Geochronology of layered mafic intrusions from the Pan–Xi area in the Emeishan large igneous province, SW China

The Panzhihua–Xichang (Pan-Xi) area hosts mafic/ultramafic intrusions, which are part of the Permian Emeishan large igneous province. Some of these intrusions host giant Fe–Ti–V deposits and minor Ni–Cu–PGE mineralization. In the present study, zircon U–Pb ages of 259.3±1.3 and 260.7±0.8 Ma have been obtained from the giant Fe–Ti–V ore-bearing Hongge and the unmineralized Binggu intrusions, respectively, by isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry method. In combination with the ages of other ore-bearing intrusions, this age shows that these mafic/ultramafic intrusions were emplaced at ca. 260 Ma. The Hongge and Binggu intrusions cut the lower part of the rapidly deposited Emeishan flood basalt sequence but no further into the upper volcanic sequence in the Pan-Xi area. Thus, emplacement and mineralization of the mafic/ultramafic intrusions were almost contemporaneous with the eruption of the Emeishan flood basalts during a relatively short time span.     

新疆坡北杂岩体西端镁铁-超镁铁质岩体成因的稀有气体同位素制约

新疆坡北镁铁-超镁铁质杂岩体由一个辉长岩体以及二十多个超镁铁质侵入体组成,其中坡一超镁铁质岩体稀有气体同位素组成揭示存在地幔柱的贡献。坡北杂岩体西端的坡一、坡四、坡十和坡十四等几个超镁铁质岩体的稀有气体同位素对比分析结果表明,岩浆矿物的³He/⁴He值（0.26~2.79Ra）分布于地壳与地幔值之间,较高的²⁰Ne/²²Ne和较低的²¹Ne/²²Ne值分布于Ne质量分馏线（MFL）和L-K线之间,⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar=295~598。³He/⁴He与⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar比值揭示坡北杂岩体西端不同超镁铁质岩体形成过程中地幔（柱）、地壳和大气组分的贡献不同,岩体成因也可能不同。其中,坡一岩体具有地幔柱作用的贡献,其他三个岩体的岩石圈地幔及地壳流体组分的贡献较大。岩浆地幔源区由深部地幔柱物质叠加俯冲流体交代的岩石圈地幔物质所组成,大气与地壳物质组分可能由俯冲再循环洋壳带入到岩浆地幔源区以及围岩物质的混入。     

吉林省红旗岭铜镍硫化物矿床的岩石学和地球化学研究

红旗岭铜镍硫化物矿床产于幔源超镁铁质杂岩体中，杂岩体分为含矿与非含矿两种岩石类型。工业矿床多产于富含斜方辉石的岩石中。矿化强度与蚀变强度正相关。岩石化学与地球化学表明，含矿岩体的Na、K、Al、Ca、Fe等组分明显地高于平均地幔岩组分。含矿岩体是同化了壳源组分组经历了充分的岩浆重力分异作用后脉动式侵拉的。壳源组分的加入是促进岩浆熔离作用的重要因素。     

Strontium isotope and alkali element abundances in ultramafic rocks

The concentrations of the trace elements Na, K, Rb and Sr and the isotopic composition of Sr have been measured in a suite of ultramafic rocks, including alpine-type intrusions, inclusions in basalts and kimberlite pipes, zones from stratiform sheets, and a mica peridotite. From these data and those available in the literature the following conclusions can be drawn. Alpine-type ultramafic material appears to be residual in nature and can be neither the source material for the derivation of basalts nor the refractory residue of modern basalts. Alpine-type ultramafic intrusions appear to have no relationship with ultramafic zones in stratiform sheets and were probably derived from the upper mantle. A genetic relationship exists between basalts and their ultramafic inclusions, but it is extremely doubtful that this inclusion material could give rise to basalts by partial fusion. There is a possible genetic relationship between basalts and ultramafic inclusions in kimberlite pipes, and this ultramafic material is a potential source for the derivation of basalts. Ultramafic inclusions in basalts are probably not fragments of an alpine-type ultramafic zone in the mantle. An attempt has been made to synthesize the data and interpretations of this study by way of speculations on the role of ultramafic rocks in the differentiation history of the earth.     

Late Paleozoic mafic–ultramafic intrusions in southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (NW China): Insight into magmatic Ni–Cu sulfide mineralization in orogenic setting

The mafic–ultramafic intrusions hosting magmatic Ni–Cu sulfide ore deposits, usually present within the Precambrian cratons and on their margin, have been extensively studied, whereas those occurring within the Phanerozoic orogenic belts have received little attention. The southern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt is a region of late Paleozoic mafic–ultramafic intrusions emplaced during post-orogenic stage. In order to recognize the mineralization features, this study compares barren or weakly mineralized mafic–ultramafic intrusions in the Beishan with those hosting Ni–Cu sulfide ore deposit in the Altay and Eastern Tianshan in petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry aspects. Several mineralization features can be recognized with respects to petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry from comprehensive comparisons. Among the mineralization indicators, we highlight strong alteration accompanying sulfide emplacement, post-erosion exposure of magma conduit, abundant primary hydrous minerals and potential transportation mechanism of ore-forming elements. Other indicators are the presence of orthopyroxene and pyroxenite for potential sulfide formation through crystal fractionation, restricted Fo and Ni ranges in olivines for sulfide segregation, and some other special geochemical characteristics related to crustal contamination. The variation in mineralization could be ascribed to different degrees of partial melting, crustal assimilation and subduction-related modification of a mantle source. We suggest that the Ni–Cu sulfide mineralization of mafic–ultramafic intrusions within orogenic belts is remarkably different from that of cratonic and continental marginal settings in respects of petrogenesis and mineralizing mechanism. Magmatic conduit-type Ni–Cu sulfide ore deposit is a target for future prospecting and exploration for mafic–ultramafic intrusions in the orogenic belts.     

吉林红旗岭地区含矿与不含矿岩体的地质地球化学对比

吉林红旗岭地区是我国岩浆型铜镍硫化物矿床的主要矿化集中区之一。在区内已发现的镁铁质一超镁铁质岩体中，有的含有铜镍矿床或铜镍矿化，有的则不含矿。通过本区含矿与不含矿岩体的形成时代、岩石组合、橄榄石矿物成分、岩石化学成分和微量元素组合特征的对比，建立起镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体含镍性的评价标志，为隐伏岩体和新发现岩体含矿性的评价提供了理论依据。     

镁铁-超镁铁层状侵入体研究现状

本文主要探讨了镁铁 -超镁铁层状侵入体的一般特征及成因机制 ,并对世界上著名的斯开利戛德、布什维尔德、斯蒂尔沃特层状侵入体和我国攀西层状侵入体的岩石学和地球化学特征进行了总结和对比。     

东天山黄山东和黄山西铜镍硫化物矿床含矿超镁铁岩的成岩-成矿作用机制:来自斜长石成分的约束

东天山黄山东和黄山西镁铁-超镁铁岩是区域早二叠世大规模幔源岩浆作用的产物,赋存有两个大型岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床.黄山东和黄山西矿床的主要矿体均赋存于超镁铁岩中,其含矿超镁铁岩的成因机制研究对揭示区域铜镍硫化物成矿作用机制具有重要意义.本文对黄山东和黄山西含矿超镁铁岩进行了详细的电子背散射图像研究,发现其斜长石斑晶存在显著的不平衡结构,并系统进行了电子探针成分剖面分析.结果显示斜长石具有剧烈变化的成分环带,其中黄山东超镁铁岩斜长石An值介于48.6~75.6,黄山西含矿超镁铁岩斜长石An值介于44.9~79.2,表明两个矿床含矿超镁铁岩的母岩浆在侵位过程中发生过显著的成分变化.结合黄山东和黄山西镁铁-超镁铁杂岩体地质特征,本文认为高分异镁铁质岩浆的加入导致了低分异超镁铁质岩浆成分发生显著变化,致使岩浆硫化物熔离,以及黄山东和黄山西大型铜镍硫化物矿床的形成.      

Age and significance of voluminous mafic–ultramafic magmatic events in the Murchison Domain,Yilgarn Craton

Mafic–ultramafic rocks in structurally dismembered layered intrusions comprise approximately 40% by volume of greenstones in the Murchison Domain of the Youanmi Terrane, Yilgarn Craton. Mafic–ultramafic rocks in the Murchison Domain may be divided into five components: (i) the ～2810 Ma Meeline Suite, which includes the large Windimurra Igneous Complex; (ii) the 2800 ± 6 Ma Boodanoo Suite, which includes the Narndee Igneous Complex; (iii) the 2792 ± 5 Ma Little Gap Suite; (iv) the ～2750 Ma Gnanagooragoo Igneous Complex; and (v) the 2735–2710 Ma Yalgowra Suite of layered gabbroic sills. The intrusions are typically layered, tabular bodies of gabbroic rock with ultramafic basal units which, in places, are more than 6 km thick and up to 2500 km² in areal extent. However, these are minimum dimensions as the intrusions have been dismembered by younger deformation. In the Windimurra and Narndee Igneous Complexes, discordant features and geochemical fractionation trends indicate multiple pulses of magma. These pulses produced several megacyclic units, each ～200 m thick. The suites are anhydrous except for the Boodanoo Suite, which contains a large volume of hornblende gabbro. They also host significant vanadium mineralisation, and at least minor Ni–Cu–PGE mineralisation. Collectively, the areal distribution, thickness and volume of mafic–ultramafic magma in these complexes is similar to that in the 2.06 Ga Bushveld Igneous Complex, and represents a major addition of mantle-derived magma to Murchison Domain crust over a 100 Ma period. All suites are demonstrably contemporaneous with packages of high-Mg tholeiitic lavas and/or felsic volcanic rocks in greenstone belts. The distribution, ages and compositions of the earlier mafic–ultramafic rocks are most consistent with genesis in a mantle plume setting.     

Geochemical Study of Ultramafic Volcanic and Plutonic Rocks from Gorgona Island, Colombia: the Plumbing System of an Oceanic Plateau

The only known post-Archaean komatiites are found on Gorgona,a small island off the Colombian coast that forms part of theCaribbean oceanic plateau. Mafic and ultramafic intrusions arelocated in the interior of the island. To establish the relationshipbetween intrusive and extrusive phases of ultramafic magmatism,and to help understand how an oceanic plateau is constructed,we undertook the first petrological and geochemical study ofthe intrusive rocks. Rare earth element patterns in gabbrosrange from almost flat to moderately depleted; in dunites andwehrlites, the depletion is more pronounced. These patternsfall midway in the range measured in Gorgona volcanics, whosecompositions vary from slightly enriched to extremely depleted.Nd isotope compositions indicate two distinct mantle sources,one highly depleted, the other less depleted. MgO contents ofparental liquids are estimated from olivine compositions at20–25 % in ultramafic lavas, and 12–13% in the intrusives.Petrographic observations and similarities in trace-elementcontents indicate that the two magma types are comagmatic, relatedthrough olivine fractionation. Modelling of major and traceelements indicates that the primary ultramafic magmas formedby advanced critical melting at high pressure in a rising mantleplume. The plumbing system that fed the Gorgona plateau wascomplex, being characterized by a series of magma chambers atdifferent crustal levels. Mantle-derived ultramafic liquidseither travelled directly to the surface to erupt as komatiiteflows, or were trapped in magma chambers where they differentiatedinto basaltic liquid and mafic to ultramafic cumulates. Gorgonagabbros and peridotites formed in shallow-level examples ofthese intrusions. KEY WORDS: Gorgona Island, Colombia; komatiite; mantle melting; oceanic plateau; melt transport     

Geochronology, petrology and geochemistry of the Nanlinshan and Banpo mafic–ultramafic intrusions: implications for subduction initiation in the eastern Paleo-Tethys

The Nanlinshan and Banpo mafic–ultramafic intrusions belong to the prominent Yunxian-Jinghong magmatic belt in the western part of the Simao Block, one of several Gondwana-derived continental fragments assembled by the closure of multiple Tethyan oceans. Different petrogenic models including ophiolites, MORB-type cumulates and Alaskan-type complexes have been proposed for these intrusions. In order to better constrain possible origins, we have undertaken an integrated geochronological, petrological and geochemical study of both intrusions. Precise CA-ID-TIMS zircon U–Pb dating indicates that the Nanlinshan and Banpo intrusions have similar ages of ~298 and 295?Ma, respectively, confirming that they are the oldest intrusive rocks in the Yunxian-Jinghong magmatic belt. A comparison between whole rock compositions and the compositions of major silicate minerals, including trace elements in clinopyroxene, reveals that (1) the ultramafic rocks of these intrusions are crystal cumulates of a relatively primitive magma, (2) the associated gabbroic and dioritic rocks are the products of more fractionated liquids, and (3) the parental magmas of these rocks were all depleted in some high field strength trace elements including Nb, Zr and Hf. Both intrusions are also characterized by elevated ε_Nd values between +3.4 and +6.6. The positive ε_Nd values coupled with negative Nb and Zr–Hf anomalies are consistent with the interpretation that these two intrusions are the products of subduction-related basaltic magmatism. The results from this study suggest that subduction of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean along the western margin of the Simao Block initiated as early as ~298?Ma and that the Simao Block and the Northern Qiangtang Block of the Tibet Plateau are separate Gondwana-derived continental fragments instead of a single fragment as previously reported.     

Where are the remnants of a Jurassic ocean in the eastern Mediterranean region?

The subduction polarity of Tethyan oceanic lithosphere during Jurassic is a controversial topic in relation to the geodynamic evolution of the Alpine–Himalayan system. We present new geological, geochemical and zircon U–Pb data from four different regions of the Eastern Pontides Orogenic Belt, a key area of the Alpine–Himalayan system. We discuss the origin of the magmatism and also the existence of an ocean in the eastern Mediterranean region during the Jurassic period. Jurassic intrusions, predominantly gabbro, tonalite and minor diorite, are well exposed in the southern and axial zones of the orogenic belt. Thermobarometry indicates that high-pressure (6–10 kb) crystallization of these intrusions occurred at temperatures of 1183–1250 °C. Zircon U–Pb dating from 10 samples show ages between 195 and 165 Ma, indicating that magmatism occurred between Sinemurian and Callovian time. We characterize the intrusions from electron microprobe, zircon geochronology, and whole rock and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes. Our data show that the studied intrusions are broadly tholeiitic, except for two calc-alkaline bodies, and formed in an arc-related setting with minimal involvement of older crust or sediment.The most widely accepted model proposes that the ultramafic–mafic rocks exposed between the Pontide arc and the Tauride belt are remnants of a Jurassic Penrose-type and/or suprasubduction zone ophiolite. However, new zircon U–Pb age data from mafic lithologies cutting the Kop ultramafic massif do not support this model and clearly indicate that the ultramafic lithologies are Paleozoic or older in age and are not remnants of a Jurassic ocean that known as ‘’Northern Branch of Neotehtys”.     

Contributions of basaltic underplating to crustal growth in island arc and extensional tectonic settings in the Chinese Tianshan Orogenic Belt,NW China

A mafic–ultramafic intrusive belt comprising Silurian arc gabbroic rocks and Early Permian mafic–ultramafic intrusions was recently identified in the western part of the East Tianshan, NW China. This paper discusses the petrogenesis of the mafic–ultramafic rocks in this belt and intends to understand Phanerozoic crust growth through basaltic magmatism occurring in an island arc and intraplate extensional tectonic setting in the Chinese Tianshan Orogenic Belt (CTOB). The Silurian gabbroic rocks comprise troctolite, olivine gabbro, and leucogabbro enclosed by Early Permian diorites. SHRIMP II U-Pb zircon dating yields a 427 ± 7.3 Ma age for the Silurian gabbroic rocks and a 280.9 ± 3.1 Ma age for the surrounding diorite. These gabbroic rocks are direct products of mantle basaltic magmas generated by flux melting of the hydrous mantle wedge over subduction zone during Silurian subduction in the CTOB. The arc signature of the basaltic magmas receives support from incompatible trace elements in olivine gabbro and leucogabbro, which display enrichment in large ion lithophile elements and prominent depletion in Nb and Ta with higher U/Th and lower Ce/Pb and Nb/Ta ratios than MORBs and OIBs. The hydrous nature of the arc magmas are corroborated by the Silurian gabbroic rocks with a cumulate texture comprising hornblende cumulates and extremely calcic plagioclase (An up to 99 mol%). Troctolite is a hybrid rock, and its formation is related to the reaction of the hydrous basaltic magmas with a former arc olivine-diallage matrix which suggests multiple arc basaltic magmatism in the Early Paleozoic. The Early Permian mafic–ultramafic intrusions in this belt comprise ultramafic rocks and evolved hornblende gabbro resulting from differentiation of a basaltic magma underplated in an intraplate extensional tectonic setting, and this model would apply to coeval mafic–ultramafic intrusions in the CTOB. Presence of Silurian gabbroic rocks as well as pervasively distributed arc felsic plutons in the CTOB suggest active crust-mantle magmatism in the Silurian, which has contributed to crustal growth by (1) serving as heat sources that remelted former arc crust to generate arc plutons, (2) addition of a mantle component to the arc plutons by magma mixing, and (3) transport of mantle materials to form new lower or middle crust. Mafic–ultramafic intrusions and their spatiotemporal A-type granites during Early Permian to Triassic intraplate extension are intrusive counterparts of the contemporaneous bimodal volcanic rocks in the CTOB. Basaltic underplating in this temporal interval contributed to crustal growth in a vertical form, including adding mantle materials to lower or middle crust by intracrustal differentiation and remelting Early-Paleozoic formed arc crust in the CTOB.     

龙首山岩带典型镁铁-超镁铁质岩体岩石地球化学特征

通过龙首山岩带中几个典型镁铁-超镁铁质岩体样品的岩石地球化学分析,对金川超镁铁质岩体与其外围镁铁-超镁铁质岩体的形成演化关系进行探讨,结果发现:这些岩体处于相同的构造环境,样品点整体为亚碱性拉斑玄武岩系列,随M g#值的增加,C aO,A l2O3,N a2O,K2O值具有连续减少的趋势,指示了它们存在连续的岩浆演化关系;稀土与微量元素分析,蛛网图整体具有右倾特征,龙首山岩带中段岩体有明显δEu负异常,东、西段岩体样品有δEu正异常或无异常,暗示中段岩体较外围岩体经历了更完全的分离结晶作用;结合前人对金川所做的S r-N d同位素等资料,证明金川岩体的岩浆源区为富集型地幔。     

Geochronologic-petrochemical studies of the Hongshishan mafic–ultramafic intrusion,Beishan area,Xinjiang (NW China): petrogenesis and tectonic implications

The Hongshishan mafic–ultramafic intrusion (SIMS zircon U–Pb age 286.4 ± 2.8 Ma) consists of dunite, clinopyroxene peridotite, troctolite, and gabbro. Major elements display systematic correlations. Trace elements have identical distribution patterns, including flat rare-earth element (REE) patterns with positive Eu anomalies and enrichments in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) but depletions in Nb and Ta, indicating fractional crystallization as a key factor in magmatic evolution. Petrologic and geochemical variations in drill core samples demonstrate that minor assimilation and progressive magma injections were closely associated with Ni–Cu mineralization. Mass balance estimates and Sr–Nd isotopes reveal that the Hongshishan parental magmas were high-Mg and low-Ti tholeiitic basalts and were derived from a lithospheric mantle source that had been modified by subducted slab metasomatism before partial melting.

Southward subduction of the Palaeo-Tianshan–Junggar Ocean is further constrained by a compilation of inferred, subduction-induced modifications of mantle sources in mafic–ultramafic intrusions distributed in the eastern Tianshan–Beishan area. Integrating the regional positive ?_Nd(t) granites, high-Mg and low-Ti basaltic magmas (mafic–ultramafic intrusions), and slightly later high-Ti basalts in NW China suggests that their petrogenesis could be attributed to Permian mantle plume activities.     

SHRIMP Zircon U‐Pb Dating of Alkaline Dykes in the Pobei Area,Beishan Rift,Xinjiang Autonomous Region,China: Implications for Tectonic Setting and Mantle Plume Events

In the Beishan rift in the eastern Tianshan orogen, Xinjiang Province, a N-S-trending dyke swarm is present in the Pobei area. The swarm cuts through the 270–290 Ma mafic-ultramafic intrusions associated with Ni-Cu sulphide mineralization. These mafic-ultramafic intrusions are typically found along E-W major faults in the Tianshan orogenic belts. We report SHRIMP U-Pb dating of zircons from a dyke of alkaline composition, which yielded a mean age of 252±9 Ma. Alkaline dykes of the same age are found in the Altay region of Siberia. This age is younger than the 270–290 Ma intraplate magmatic events that produced the mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the region, but in general agreement with the 250–260 Ma Permian plume event that gave rise to the Siberian traps and the Emeishan flood basalts in SW China. We suggest that there is a link between the Emeishan event and the dyke swarm in the Beishan rift and that the intraplate magmatism at 270–290 Ma reflects an early stage of mantle plume activity. The N-S trending dyke swarm in the Beishan rift may represent a later stage in the evolution of mantle plume activity in the NW and SW of China. We also speculate that in Beishan rift and possibly elsewhere in the Tianshan region, the dykes fed basaltic volcanism, whose products have since been eroded due to the strong uplift of the Tianshan orogen as a result of the India-Eurasia collision in the Cenozoic.     

赣东北地区早前寒武纪超基性熔岩—层状侵入岩的初步研究

赣东北地区早前寒武纪超基性熔岩—层状侵入岩是扬子克拉通绿岩带的残块。科马提岩为橄榄质;稀土特征表明以Ⅱa型(重稀土亏损型中的轻稀土富集亚类)科马提岩为主,可能有Ⅲ型(重稀土富集型)科马提岩。(La/Sm)_N值>2说明其源区已被富轻稀土的液体或岩浆流体交代过。扬子克拉通的花岗—绿岩带地体的地球化学特征意味着晚太古代时它与南非克拉通有更密切的联系。     

Magmatic ore deposits in mafic–ultramafic intrusions of the Giles Event,Western Australia

More than 20 layered intrusions were emplaced at c. 1075 Ma across > 100 000 km² in the Mesoproterozoic Musgrave Province of central Australia as part of the c. 1090–1040 Ma Giles Event of the Warakurna Large Igneous Province (LIP). Some of the intrusions, including Wingellina Hills, Pirntirri Mulari, The Wart, Ewarara, Kalka, Claude Hills, and Gosse Pile contain thick ultramafic segments comprising wehrlite, harzburgite, and websterite. Other intrusions, notably Hinckley Range, Michael Hills, and Murray Range, are essentially of olivine-gabbronoritic composition. Intrusions with substantial troctolitic portions comprise Morgan Range and Cavenagh Range, as well as the Bell Rock, Blackstone, and Jameson–Finlayson ranges which are tectonically dismembered blocks of an originally single intrusion, here named Mantamaru, with a strike length of > 170 km and a width of > 20 km, constituting one of the world's largest layered intrusions.Over a time span of > 200 my, the Musgrave Province was affected by near continuous high-temperature reworking under a primarily extensional regime. This began with the 1220–1150 Ma intracratonic Musgrave Orogeny, characterized by ponding of basalt at the base of the lithosphere, melting of lower crust, voluminous granite magmatism, and widespread and near-continuous, mid-crustal ultra-high-temperature (UHT) metamorphism. Direct ascent of basic magmas into the upper crust was inhibited by the ductile nature of the lower crust and the development of substantial crystal-rich magma storage chambers. In the period between c. 1150 and 1090 Ma magmatism ceased, possibly because the lower crust had become too refractory, but mid-crustal reworking was continuously recorded in the crystallization of zircon in anatectic melts. Renewed magmatism in the form of the Giles Event of the Warakurna LIP began at around 1090 Ma and was characterized by voluminous basic and felsic volcanic and intrusive rocks grouped into the Warakurna Supersuite. Of particular interest in the context of the present study are the Giles layered intrusions which were emplaced into localized extensional zones. Rifting, emplacement of the layered intrusions, and significant uplift all occurred between 1078 and 1075 Ma, but mantle-derived magmatism lasted for > 50 m.y., with no time progressive geographical trend, suggesting that magmatism was unrelated to a deep mantle plume, but instead controlled by plate architecture.The Giles layered intrusions and their immediate host rocks are considered to be prospective for (i) platinum-group element (PGE) reefs in the ultramafic–mafic transition zones of the intrusions, and in magnetite layers of their upper portions, (ii) Cu–Ni sulfide deposits hosted within magma feeder conduits of late basaltic pulses, (iii) vanadium in the lowermost magnetite layers of the most fractionated intrusions, (iv) apatite in unexposed magnetite layers towards the evolved top of some layered intrusions, (v) ilmenite as granular disseminated grains within the upper portions of the intrusions, (vi) iron in tectonically thickened magnetite layers or magnetite pipes of the upper portions of intrusions, (vii) gold and copper in the roof rocks and contact aureoles of the large intrusions, and (viii) lateritic nickel in weathered portions of olivine-rich ultramafic intrusions.     

First Data on Au–Sb Mineralization of the Ariadnoe Ultramafic Intrusion,Primor’e

Doklady Earth Sciences - A new promising source of mineral deposits is found in the southern part of the Far East of Russia: the Ti-bearing intrusions of ultramafic rocks of the Sikhote-Alin...