后的磁性变化情况。最后利用测得的岩石磁性,设计了多种理论模型,正演计算了所产生的磁异常值。结果表明,利用高精度磁法勘探来区分这类煤田的自燃区与非自燃区是完全可能的。     

透闪石质玉中黄玉与糖玉致色成因差异研究

采用常规宝石学仪器并结合电子探针、电子顺磁共振谱及紫外-可见光谱等测试方法,对软玉中不同深浅的黄玉与糖玉样品进行了系统分析,以探讨其致色原因及其差异。分析结果表明,黄玉的致色原因主要为O^2-→Fe³⁺的电荷转移跃迁及Fe³⁺的⁶A₁→⁴T₂（D）跃迁,糖玉则主要由Fe³⁺的⁶A₁→⁴E （D）、⁶A₁→⁴T₂（D）谱项跃迁与Mn³⁺的Jahn-Teller效应致色。黄玉中O^2-→Fe³⁺的电荷转移跃迁导致可见光区的412~500 nm处吸收,是形成与控制黄玉颜色的重要因素;而糖玉因含有Mn³⁺致使黄绿色光被吸收而显示出黄绿色的补色。此外,Fe²⁺—Fe³⁺的荷移与Fe²⁺（⁵T₂）+Fe³⁺（⁶A₁）→Fe²⁺（⁵E）+Fe³⁺（⁶A₁）跃迁也对糖玉和黄玉的致色具有贡献。     

海带对Pb2+吸附动力学及热力学研究

以海带作为吸附剂,从动力学和热力学角度讨论了海带对水溶液中pb2+的吸附情况以及溶液的pH值对吸附的影响.实验数据利用准一、准二级动力学模型以及Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温式等进行拟合.实验表明,海带对pb2的吸附反应更符合准二级动力学方程及Langmuir吸附等温线;吸附速率较快,60min内,溶液中pb2+的去除率可达90％.     

K-H3OFe3(SO4)2(OH)6铁矾的XRD研究

根据X射线衍射(XRD)分析发现: A Fe₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆(A=K⁺、H₃O⁺)系列铁钒的XRD数据十分相近,难以用XRD区别,需通过能谱(EDS)辅助分析,才能区分此类铁矾。另外,此类铁矾的003和107面网间距d随K⁺含量增大而增大,且呈一元三次方程的关系;而033和220面网间距d随K⁺含量增大而减小,呈一元二次方程的关系。对该现象从铁矾晶体结构方面进行解释:K⁺、H₃O⁺离子位于较大空隙中,且沿着Z轴方向排列,当K⁺、H₃O⁺离子之间相互替换时,会导致该铁矾晶体结构在Z轴方向有较明显的变化。     

川南玄武岩气孔中硅铁灰石杏仁体的特征与研究

川南普格杏仁状玄武岩气孔中产出硅铁灰石、绿泥石、石英、方解石、沥青等5种不同成分类型的杏仁体。硅铁灰石杏仁体呈圆形或椭圆形,其直径多为5～8 mm,由杏仁体壁至中心,依次分别产出石英→铁镁绿泥石→硅铁灰石。硅铁灰石晶体呈铁黑色、薄板状,由5个平行双面单形组成。微区X射线衍射分析结果显示,硅铁灰石属三斜晶系,空间群为P1 。化学成分分析表明,硅铁灰石氧化物含量(ω_B/%)为SiO₂ 53.55%、CaO 18.84%、Fe₂O₃ 13.65%、FeO 9.68%、MgO 1.44%、H₂O⁺1.74%,FeO/Fe₂O₃=0.71;铁镁绿泥石氧化物含量(ω_B/%)为SiO₂ 33.17%、Al₂O₃ 13.03%、Fe₂O₃ 8.45%、FeO 13.06%、MgO 18.82%、H₂O⁺12.12%、CaO 0.87%,FeO/Fe₂O₃=1.55。硅铁灰石杏仁体的矿物组合变化表明,玄武岩晚期的成矿热液由富Mg、Fe向富Si、Ca演化,硅铁灰石是由偏酸性、弱还原环境向偏碱性、弱氧化环境转化时所形成的过渡性产物。     

趋磁细菌及磁小体对黄土-古土壤序列磁化率贡献的模拟实验研究

选择西峰和段家坡两个黄土剖面,对磁化率变化显著的L₆-S₅-L₅层段,通过对样品中的趋磁细菌(MB)用相同的培养基富集及生长培养,初步定量模拟了MB和磁小体(MSs)对黄土-古土壤序列磁化率的贡献。富集培养MB后,段家坡剖面样品磁化率表现出不同程度的增高,最大达116.4%(DS_5-1)。以古土壤样品XS_5-1、DS_5-1为介质生长培养MB,DS_5-1磁化率的增长与接种的菌液量呈近似线性关系。此外,生长培养后古土壤样品频率磁化率与FeO/Fe₂O₃比值呈现出相似的变化趋势,证实了磁小体的形成。由此表明:1)MB和MSs是影响黄土剖面磁化率的因素之一,受气候和地质环境等因素的影响,不同地区黄土剖面MB的生长和MSs的形成存在差异,因此对磁化率的贡献也不尽相同;2)MSs是黄土-古土壤序列中超细粒磁性物质的组成部分。当气候环境比较适宜MSs形成及保存时,MSs在黄土剖面中超细粒(≤50nm)磁性组分中比重会相应增高,对磁化率和频率磁化率的影响也更为突出。     

表生环境下闪锌矿氧化反应模拟实验

采用混合流反应器装置,进行了表生环境条件下闪锌矿氧化动力学模拟实验研究,选择Fe³⁺和O₂为氧化剂,实验条件为:温度20～55℃,pH=1.0～7.8、氧化剂Fe³⁺浓度1.0×10^-5～1.0×10^-2 mol/L,氧气流量0.5 L/min。实验结果表明,在Fe³⁺为氧化剂时,闪锌矿氧化速率随着Fe³⁺浓度的增加、温度升高、pH值降低而增加,且氧化过程中Zn和Cd的释放速率大致相同,其反应的活化能分别为Ea(Zn) 41.75 kJ/mol或Ea(Cd) 42.51 kJ/mol,表明闪锌矿氧化速率主要受矿物表面反应控制;而以氧气作为氧化剂时,随着pH值的变化闪锌矿的氧化机理发生变化,在pH值小于5.95范围内,闪锌矿氧化速率随着pH值的增加而降低,进入碱性范围后,随着pH值增加,闪锌矿氧化速率反而增加。对实验数据进行双对数处理并建立了闪锌矿的氧化速率公式。     

鲁东昌邑古元古代BIF铁矿矿床地球化学特征及矿床成因讨论

昌邑铁矿位于华北克拉通东部的胶北地体,为赋存于古元古代粉子山群变质岩中的条带状铁建造(BIF)铁矿。矿体主要呈透镜状、似层状,以(含)角闪石英磁铁岩为主要矿石,经历了温度高达636℃的角闪岩相变质作用。铁矿石富SiO₂和Fe₂O₃^T(SiO₂+Fe₂O₃^T=82.5%~97.7%),含少量Al₂O₃、MgO和CaO等,显示主要为化学沉积但有少量碎屑或泥质加入的特征。与PAAS相比轻稀土元素亏损、高的Y/Ho比值以及La和Y正异常表明铁矿沉淀于海相环境,而高的Ti/V比值、高Cr、Co和Ni含量以及Eu的正异常表明火山热液的参与,成矿物质来源于火山活动。无明显的Ce负异常表明当时可能存在一个缺氧的大气环境。昌邑铁矿与华北克拉通太古宙BIF相比,总体上没有显著差别,但Al₂O₃、CaO、MgO和K₂O含量相对较高,Eu正异常相对较弱,表明其可能形成于具有更多碎屑物质和更少热液参与的浅水环境。     

缅甸紫色翡翠的致色机理——光谱和色度学研究

采用电子探针分析、能量色散X射线荧光光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、紫外-可见光谱和色度学方法等多种手段,对55个缅甸紫色翡翠样品进行了全面分析。结果表明,缅甸紫色翡翠的主要化学成分为SiO₂、Al₂O₃和Na₂O,含量与标准硬玉接近。色度学测试分析显示,缅甸紫色翡翠的彩度C^*主要受色度值a^*控制,而色调角h°主要由色度值b^*控制。缅甸紫色翡翠可分为两种类型:Ⅰ型紫色翡翠主要由Mn³⁺致色,并在紫外-可见-近红外光谱570 nm显示主要吸收带;Ⅱ型紫色翡翠由于Fe²⁺-Ti⁴⁺之间的电荷转移致色,在光谱540 nm和610 nm显示吸收。两种翡翠中均存在Fe³⁺的吸收峰,样品中的全铁含量决定其色调角及明度。     

西秦岭党川地区泥盆纪花岗岩类地质地球化学特征及构造意义

党川地区位于祁连—北秦岭造山带结合部位,该地区分布有不同时期的花岗岩类,泥盆纪花岗岩类由党川岩体、火炎山岩体2个岩体组成。党川岩体岩石化学以富集SiO₂(SiO₂=72.29%～73.40%)、K₂O(K₂O∕Na₂O=0.86～2.01)、Al₂O₃(A ∕ CNK =1.05～1.20)为主要特征;火炎山岩体岩石总体SiO₂较低(平均69.70%),但K₂O(K₂O ∕ Na₂O =1.14～1.88) 、Fe₂O₃+FeO﹑MgO较高。岩体的共同特征是岩石属钾玄质系列,表现为过铝质岩石( A ∕ CNK大于1.0)的特征;微量元素相对富集Ba、Zr、Rb、Sm、Ta及Rb、Ba、Th、Nb等元素;稀土元素丰度总体较高,以富集轻稀土元素,发育明显的铕负异常和铕亏损,δEu值较低(δEu=0.36～0.61)为主要特征;岩石锶初始比n(⁸⁷Sr）/n(⁸⁶Sr）i 大于0.7070,氧同位素δ¹⁸O_SMOW较高(δ¹⁸O_SMOW=＋8.89‰～＋1108‰),岩体物质来源为上地壳,属浅源的壳源型花岗岩类,具S型花岗岩的特征,其形成与后造山阶段的大陆抬升作用有关。     

Application of magnetic adsorbent with silicate and phenyl polymers to adsorb Rhodamine B

The extensive use of Rhodamine B (RhB) for textile, paper, pigment, food, cosmetic, and drug manufacturing and its indiscriminate disposal leads to serious human, biological, and environmental hazards. A magnetic adsorbent with silicate and phenyl polymers (Ph/SiO₂/Fe₃O₄) has been prepared to absorb RhB. The morphology and structure of the adsorbents have been characterized by TGA, XRD, FTIR, and adsorption–desorption measurement. The results revealed that Ph/SiO₂/Fe₃O₄ exhibited a paramagnetic behavior and could easily and quickly be separated from a suspension. The RhB adsorption behavior was almost pH independent due to the adsorption between the phenyl ring of Ph/SiO₂/Fe₃O₄ and RhB by π–π electron-donor–acceptor interactions. The adsorption behavior of RhB adsorption was in good agreement with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 142.186 mg g^?1. Good desorption performance of Ph/SiO₂/Fe₃O₄ showed that this novel magnetic adsorbent cannot only be activated by ethanol extraction process but also reuse by the recovery of magnetic force.     

Synthesis of Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>-loaded porous carbons developed from rice husk for removal of arsenate from aqueous solution

A simple one-step synthetic approach using rice husk has been developed to prepare magnetic Fe₃O₄-loaded porous carbons composite (MRH) for removal of arsenate (As(V)). The characteristics of adsorbent were evaluated by transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. On account of the combined advantages of rice husk carbons and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, the synthesized MRH composites showed excellent adsorption efficiency for aqueous As(V). The removal of As(V) by the MRH was studied as a function of contact time, initial concentration of As(V), and media pH. The adsorption kinetics of As(V) exhibited a rapid sorption dynamics by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, implying the mechanism of chemisorption. The adsorption data of As(V) were fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm model, and the maximum uptake amount (q _m ) was calculated as 4.33 mg g^?1. The successive regeneration and reuse studies showed that the MRH kept the sorption efficiencies over five cycles. The obtained results demonstrate that the MRH can be utilized as an efficient and low-cost adsorbent for removal of As(V) from aqueous solutions.     

Preparation of strontium ferrite from strontium residue

Strontium ferrite was prepared from Strontium Waste Residue (SWR) as a material. Strontium chloride was obtained by leaching SWR with ammonia chloride, and then SrCl2 was converted to SrCO3. Strontium ferrite (SrFe12O19) was formed by roasting the mixture of SrCO3 and FeCl3 in a proper proportion. The structure and magnetic susceptibility of strontium ferrite were investi-gated. The results showed that strontium conversion ratio increased with decreasing SWR grain diameter. The largest ratio was pre-sented when n(NH4Cl/Sr) was 3.6. What is more, the conversion process coincided with the kinetic characteristics of fractal reaction. The magnetic susceptibility of strontium ferrite decreased with increasing Fe3+/Sr2+ mole ratio and pH. SrFe12O19 exhibited face-centered and cubic closely-packed hexagonal structures. There were the strong diffraction peaks of Fe2O3 in the X-ray diffracto-gram of strontium ferrite. Strontium recovery ratio was 87.0%.     

Magnetite nanoplates decorated on anodized aluminum oxide nanofibers as a novel adsorbent for efficient removal of As(III)

In this study, arsenic as an environmental top-ranked hazardous substance was efficiently removed by a novel adsorbent fabricated by magnetite Fe₃O₄ nanoplates decorated on anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) nanofibers. AAO nanofibers were prepared by anodic polarization method, and then Fe₃O₄ nanoplates were grown on AAO-based substrate by hydrothermal method to fabricate AAO/Fe₃O₄ nanosorbent. Morphology of the fabricated adsorbents was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and their crystallinity was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Arsenic (III) removal potential of the proposed adsorbent from contaminated water samples was investigated by the determination of As(III) amounts in the samples by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy before and after adsorption process at sub-μg L^?1 levels. The results showed that without pre- and post-treatments such as pH adjustment, As(III) was removed effectively from contaminated water samples by using the proposed adsorbent. AAO/Fe₃O₄ sorbent showed excellent ability to remove 0.1 mg L^?1 As(III) from water samples up to 96 % uptake. Freundlich adsorption isotherm model was used to interpret the As(III) adsorption on proposed sorbent. The Freundlich isotherm parameters n and k _F were obtained to be 2.2 and 10.2, respectively, representing the high affinity of proposed adsorbent for arsenic removal.     

Characterization and environmental application of a Chilean natural zeolite

The use of natural zeolites for environmental applications is gaining new research interests mainly due to their properties and significant worldwide occurrence. The present work describes the characterization of a natural Chilean zeolite and the results as adsorbent for ammonia from aqueous solutions. The zeolitic-rich tuff sample, mainly composed of clinoptilolite and mordenite, consisted of 13 μm mean volumetric particle diameter, 55 m² g⁻¹ (methylene blue adsorption) and 177 m² g⁻¹ (nitrogen adsorption) of specific surface area. Particles were negatively charged over a broad pH range (with or without ammonia) and 1.02 meq NH₄⁺ g⁻¹ cation-exchange capacity. The ammonia removal appears to proceed through ion-exchange and rapid kinetics (rate constant of 0.3 min⁻¹) at neutral pH value, with removal capacities up to 0.68 meq NH₄⁺ g⁻¹. The Langmuir isotherm model provided excellent equilibrium data fitting (R²=0.97). Results indicate a significant potential for the Chilean natural zeolite as an adsorbent/ion-exchange material for wastewater treatment and water reuse applications.     

Enhancement of removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen in sequencing batch reactor using natural zeolite

Two sets of lab-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBR), i.e., control SBR and SBR using zeolite as carrier (zeo-SBR), were applied to assess nitrogen removal efficiency. The test results revealed that zeolite powder added in SBR could improve its performance. Due to the combination of zeolite adsorption for NH₄ ⁺–N and enhanced simultaneous nitrification and de-nitrification (SND), a higher removal ratio of ammonia nitrogen in wastewater was observed in the test reactor, and the introduction of zeolite powder was helpful to inhabit sludge bulging comparing with the control SBR, in other words, activated sludge immobilized by zeolite powder could remove NH₄ ⁺–N, COD, and PO₄ significantly in a shorter cycle time. Applied two hydraulic retention times (HRTs) showed that the nitrogen and phosphorus removal could be improved while adapting to load variations.     

Adsorption of arsenic by natural aquifer material in the San Antonio-El Triunfo mining area, Baja California, Mexico

 Several experiments of arsenic (As) adsorption by aquifer material of the San Antonio-El Triunfo (SA-ET) mining area were conducted to test the feasibility of this material acting as a natural control for As concentrations in groundwater. This aquifer material is mineralogically complex, composed of quartz, feldspar, calcite, chlorite, illite, and magnetite/hematite. The total iron content (Fe₂O₃) in the fine fraction is ∼12%, whereas Fe₂O₃ in the coarse fraction is <10 wt%. The experimental percent total As adsorbed vs. pH curves obtained match the topology of total As adsorbed onto iron oxi-hydroxides surface (arsenate + arsenite; high adsorption at low pH, low adsorption at high pH). A maximum of about 80% adsorbed in the experiments suggests the presence of arsenite in the experimental solutions. The experimental adsorption isotherm at pH 7 indicates saturation of surface sites at high solute concentrations. Surface titration of the aquifer material indicates a point of zero charge (PZC) for the adsorbent of about 8 to 8.5 (PZC for iron oxyhydroxides =7.9–8.2). Comparison between experimental and modeled results (using the MICROQL and MINTEQA2 geochemical modeling and speciation computer programs) suggests that As is being adsorbed mostly by oxyhydroxides surfaces in the natural environment. Based on an estimated retardation factor (R), the travel time of the As plume from the SA-ET area to La Paz and Los Planes is about 700 to 5000 years. Received: 17 March 1997 · Accepted: 8 September 1997     

Hydrothermal synthesis of hydroxy sodalite from fly ash for the removal of lead ions from water

Zeolites are known to possess valuable physiochemical properties such as adsorption, cation exchange, molecular sieving, and catalysis. In addition, zeolites are highly selective scavengers of a variety of heavy metals from liquid effluents through the process of ion exchange. The present study was performed to hydrothermally synthesize Na₈[AlSiO₄]₆(OH)₂·2H₂O (also known as hydroxy sodalite hydrate). Due to its small aperture size, this material can be an ideal candidate for the separation of small molecules and ions from aquatic and gas mixtures. Synthetic zeolites offer many advantages over natural zeolites, such as higher ion affinity and adsorption capacity. Batch adsorption isotherm studies were conducted to evaluate the obtained adsorbent for the lead ion removal from aqueous media. Modeling lead ion adsorption using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm expressions determined the capacity of the adsorbent. A removal efficiency of 98.1 % in a 3.0 g/l adsorbent/solution mixture with a maximum adsorption capacity of 153.8 mg/g was obtained. One potential application of the synthesized zeolite is for the lead removal in point-of-use treatment devices.     

The βFeOOH to αFe2O3 phase transformation: Structural and magnetic phenomena

It is shown that under ambient atmospheric conditions heating causes the crystal structure of βFeOOH (synthetic akaganeite) to degenerate gradually into a quasi amorphous intermediate state, before the final phase transformation to αFe₂O₃ (hematite) takes place. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Mössbauer Spectroscopy, this amorphization process is monitored and the structural, morphological and magnetic features of the intermediate phase as a function of the isochronal heating temperature are discussed: the crystallites develop macropores on their surface, the adsorption capacity raises up to 10 percent of the initial mass, a third type of Fe³⁺ coordination, having an extremely large quadrupole splitting, is created and the Néel temperature, after an initial decrease, exhibits a sharp increase at higher heating temperatures. The magnetic behaviour of this intermediate phase at low temperatures and in high external fields suggests this antiferromagnet undergoes magnetic phase transitions (metamagnetism and spin flop) at unusually low critical fields.     

Effective parameters for the adsorption of chromium(III) onto iron oxide magnetic nanoparticle

Most of the industrial wastewaters comprise toxic, biologically non-biodegradable, and heavy metals which tend to accumulate in the biological organisms causing different diseases. There are some novel technologies and strategies to remove these pollutants. Using the magnetic nanoparticles which are cheap, recyclable, and reusable can be considered as an effective method for removing the pollutants as they do not require conservation or complicated equipments. Using this method, dangerous and rare heavy metals can be restored to the industry. In this study, magnetic nanoparticles with the size of 30 nm were prepared and used for the removal of chromium from synthetic wastewater polluted by chromium sulfate. For this purpose, removal of various concentrations of chromium(III) from wastewater was investigated. The best concentration was achieved in the removal efficiency of 99.1 %. The optimal values of pH, rotation speed of magnetic stirrer, time, temperature, and the amount of nanoparticles were determined according to the primary concentration (500 mg/L). The mechanism of chromium adsorption onto iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) magnetic nanoadsorbent was also investigated. The results showed both Freundlich and Longmuir isotherms to be the best fit for the chromium adsorption, with Freundlich isotherm being more suitable.