地基-非线性结构相互作用空间效应的超谐和亚谐共振研究

建立了考虑空间效应的无质量基础-地基-结构相互作用模型,将模型简化为三个自由度体系,得到了考虑结构水平侧移和扭转位移相耦合的振动方程,用多尺度法研究了体系在强激励下的超谐共振和亚谐共振行为,通过算例分析得到了一些不同于线性体系的结论,为结构非线性分析提供了更深刻的理论依据。     

Seismic response of underground utility tunnels: shaking table testing and FEM analysis

Underground utility tunnels are widely used in urban areas throughout the world for lifeline networks due to their easy maintenance and environmental protection capabilities. However, knowledge about their seismic performance is still quite limited and seismic design procedures are not included in current design codes. This paper describes a series of shaking table tests the authors performed on a scaled utility tunnel model to explore its performance under earthquake excitation. Details of the experimental setup are first presented focusing on aspects such as the design of the soil container, scaled structural model, sensor array arrangement and test procedure. The main observations from the test program, including structural response, soil response, soil-structure interaction and earth pressure, are summarized and discussed. Further, a finite element model (FEM) of the test utility tunnel is established where the nonlinear soil properties are modeled by the Drucker-Prager constitutive model; the master-slave surface mechanism is employed to simulate the soil-structure dynamic interaction; and the confining effect of the laminar shear box to soil is considered by proper boundary modeling. The results from the numerical model are compared with experiment measurements in terms of displacement, acceleration and amplification factor of the structural model and the soil. The comparison shows that the numerical results match the experimental measurements quite well. The validated numerical model can be adopted for further analysis.     

基于土-结构体系对建筑结构响应的减震效果评估

提出一种基于土-结构体系地震记录的土-结构相互作用(SSI)的减震评估方法。该方法采用简化的SSI模型,通过系统辨识确定模型参数。将上部建筑结构地震反应的SSI减震效应分解为惯性相互作用和运动相互作用,同时还提出由惯性相互作用和运动相互作用单独降低结构响应的方法。将2011年东北地震太平洋沿岸期间两栋中层建筑用此方法进行分析,结果表明:当建筑物结构响应进入非弹性范围时,惯性相互作用的减震效果降低。     

Use of rubberised backfills for improving the seismic response of integral abutment bridges

Reuse of the 1.5 billion waste tyres that are produced annually is a one of the major worldwide challenges, as waste tyres are toxic and cause pollution to the environment. In recognition of this problem, this paper introduces the reuse of tyres, in the form of derived aggregates in mixtures with granulated soil materials, as previous studies indicated the potential benefits of these materials in the seismic performance of structures. The objective of the present research study is to investigate whether use of rubberised backfills benefits the seismic response of Integral Abutment Bridges (IABs) by enhancing soil-structure interaction (SSI) effects. Numerical models including typical integral abutments on surface foundation with nonlinear conventional backfill material and its alternative form as soil-rubber mixtures are analysed and their response parameters are compared. The research is conducted on the basis of parametric analysis, which aims to evaluate the influence of different rubber-soil mixtures on the dynamic response of the abutment-backfill system under various seismic excitations, accounting for dynamic soil-abutment interaction. The results provide evidence that the use of rubberised backfill leads to reductions in the backfill settlements, the horizontal displacements of the bridge deck, the residual horizontal displacements of the top of the abutment and the pressures acting on the abutment, up to 55, 18, 43 and 47 % respectively, with respect to a conventional backfill comprising of clean sand. Small change in bending moments and shear forces on the abutment wall is also observed. Therefore, rubberised backfills offer promising solution to mitigate the earthquake risk, towards economic design with minimal damage objectives for the resilience of transportation networks.     

Assessment of the dynamic response of unreinforced masonry structures using a macroelement modeling approach

The seismic performance of unreinforced masonry structures is strongly associated with the interaction between in‐plane and out‐of‐plane mechanisms. The seismic response of these structures has been thoroughly investigated by means of experimental testing, analytical procedures, and computational approaches. Within the framework of the numerical simulations, models based on the finite element method provide a good prediction of the seismic performance of unreinforced masonry structures. However, they usually require a high computational cost and advanced user expertise to define appropriate mechanical properties and to interpret the numerical results. Because of these limitations, simplified models for practical applications have been developed during the last decades. Despite this, a great number of these models focus mostly on the evaluation of the in‐plane response, assuming box (or integral) behavior of the structure. In this paper, a simplified macroelement modeling approach is used to simulate the seismic response of 2 masonry prototypes taking into consideration the combined in‐plane and out‐of‐plane action. The numerical investigations were performed in the static and dynamic fields by using pushover analyses and nonlinear dynamic analyses respectively. The latter is a novel implementation of a model previously developed for static analysis. The results obtained from this study are in good agreement with those provided by a detailed nonlinear continuum FE approach, demonstrating the applicability of this macroelement model with a significant reduction of the computational cost.     

动力相互作用分析中无质量地基的应用研究

关于结构-地基的动力相互作用分析已经提出了很多方法，但由于方法复杂而没有得到广泛应用，无质量地基模型仍然是应用最为广泛的近似方法。本文通过结构-地基的动力相互作用分析公式的推导，详细阐明了考虑无限地基影响的动力相互作用分析中无质量地基的概念和应用范围，并通过算例进行了说明。     

Time-domain identification of dynamic properties of layered soil by using extended Kalman filter and recorded seismic data

A novel time-domain identification technique is developed for the seismic response analysis of soil-structure interaction. A two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) model with eight lumped parameters is adopted to model the frequency-dependent behavior of soils. For layered soil, the equivalent eight parameters of the 2DOF model arc identified by the extended Kalman filter (EKF) method using recorded seismic data. The polynomial approximations for derivation of state estimators are applied in the EKF procedure. A realistic identification example is given for the layered-soil of a building site in Anchorage, Alaska in the United States. Results of the example demonstrate the feasibility and practicality of the proposed identification technique. The 2DOF soil model and the identification technique can be used for nonlinear response analysis of soil-structure interaction in the time-domain for layered of complex soil conditions. The identified parameters can be stored in a database for use in other similar soil conditions. If a universal database that covers information related to most soil conditions is developed in the future, engineers could conveniently perform time history analyses of soil-structural interaction.     

极限安全地震动下考虑土-结构相互作用的核电站安全壳响应分析

根据黏弹性人工边界的基本原理,结合有限元分析软件ABAQUS和MATLAB辅助程序,在地基有限区域上添加黏弹性人工边界并实现极限安全地震动的输入。基于ABAQUS软件平台,对CPR1000安全壳构建了土-结构相互作用体系的数值模拟模型,分析其在极限地震动下的动力响应,并将计算结果与考虑刚性基础的安全壳结构响应数据进行对比。结果表明:核电站CPR1000安全壳结构在极限安全地震动下仍能保持良好的密闭性。考虑土-结构相互作用后分析所得安全壳结构受到的应力、加速度峰值和相对位移均有所增大,使用刚性地基模型要偏于危险。     

沉管隧道纵向抗震韧性评价方法研究

抗震韧性是评估结构抗震性能的重要手段,但目前对沉管隧道纵向抗震韧性评价的研究较缺乏。基于梁-弹簧模型建立能够合理考虑沉管隧道结构特征及接头构造的沉管隧道多尺度分析模型,选择合理的评估指标,根据不同极限状态定义获得地震易损性曲线,通过构建合理的性能恢复函数计算隧道韧性指数,从而建立沉管隧道抗震韧性评估方法,并以某沉管隧道实际工程为例进行隧道抗震韧性分析,揭示地震动强度及地层-结构相对刚度比等关键参数的影响规律。研究结果表明,随着PGA的增加,隧道震后剩余功能函数显著下降,隧道抗震韧性明显降低;隧道韧性指数随着地层-结构相对刚度比的增大而增大。     

考虑土-结构相互作用的西安钟楼地震反应分析

为探讨土-结构相互作用对西安钟楼地震反应的影响,建立了钟楼上部木结构-台基-地基三维有限元模型,基于粘-弹性人工边界条件,利用振型分解反应谱法进行了地震反应分析。结果表明,考虑相互作用木结构2层相对位移反应增大了2.12倍,台基相对于地面间的相对位移增大了44%。因此,在对钟楼结构进行地震反应分析时必须考虑土-结构相互作用。     

A seismic free field input model for FE-SBFE coupling in time domain

A seismic free field input formulation of the coupling procedure of the finite element (FE) and the scaled boundary finite-element (SBFE) is proposed to perform the unbounded soil-structure interaction analysis in time domain. Based on the substructure technique, seismic excitation of the soil-structure system is represented by the free-field motion of an elastic half-space. To reduce the computational effort, the acceleration unit-impulse response function of the unbounded soil is decomposed into two functions; linear and residual. The latter converges to zero and can be truncated as required. With the prescribed tolerance parameter, the balance between accuracy and efficiency of the procedure can be controlled. The validity of the model is verified by the scattering analysis of a hemi-spherical canyon subjected to plane harmonic P, SV and SH wave incidence. Numerical results show that the new procedure is very efficient for seismic problems within a normal range of frequency. The coupling procedure presented herein can be applied to linear and nonlinear earthquake response analysis of practical structures which are built on unbounded soil. Supproted by: the National Key Basic Research and Development Program under Grant No. 2002CB412709     

A simplified analysis model for determining the seismic response of buried steel pipes at strike-slip fault crossings

The seismic response analysis of buried pipelines at fault crossings is a complex problem requiring nonlinear 3D soil-structure and large deformation analyses. Such analyses are computationally expensive and the results are hard to evaluate. Therefore, a simple numerical model is needed for engineering and design offices to determine the seismic demand of steel pipes at fault crossings. This paper presents a simplified numerical model for buried steel pipes crossing strike-slip faults and oriented perpendicular to the fault. Two pipes with different diameter to thickness (D/t) ratios and steel grades are used in the study. The proposed model permits plastic hinge formations in the pipe due to incrementally applied fault movements, allows determination of the critical length of the pipeline and measure strains developed on the tension and compression sides in the pipe. The model also considers the effect of bending as well as axial strains due to stretching.     

考虑土-结构相互作用和岩土参数不确定性的核电厂结构地震响应分析

针对核电厂结构,在考虑土-结构相互作用(SSI)的情况下进行随机地震反应分析,探讨地基岩土参数的不确定性对反应堆厂房楼层反应谱(FRS)的影响。运用ANSYS软件模块建立核电厂(NPP)结构有限元模型,通过设置边界弹簧单元和阻尼装置来考虑SSI效应;并且通过设置具有概率意义的弹簧刚度和阻尼系数,来模拟土特性参数的不确定性。随机响应分析与确定性分析的结果对比,揭示了岩性地基条件下SSI效应对核电厂FRS的影响以及地基岩土参数不确定性对FRS的影响程度。研究表明,在岩性地基条件下,亦不应忽略SSI效应;考虑SSI效应的随机分析模型同确定性模型相比,二者的分析结果较为接近,两方法都可用于NPP的FRS敏感性分析评估之中,并可进行相互比照。     

考虑土-结构相互作用双层柱面网壳在多点输入下的地震反应分析

目前对于网壳结构的地震反应研究大部分仍然采用一致输入,特别是没有考虑土-结构相互作用对网壳结构的影响。本文通过对大型有限元分析软件MSC.Nastran的二次开发,用等效线性化方法考虑土体的非线性,对土体采用三维实体单元建模,并对土体在基岩面上采用地震动的多点输入,计算分析了大跨度双层柱面网壳的动力反应,并且与一致地震动输入下网壳结构的地震反应进行了对比,考察了两者之间的差异,深入分析了考虑土-结构相互作用下,双层柱面网壳结构在多点输入和一致输入下的地震反应规律,并得出了一些重要结论。     

基于土弹簧的桩-土-输电塔抗震性能研究

在传统输电塔抗震分析中,通常假设输电塔固定在地面上,而不考虑土G结构相互作用(SoilG Structure Interaction,SSI)对结构的影响,从而可能导致输电塔抗震性能评估不准确.依托某 1000kV输电铁塔实际工程,对地震动激励下考虑SSI的输电塔进行综合的地震响应、倒塌破坏和倒塌易损性分析.在 ABAQUS中,通过沿桩体设置依据 API规范确定的零长度弹簧模拟土体与桩体间的相互作用,建立考虑SSI的输电塔有限元模型.基于数值模型,开展输电塔动力特性和结构动力响应分析.采用增量动力分析(Incremental Dynamic Analysis,IDA)方法,研究SSI对输电塔倒塌机理和易损性的影响.结果表明:考虑和未考虑SSI的输电塔振型相似,但自振频率相差较大;忽略SSI会低估输电塔的地震响应,同时高估输电塔的抗倒塌能力.因此考虑SSI可以提高输电塔抗震能力,进而确保输电线路的安全性.     

大型结构地震反应值模拟中的波动输入

解耦的时域有限元数值模拟技术在考虑土－结构相互作用的大型结构地震反应分析中的应用日趋成熟。为完善其中的波动输入技术，本提出 了一种波动输入时步数值模拟的简便方法，替换对自由场的频域计算，从而使结构反应分析可以完全通过时步数值模拟实现。同时，通过数值实现，对这一实施方案的有效性进行了检验。     

液化场地桩-土地震相互作用p-y曲线分析方法研究

目前,我国尚缺乏液化场地桩-土-桥梁结构地震相互作用分析的合理数值模型与简化分析方法。鉴于此,直接针对振动台试验,基于非线性文克尔地基梁模型,考虑桩周参振土的质量惯性力、上部结构的惯性力、土体辐射阻尼等效应,建立了液化场地桩-土-桥梁结构地震相互作用的p-y曲线分析模型,并给出相应的简化方法。针对振动台试验进行了0.1g El Centro波输入下的分析,验证了桩-土地震相互作用分析方法的正确性,并且推荐了计算参数的合理选取方法,可用于液化场地桩-土地震相互作用的分析。提出的液化场地桩-土地震相互作用p-y曲线简化分析方法,为实际桥梁桩基抗震设计与分析提供一定参考。     

地下结构抗震理论分析与试验研究的发展展望

目前我国在地下结构抗震分析与破坏灾变机理研究中尚存在诸多问题需要解决,在分析总结我国地下结构抗震理论与试验研究的基础上,重点阐述了需要进一步深入研究的六个关键问题:地下结构振动模型试验研究技术,土体非线性动力本构模型,高轴压的地下结构承重构件地震破坏机理,非一致波动输入及非一致波动输入下地下结构的地震反应,饱和砂土液化大变形理论及本构模型,大型三维非线性土-结构动力相互作用分析模型。这些问题的研究和解决对于完善地下结构抗震理论分析方法与试验研究技术,获得大型地下结构在地震作用下的反应规律与破坏灾变机理具有重要的科学意义和工程应用价值。     

Evaluation of FEMA-440 for including soil-structure interaction

Replacing the entire soil-structure system with a fixed base oscillator to consider the effect of soil-structure interaction (SSI) is a common analysis method in seismic design. This technique has been included in design procedures such as NEHRP, ASCE, etc. by defining an equivalent fundamental period and damping ratio that can modify the response of the structure. However, recent studies indicate that the effects of SSI should be reconsidered when a structure undergoes a nonlinear displacement demand. In recent documents on Nonlinear Static Procedures (NSPs), FEMA-440 (2005), a modified damping ratio of the replacement oscillator was proposed by introducing the ductility of the soil-structure system obtained from pushover analysis. In this paper, the damping defined in FEMA-440 to include the soil-structure interaction effect is evaluated, and the accuracy of the Coefficient Method given in FEMA-440 and the Equivalent Linearization Method is studied. Although the improvements for Nonlinear Static Procedures (NSPs) in FEMA-440 are achieved for a fixed base SDOF structure, the soil effects are not perfectly obtained. Furthermore, the damping definition of a soil-structure system is extended to structures to consider bilinear behavior.     

考虑土-结构相互作用的上海中心大厦地震反应

采用ANSYS有限元软件建立土-桩-上海中心大厦相互作用简化模型.其中,桩土区采用等效模型,近域土体定为塑性区,用DP模型模拟;外围的土域定为弹性区,用超单元来模拟.对考虑土,桩-结构相互作用的整体结构和以刚性地基为假定的上部结构分别进行地震反应分析,并完成了比较.最后,在整体结构中提取上部结构与下部结构处的加速度反应与原地震波叠加,形成修正地震波,为输入修正地震波能考虑相互作用因素来分析相同结构的精细模型地震反应提供了条件.