岩溶水系统的核函数方法及其应用

本文运用系统理论观点,将线性系统分析方法引入岩溶水资源评价的研究。比较了线性核函数模型与衰减分析、回归分析和权函数分析的区别与联系。提出用线性规划法能识别出正确的核函数,从而得到线性最佳预报方程。根据核函数之间的关系,可以求得反应系统作用的某些特征参数。文章最后研究了一个实例,作为方法应用的简介和方法本身的验证。      

多目标规划理论识别岩溶水系统核函数模型的应用实例

本文在研究核函数理论的基础上,建立了岩溶水系统线性、非线性核函数模型,运用多目标线性、非线性规划识别核函数模型,并编制了相应的程序,把这一理论及模型运用到赵各庄矿坑涌水量预测中,获得了较满意的模拟,预测结果。     

加权核密度估计在洪水频率分析中的应用

本文引进加权核密度估计方法,研究洪水频率的分析计算;运用统计试验方法,同目前广泛认同的参数估计方法中线性矩法相比,结果表明:线性矩法及加权核密度估计法推求出的设计值的无偏性相当,但加权核密度估计方法的有效性较线性矩法好.最后还与普通的非参数密度函数估计方法对比,结果表明加权核密度估计方法推求出的设计值的无偏性及有效性都较好;尤其是有效性精度较高.因此,加权核密度估计是一种有应用和研究价值的方法.     

基于片上可编程系统的可控震源扫描信号研究与设计

在可控震源地震勘探中,不同的地质条件需要设置不同的激发参数,如何选择合适的激发参数并实现相应的扫描信号是必须关注的问题。在分析可控震源的线性扫描的起止频率、扫描长度、扫描斜坡函数和长度参数及伪随机扫描的阶次与载波频率对扫描信号质量的影响后,通过片上可编程系统设计了VSG硬件IP核与信号发生器系统,依据分析的信号选择原则实现了对应扫描信号的产生,达到扫描信号的技术指标。     

基于核函数理论的系统聚类分析

为了完善系统聚类分析算法理论,使之具有区分数据集非线性集群特征的能力,将核函数理论和系统聚类分析算法有机结合,推导出基于核函数理论的系统聚类分析方法。其基本思路是:把样本从低维观测空间非线性变换至高维像空间,使样本变得线性可分;然后,应用核函数理论“隐式”地实现高维像空间的系统聚类分析。用Pb、Bi、Mo质量浓度作为化探异常的分类依据,对8处化探异常进行分类实验研究,在Pb、Bi、Mo两两组合的二维平面图中,8处化探异常明显地分为（1, 3, 8）,（2, 4）和（5, 6, 7）3个点群,用核系统聚类方法能够很好地区分出这3个点群;而传统系统聚类方法却把8处化探异常错分成（1, 3, 8, 6）和（2, 4, 5, 7）两个类。由此可见,核系统聚类方法的类群区分能力高于传统系统聚类方法。     

基于多元线性回归的雷达在线测流系统研究应用

为提高雷达在线测流系统的测验精度,通过拉伊达准则剔除粗大误差,以相对误差平方和最小为目标函数,利用多元线性回归分析方法,建立了多探头水面流速与断面平均流速的多元一次拟合公式。通过t检验,分量级、分类型探讨了雷达在线测流系统探头安装位置与最优数目问题。最后,以白家川站和丁家沟站为例,比较了几种雷达在线测流系统系数率定方法。结果表明,以相对误差平方和最小为目标函数的多元线性回归方法提高了拟合精度,降低了建设维护成本。     

线性空间与非线性函数空间测量平差效果比较

用顾及一阶泰勒项的线性平差方程，顾及地阶泰靶项的线性平差方法及非线性函数空间的平差方法对同一平差问题进行了研究，在比较其平差效果的基础上论述了建立非线性函数空间测量平差与数据处理理论的必要性。     

基于方位—反射角度道集的高斯束层析速度建模方法及实现

层析反演是速度建模中最重要的方法之一,结合偏移成像在成像域进行波动方程线性化走时层析速度建模是当前比较实用有效且精度较高的技术组合。文中首先给出了高斯束偏移提取方位—反射角度道集的方法,之后从高斯束偏移角度道集出发,在波动方程的一阶Born近似和Rytov近似下,推导了成像域波动方程线性化走时层析方程及其显式表达的层析核函数,并利用高斯束传播算子计算该核函数。基于高斯束传播算子的偏移成像与层析成像相结合进行深度域速度建模迭代及偏移成像,体现了速度建模与成像一体化的思想。数值计算及实际数据应用证明了基于高斯束传播算子的层析成像与偏移成像方法的有效性。     

多波长水位起伏条件下盆地地下水流系统的水动力学特征

Tóth采用线性函数和正弦函数的叠加刻画潜水面起伏,发现盆地中可以发育局部、中间和区域三个不同级次的地下水流系统。由于实际水位起伏更复杂,潜水面起伏需要用更多波长的函数叠加来刻画。以三波长为例,研究多波长水位起伏条件下盆地地下水流系统的空间分布规律,发现两层不同深度内部驻点的存在,驻点数目与水位起伏频率有关,水位起伏波长对内部驻点深度及对应水流系统的穿透深度有控制作用。     

变基床系数弹性地基梁解法及其应用

从实测的P-S曲线（基地压力与沉降的关系）出发,将P-S曲线拟合成分段线性函数,把分段线性函数的斜率作为基床系数,推导出变基床系数弹性地基梁的基本理论方程式,并将它变换成与常基床系数弹性地基梁相同的方程形式,从而,可以用初参数法解出它的一般解。此方法可以推广到变截面梁和非均质地基的情况。     

Management of karst aquifers in Serbia for water supply

Karst aquifers represent one of the main sources of water supply in Serbia. Wide distributions of karstic areas, abundant reserves, and excellent quality of karst groundwater have been the reasons for its extensive use in water supply systems throughout the country. In Serbia, 70 karstic sources have been tapped for centralized water supply, with the assessed minimal capacity exceeding 4.5 m³/s. Most of the large cities of Eastern and Western Serbia currently use karst groundwater for water supply; however, due to unstable flow regime when only natural springflow is tapped, numerous problems arise during the recession period (summer–autumn). During the last two decades, after favorable conditions had been confirmed through hydrogeological survey and feasibility studies, several newly constructed systems for artificial control of karst aquifers (mostly in Eastern Serbia) resulted in significantly improved water supply.     

模糊聚类分析法与舒卡列夫法在小范围内岩溶水化学分类中的比较分析

以西龙河峄山断层带水源地岩溶水系统为例,着重利用模糊聚类分析法进行了岩溶水化学分类,并且与舒卡列夫分类法得到的结果作了比较分析,最后得出结论:模糊聚类分析法分类更合理,更能系统地、全面地反映地下水各种属性、含水层间的水力联系以及地下水的补排关系.     

北方岩溶区水文地质环境地质调查进展——以北京西山岩溶区为例

该文是在地质调查项目“北方岩溶水文地质环境地质调查示范”成果基础上归纳编写的。工作区选择北京西山玉泉山泉域、黑龙关泉域和鱼谷洞泉域。调查中采用了地面调查、遥感解译、地球物理勘探、水文地质钻探、示踪试验、水均衡站观测、水化学以及δD、δ¹⁸O、C、δ³⁴S、Sr同位素方法手段,获取了大量第一手资料,通过对包括前人资料的综合研究,取得以下主要进展: ①查明了该区岩溶水文地质条件和环境问题,将工作区划分为2个含水岩组、3个岩溶水系统和5个子系统; ②通过对黑龙关泉域均衡观测,获得了寒武—奥陶系和蓟县系碳酸盐岩裸露区降水入渗系数,并采用最新资料评价了天然资源量和可开采资源量; ③针对突出的岩溶水环境问题(含潜在问题),从政策、技术和工程3方面提出了岩溶水保护和环境问题治理的建议。     

特长岩溶隧道涌水预测的系统辨识方法

本文首先对隧道标高附近及其以上庞大空间内的岩溶水进行系统识别与划分，同时完成对每个系统结构与功能的不同精度的描述。根据各个系统与隧道的空间关系及其它相关信息，确定系统向隧道供水的可能性，并进行分级；根据可能成为隧道充水水源的系统的径流量及导水通道的水力学特征，对隧道涌水量作出预测。本文通过地球化学、深部物探及常规勘探等手段，利用上述方法对正在建设的渝怀铁路圆梁山特长隧道的涌水量及隧道疏干影响范围进行了评估。     

蔚县矿区岩溶水供排结合研究

本文从系统观点出发,分析了矿区岩溶水供排结合的水文地质条件,提出了以供代排,合理的规划蔚县矿区地下水资源的供排结合方案。应用有限元数值模拟与最优化技术建立供排结合水量规划的教学模型,求出了蔚县矿区最佳水源地位置和最佳的供水开采量与疏干量,实现了较好的经济效益。     

Use of hydrologic time-series data for identification of hydrodynamic function and behavior in a karstic water system in China

Karst aquifers are characterized by high heterogeneity and spatial variability of hydrogeological parameters. Time-series analysis of rainfall and discharge (as input and output functions), including correlation, cross-amplitude, phase and coherency, was applied to the Houzhai karstic water system in Guizhou Province, southwest China, in order to study the function, hydrodynamic behavior and hydraulic properties of the aquifer system. Autocorrelation and cross-correlation of the variables showed that the degree of sensitivity of the system to the rainfall input signal decreased gradually from the upstream to the downstream sections, but the memorizing action increased gradually. Analysis of the phase function showed that there is a lag in the discharge response to the rainfall input signal. The lag time increased gradually from the upstream to the downstream sections, and the degree of the linearity upstream is higher than downstream. The quick-flow and slow-flow components were also divided in the cross-amplitude analysis. The results showed that about 60% of spring discharge in the upstream section was quick flow. The quick-flow component downstream reduced to only 5%. The main control factors of the karst-system response are the karst geomorphology and the inner origination structure of the karstic multi-medium.     

Characterizing groundwater flow in a faulted karst system using optical brighteners from septic systems as tracers

This study used optical brighteners (OB) released from septic systems to show that groundwater flow direction is largely controlled by the structural framework in a faulted karst groundwater system. Effective protection of groundwater resources requires that groundwater systems are adequately characterized and source water protection areas (SWPA) are developed for drinking water wells. Karst aquifers are among the most sensitive to contamination due to high recharge rates, and among the most difficult aquifers to characterize due to heterogeneity, and anisotropy. Because septic systems may be used to treat wastewater within SWPAs for karst aquifers there is a need to characterize these groundwater systems using tracers. The objective of this study was to characterize groundwater flow in a faulted portion of the Edwards aquifer in Bexar County, Texas using OB that are released as incidental tracers from septic systems. This study included measurement of water levels, sampling of groundwater and surface water, analysis for OB, and spatial analysis in a GIS. Results show that OB intensities were highest to the southwest of the septic area, a direction that is sub-parallel to the fault and fracture orientation and nearly perpendicular to the hydraulic gradient. This indicates that movement of OB, solutes, or non-aqueous liquids/solids in a faulted karst system can be largely controlled by fault/fracture orientation and structural relay ramps.     

Neotectonics and current hydrologically-induced karst deformation. Case study of the Plateau de Calern (Alpes-Maritimes,France)

The astronomical and geodetic observatory OCA, located on the karst plateau of Calern (Caussols, France), has been monitoring earth deformation for several years. Two medium baseline tiltmeters have been installed in a shaft in 2007, along with classical hydrogeological monitoring tools in order to investigate the relationship between current karst deformation and hydrology. Dye tests have shown that the plateau is drained towards the East, to the spring of Bramafam, except for its Western third. Karst tilting, as recorded by the tiltmeters, is linked to rainfall events. These instruments bring additional information to characterize different reservoirs: the deep karst aquifer of Bramafan with high amplitude oscillations of its water table, up to 100 m, the perched aquifer of Moustiques shaft whose response is attenuated, and several slope aquifers with reduced oscillations (Fontaniers, Castel Bon Pré).

Tilt deformation reaches 8 μad with a definite orientation between N90°E and N100°E. The best correlation between hydrology and tilts is observed for the deep aquifers. If the first autumn rainfall is ineffective on tilt, it recharges the epikarst and refills the reserves. The winter rains cause the water to flush towards the eastern deep aquifer and provokes a quick tilting of the plateau. Finally, the long term variations in tilt and water table show a very good correlation.

The relationship between current hydrological deformations and tectonics is also analyzed; broken and shifted speleothems in the shafts indicate a general shift of the plateau towards the south.     

“华北型”煤田岩溶水害及防治现状

“华北型”煤田的开采普遍受到煤层底板岩溶承压水的威胁，近年来，煤田岩溶水害的机理研究取得突破性进展，认为岩溶裂隙水网络是发生突水的物质基础，隔水层的岩石水学性质及厚度是突水的制约因素，断裂构造是突水的关键因素，采矿活动是突水的诱发因素；在水害防治方面，采用疏水降压、注浆改造、帷幕截流等技术方法，取得了明显的技术效果，本文旨在介绍水害现状，分析探讨治理对策，为治理煤田水害提供参考。     

矿井涌水量动态预测非稳定释水-断面流法

我国北方煤田上覆地下水系统含水层以砂岩为主,是矿井主要充水水源。除浅部、露头区外,上覆砂岩地下水系统总体上构成非径流型蓄水构造,弹性贮存是其地下水主要赋存状态,压力传导、局部渗流为地下水动力学模式,矿井涌水主要为承压含水层弹性释放。非充填开采,煤层上覆地层周期性冒裂形成冒裂二元结构体,其自身释水(弹性、重力)与其外侧含水层断面弹性释水叠加形成矿井涌水。冒裂二元结构体释水随冒裂周期发生,时间短暂。外侧含水层断面释水可用非稳定流定降深沟(渠)流方程描述,进而获得外侧含水层断面释水单宽流量。外侧含水层释水断面随冒裂周期性延展累积,迭代更新,矿井涌水流量随之变化。在研究、刻画外侧含水层释水断面延展、迭代时空规律基础上,给出含水层断面释水流量预测方法、公式,与冒裂二元结构体自身周期性释水流量叠加,获新的矿井涌水量预测方法—非稳定释水-断面流法。