Differential destruction of the North China Craton: A tectonic perspective

The North China Craton (NCC) provides one of the classic examples of craton destruction, although the mechanisms and processes of its decratonization are yet to be fully understood. Here we integrate petrological, geochemical, geochronological and geophysical information from the NCC and conclude that the destruction of the craton involved multiple events of circum-craton subduction, which provided the driving force that destabilized mantle convection and tectonically eroded the lithospheric mantle beneath the craton. Furthermore, subducted-slab-derived fluids/melts weakened the subcontinental lithospheric mantle and facilitated thermo-mechanical and chemical erosion of the lithosphere. The more intense destruction beneath the eastern part of the NCC reflects the crucial contribution of Pacific plate subduction from the east that overprinted the mantle lithosphere modified during the early subduction processes. Our study further establishes the close relationship between lithospheric modification via peridotite–melt reactions induced by oceanic plate subduction and cratonic destruction.     

华北克拉通破坏的物理、化学过程:地幔橄榄岩证据

本文对比了华北东部不同时代、不同位置捕虏体/地质体橄榄岩的地幔属性,讨论了华北克拉通破坏的物理、化学过程。结果表明,拆沉作用不能很好地解释古老难熔、过渡型和新生饱满地幔并存的事实;单纯的熔体-橄榄岩相互作用也不易解释中、新生代岩石圈巨大减薄和新生饱满地幔Cpx中LREE亏损现象,即具复杂演化历史的克拉通地幔向演化历史简单的"大洋型"岩石圈的转换。华北东部克拉通破坏作用包括地幔伸展、熔-岩作用、侵蚀置换等复杂的物理、化学过程。岩石圈先大幅减薄、后小幅增厚实现了最终的地幔置换和岩石圈整体减薄过程。喷发时代为100 Ma的阜新玄武岩所捕获的橄榄岩主体是饱满的,说明华北东部部分地区在此之前有过地幔置换作用。     

Destruction of the North China Craton: a perspective based on receiver function analysis

The North China Craton (NCC), which is composed of the eastern NCC and the western NCC sutured by the Palaeoproterozoic Trans‐North China Orogen, is one of the oldest continental nuclei in the world and the largest cratonic block in China. The eastern NCC is widely known for its significant lithospheric thinning and destruction during the Late Mesozoic. Models on the destruction of the eastern NCC can be principally grouped into two: (1) thermal/mechanical and/or chemical erosion, and (2) lower crustal and (or) lithospheric delamination. The erosion model suggests that the NCC lithospheric thinning resulted from chemical and/or mechanical interactions of lithospheric mantle with melts or hydrous fluids derived from the asthenosphere, whereas the delamination model proposes lithospheric destruction through foundering of eclogitic lower crust together with lithospheric mantle into the underlying convecting mantle. However, those models lack seismic evidence to explain the destruction process. Here, we analyse the crustal structure and upper mantle discontinuity by employing the H–k stacking technique of receiver function as well as the depth domain receiver function. Our results indicate deep mantle upwelling and lower crustal delamination beneath the eastern NCC, and suggest that either or both of these processes contributed to the unique lithospheric thinning and destruction of the eastern NCC. © 2013 The Authors. Geological Journal published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

华北克拉通边界带区域深部结构的特征差异性及其构造意义

华北克拉通的显生宙破坏在空间上是高度不均匀的。克拉通自身岩石圈性质的横向差异及其周边块体的构造运动和相互作用,造成克拉通不同地区构造变形特征具有显著差异性。而这种差异性必然会在深部结构上留下印迹。因此,详细的深部结构信息能够为研究华北克拉通破坏的方式和动力学机制提供重要约束。对近年来基于华北内部结构计划(NCISP)密集流动地震台阵资料获得的华北克拉通边界带区域的深部结构图像进行介绍,并对比分析地壳、岩石圈结构和上地幔变形特征的区域变化,进而对克拉通破坏的空间差异性以及破坏的方式和过程做初步探讨。研究结果显示,华北克拉通东部的郯庐断裂带作为华北和扬子边界的构造薄弱带,具有克拉通全区最薄的岩石圈(~60 km)和明显减薄的地壳(<35 km),是克拉通东部岩石圈整体性减薄和破坏最强烈的区域;东北部燕山地区和西北部鄂尔多斯北边界区域都表现出厚、薄岩石圈共存和壳幔结构显著变化的特征,反映了这些地区岩石圈减薄和改造的空间不均匀性。燕山地区尖锐的Moho面、岩石圈结构和上地幔变形特征的小尺度变化可能是中生代多期挤压和晚中生代—新生代区域伸展共同作用的结果;而鄂尔多斯北边界附近稳定克拉通地区与新生代裂陷区壳幔结构的强烈差...     

Secular evolution of the lithosphere beneath the eastern North China Craton: evidence from Mesozoic basalts and high-Mg andesites

Geochemical and isotopic data from Mesozoic lavas from the Jianguo, Niutoushan, Wulahada, and Guancaishan volcanic fields on the northern margin of the North China Craton provide evidence for secular lithospheric evolution of the region. Jianguo lavas are alkaline basalts with LILE- and LREE-enrichment ((La/Yb)_N=12.2-13.2) and MORB-like Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic ratios ((⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i<0.704; ε_Nd=3.9-4.8; (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i≈18). Niutoushan basalts are similar but show evidence of olivine fractionation. Wulahada lavas are high-Mg andesites (Mg#∼67) with EM1 Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic signatures. Geochemical data suggest that the basalts originated from MORB-type asthenosphere whereas the high-Mg andesites were derived an EM1 mantle source, i.e., a refractory lithospheric mantle modified by a previously subducted slab. The result, combined with the available data of the Mesozoic basalts from the southern portion of the NCC (Zhang et al., 2002), manifests a vast secular evolution of the lithospheric mantle beneath the eastern NCC from the Paleozoic refractory continental lithosphere to this Mesozoic modified lithosphere. Compared with the cratonic margin, the lithospheric mantle beneath the center of the craton was less extensively modified, implying the secular evolution was related to the subduction processes surrounding the NCC. Therefore, we suggest that the interaction of the slab-derived silicic melt with the old refractory lithospheric mantle converted the Paleozoic cratonic lithospheric mantle into the late Mesozoic fertile mantle, which was also different from the Cenozoic counterpart. A geodynamic model is proposed to illustrate such a secular lithosphere evolution.     

Gold metallogeny associated with craton destruction: A geophysical perspective from the North China Craton

Currently ranking as the largest producer of gold in the world, China's gold reserves are spread over 200 major gold deposits and several minor deposits. A large part of these belong to the late Mesozoic gold deposits in the North China Craton (NCC) that occur along craton margins, as well as within the cratonic interior in reactivated paleo sutures, and show a close spatio-temporal relationship with zones of lithospheric thinning and craton destruction. Here we integrate and evaluate geophysical information from the NCC through an analysis of receiver function and tomography that suggest mantle upwelling accompanied by lower crustal or lithospheric delamination. Our results identify that the major gold belts in the NCC are largely located above zones of mantle upwelling and craton destruction. The faults and paleo sutures provided the pathways for migration of ore-bearing fluids, with the granitoids offering favorable conditions for gold deposition.     

华北克拉通中生代破坏前的岩石圈地幔与下地壳

华北克拉通是世界上最古老的克拉通之一,有 38亿年的古老陆壳存在,它经历了复杂的地质变迁,在太古宙末(约2500Ma)基本完成克拉通化,在古元古代(约1900~1850Ma)整体受到了高级变质作用,最终完成了克拉通化。它的东部在中生代发生了重大的构造机制的转变,克拉通基底发生了破坏、置换和再造。在太行山重力梯度带以西的华北克拉通受中生代构造转折的改造程度较低,它们的下地壳和岩石圈地幔结构,大致保持了华北克拉通破坏前的状态。前寒武纪麻粒岩地体代表了掀翻抬升到地表的古元古代下地壳,出露地表的时间大致在1850~1800Ma。中、新生代火山岩中的地幔和麻粒岩捕虏体代表了现代的岩石圈地幔和下地壳的岩石。岩石学、地球化学和地球物理的研究,推测华北克拉通西部的岩石圈厚约200km,地壳厚度约45km~50km,是在古元古代(约1.9Ga)时期终极克拉通化作用形成的,其厚度和结构与全球典型的元古宙克拉通岩石圈相同。而太行山重力梯度带以东的克拉通岩石圈地幔受到程度不等的交代、改造、置换和减薄,下地壳大规模重熔,地壳厚度也发生减薄,指示了强烈的壳幔解耦、物质交换和重新耦合的过程。     

大陆深俯冲后效作用的地球化学记录——华北中生代岩石圈地幔源区特征变异的讨论

早中生代扬子板块与华北板块之间的俯冲及其后两陆块间的碰撞为大陆深俯冲后效作用研究提供了一个少见的实例。本文在系统论述华北中生代深部年代学记录、深源岩类源区地球化学特征的时空变化规律,普遍的 Sr 同位素高度富集现象及其空间变化指向、高场强元素强烈分馏以及时间制约分析基础上,提出了导致这些源区特征变化最可能的机制为扬子板片深俯冲中析出的熔体/流体交代并改造了华北大陆岩石圈地幔。而其后中生代全球事件引发的中国东部广泛而强烈白垩纪构造-岩浆幕则提供了侵位于地壳层位深源岩类的成岩条件。本文强调指出对华北岩石圈地幔这种大尺度实体上的改造,应被视为扬子板片深俯冲后效作用中最具深远意义的一种表现,并对中生代华北岩石圈整体转型产生了重要影响。     

华北克拉通上地幔变形及其动力学意义

华北克拉通从稳定到破坏的演化过程对有关地球动力学的经典理论提出了挑战,研究其独特的演化历史是固体地球科学研究的一项重要内容。上地幔矿物晶体的各向异性记录了上地幔发生构造变形的信息,研究上地幔地震波各向异性能够揭示现今和构造历史时期所发生的构造运动。本文总结了近年来作者在华北克拉通地区所进行的高密度、覆盖广泛的地震波横波分裂观测研究结果。横波分裂的快轴方向与绝对板块运动方向的不一致,以及横波分裂参数快速的空间变化特征表明了华北克拉通的SKS横波分裂主要反映上地幔的变形。观测结果表明：鄂尔多斯块体保留了克拉通较弱的各向异性特征,其西端体现了元古代克拉通拼合的变形特征; 中新生代华北克拉通破坏事件以不同的机制主导了华北克拉通中部和东部的上地幔变形,在东部地区北西-南东向的拉张应力作用使得快轴方向平行于拉张方向,而在中部则因受到较厚岩石圈的阻挡使得地幔流动改变了方向,因此造成了北东和北北东向的岩石圈拉张。     

Mechanism and timing of lithospheric modification and replacement beneath the eastern North China Craton: Peridotitic xenoliths from the 100 Ma Fuxin basalts and a regional synthesis

Lithospheric thinning beneath the eastern North China Craton is widely recognized, but the mechanism and timing of the thinning are contentious. New data on peridotitic xenoliths from the Cretaceous (∼100 Ma) Fuxin basalts at the northern edge of the craton have been integrated with data from other localities across the craton, to provide an overview of the processes involved. The Fuxin peridotite xenoliths can be subdivided into three types, which can also be recognized in other xenolith suites across the craton. The dominant Type 1, lherzolites with olivine Mg^# ∼90, represents fertile mantle (5-12% partial-melt extraction) that makes up much of the Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic lithosphere beneath the craton. Type 2 consists of magnesian (olivine Mg^# >92) harzburgites, interpreted as shallow relics of the Archean cratonic mantle. Type 3, minor lherzolite xenoliths with olivine Mg^# ∼86 reflect the interaction of the lithosphere with magmas similar to the host basalts. In-situ Re-Os data on sulfides in xenoliths from Hebi (4 Ma, interior of the craton) and Hannuoba (22 Ma, northern edge of the Trans-North China Orogen within the craton) basalts give model ages of 3.1-3.0, 2.5, 2.2-2.1, 1.4 and 0.8 Ga, These correspond to the U-Pb ages of zircons from early Mesozoic (178 Ma) peridotitic xenoliths at the southern margin of the craton, and record events during which the Archean lithospheric mantle was modified. The dominance of fertile peridotite xenoliths in the 100 Ma Fuxin basalts indicates that the mantle replacement beneath the eastern North China Craton at least partly took place before that time. The regional synthesis suggests that Mesozoic-Cenozoic lithospheric thinning and mantle replacement was heterogeneously distributed across the North China Craton in space and time. Lateral spreading of the lithosphere, accompanied by asthenospheric upwelling and melt-peridotite interaction, is the most probable mechanism for the lithospheric thinning beneath the eastern part of the craton. Subsequent cooling of the upwelled asthenosphere caused some re-thickening of the lithosphere; this overall more fertile and hence denser lithosphere resulted in widespread basin formation.     

早白垩世华北克拉通岩石圈减薄与破坏动力学：兼论古太平洋型活动大陆边缘

早白垩世时期华北克拉通的演化为探索大陆再造提供了典型案例，强烈地壳伸展、岩石圈减薄及克拉通破坏的机理及动力学长期以来一直是争议的焦点。早白垩世岩石圈伸展形成了包括辽南和五莲变质核杂岩在内的地壳伸展构造组合，同时伴随着巨量壳- 幔岩浆活动性，这些构造- 岩浆活动是克拉通岩石圈壳- 幔耦合拆离与解耦拆离作用的结果，可以用克拉通岩石圈壳- 幔拆离模型(parallel extension tectonics)解释。与此同时，具有相似特点(时间、几何学、运动学和动力学)的构造- 岩浆活动遍布包含东北亚、中国华北和华南及俄罗斯远东地区等在内的整个欧亚大陆东部地区，反映在统一构造环境中发展和演化的本质，而华北克拉通成为早白垩世欧亚大陆东部地区岩石圈伸展的典型案例。广布的早白垩世伸展构造东侧紧邻古太平洋板块俯冲作用形成的陆缘增生杂岩带，构成独特的古太平洋型活动大陆边缘。这种大陆边缘保留和记录了与现今西太平洋型和安第斯型活动大陆边缘全然不一致的构造特点，包含增生杂岩(海沟增生楔处)与面状伸展构造域两个构造要素，但缺乏典型的大规模岩浆弧的存在。地幔分层对流对于古太平洋- 欧亚大陆间洋陆相互作用、大陆岩石圈伸展、克拉通岩石圈减薄与破坏提供了重要动力来源，而板块边缘力起着重要的辅助作用。     

Local modification of the lithosphere beneath the central and western North China Craton: 3-D constraints from Rayleigh wave tomography

We have imaged the lithospheric structure beneath the central and western North China Craton (NCC) with Rayleigh wave tomography. The Rayleigh waveforms of 100 teleseismic events recorded by 208 broadband stations are used to yield high-resolution phase velocity maps at 13 periods from 20 s to 143 s. A 3-D S-wave velocity model is constructed based on the phase velocity maps. Our S-wave velocity model is broadly consistent with the results of previous tomography studies, but shows more detailed variations within the lithosphere. The Trans-North China Orogen (TNCO) is generally characterized by low-velocity anomalies but exhibits great heterogeneities. Two major low-velocity zones (LVZs) are observed in the north and south, respectively. The northern LVZ laterally coincides with sites of Cenozoic magmatism and extends to depths greater than 200 km. We propose that a small-scale mantle upwelling is present, confined to the north of the TNCO. A high-velocity patch in the uppermost mantle is also observed between the two LVZs adjacent to the narrow transtensional zone of the Cenozoic Shanxi–Shaanxi Rift (SSR). We interpret this as the remnant of a cratonic mantle root. The Ordos Block in the western NCC is associated with high-velocity anomalies, similarly reflecting the existence of cratonic mantle root, but a discernible low-velocity layer is observed at depths of 100–150 km in this location. We interpret that this mid-lithospheric structure was probably formed by metasomatic processes during the early formation of the NCC. Based on the observations from our S-wave velocity model, we conclude that the current highly heterogeneous lithospheric structure beneath the TNCO is the result of multiphase reworking of pre-existing mechanically weak zones since the amalgamation of the craton. The latest Cenozoic lithospheric reworking is dominated by the far-field effects of both Pacific plate subduction and the India–Eurasia collision.     

华北东部大陆地幔橄榄岩组成、年龄与岩石圈减薄

对比分析了华北东部地块陆下岩石圈地幔橄榄石Mg#值和单斜辉石的REE配分形式。报道了汉诺坝和鹤壁橄榄岩中不同产状硫化物的激光MC-ICPMS原位Re-Os年龄和信阳橄榄岩中锆石的U-Pb年龄和信阳橄榄岩锆石的U-Pb年龄。在这些资料基础上,进一步讨论了华北东部岩石圈中、新生代时的减薄机制。原位分析在揭示岩石圈深部过程的细节上,有比全岩分析更大的优越性,并揭示出了在华北深部有中元古代(14亿年)和新元古代(7～8亿年)热活动的记录。岩石圈拆沉作用不能很好地解释古老难熔地幔、过渡型地幔和新生饱满地幔并存的事实;同时,单纯的熔体-橄榄岩相互作用也难以解释中、新生代岩石圈的减薄过程和新生地幔单斜辉石中出现强烈LREE亏损现象,即历史复杂的克拉通岩石圈向历史明显简单的“大洋型”地幔的转换。因此,华北东部岩石圈减薄包括地幔伸展、熔-岩作用、侵蚀置换等复杂过程。这些过程可能包括:(1)早中生代时,扬子地块向北俯冲碰撞所引起华北岩石圈的熔/流体交代富集作用、地幔伸展和受扰动软流圈物质上涌并侵蚀被改造了的岩石圈;(2)晚中生代—古近纪,因太平洋俯冲的热扰动致使软流圈物质进一步的强烈侵蚀作用引起岩石圈的巨大减薄;(3)晚第三纪以来的软流圈热沉降作用所带来的小幅度岩石圈增厚过程。岩石圈先大幅减薄、后小幅增厚实现了最终的地幔置换和岩石圈整体的减薄过程。喷发时代为100Ma的阜新玄武岩所捕获的橄榄岩主体是饱满的,说明华北东部部分地区在此之前曾有过地幔置换作用。     

华北克拉通破坏前的状态——对讨论华北克拉通破坏问题的一个建议

中生代华北克拉通破坏是目前引人关注的研究课题。鉴于目前一些文章在表达克拉通状态时引用的地质图件不准确,忽略了华北克拉通从古至今的不同阶段的演化,不能正确的表达克拉通在破坏之前或之后的状态,本文强调华北克拉通破坏前的状态是研究的重要基础。华北克拉通是经历过多期克拉通化形成的。     

Metallogeny and craton destruction: Records from the North China Craton

The link between metallogeny and craton destruction in the North China Craton (NCC) remains poorly understood, particularly the mechanisms within the interior of the craton. In this overview, we summarize the major stages in the history of formation and evolution of the NCC, the spatio-temporal distribution and types of major ore species, as well as mantle contribution to the metallogeny, in an attempt to evaluate the geodynamic settings of metallogeny and the mechanisms of formation of the ore deposits. The early Precambrian history of the NCC witnessed the amalgamation of micro-blocks and construction of the fundamental tectonic architecture of the craton by 2.5 Ga. The boundaries of these micro-blocks and the margins of the NCC remained as weak zones and were the principal locales along which inhomogeneous destruction of the craton occurred during later tectonothermal events. These zones record the formation of orogeny related gold, copper, iron and titanium during the early to middle Paleoproterozoic with ages ranging from 2.5 to 1.8 Ma. The Early Ordovician kimberlite and diamond mineralization at ca. 480 Ma, the Late Carboniferous and Early to middle Permian calc-alkaline, I-type granitoids and gold deposits of 324–300 Ma, and the Triassic alkaline rocks and gold–silver-polymetallic deposits occurring along these zones and the margins of the blocks correlate with rising mantle plume, southward subduction of the Siberian plate and northward subduction of the Yangtze plate, respectively. The voluminous Jurassic granitoids and Cretaceous intrusives carrying gold, molybdenum, copper, lead and zinc deposits are also localized along the weak zones and block margins. The concentration of most of these deposits in the eastern part of the NCC invokes correlation with lithosphere thinning associated with the westward subduction of the Pacific plate. Although magmatism and mineralization have been recorded along the margins and few places within the interior of the NCC in the Jurassic, their peak occurred in the Cretaceous in the eastern part of the NCC, marking large scale destruction of the craton at this time. The junctions of the boundaries between the micro-continental blocks are characterized by extensive inhomogeneous thinning. We propose that these junctions are probably for future mineral exploration targeting in the NCC.     

热与克拉通破坏

大陆克拉通是地球表面上相对稳定的构造单元。从地热学的角度考虑,克拉通岩石圈的稳定意味着地表热流等于对流地幔岩石圈底部提供的热流加上岩石圈内部由放射性衰变产生的热量。太古代稳定克拉通一般具有冷的地热特征,且处于热平衡状态。打破克拉通热平衡的因素有多种,如岩石圈地幔的放射性生热、来自深部的地幔柱、板块俯冲等。华北是全球古老克拉通遭受破坏最明显和最典型的地区,其破坏与中生代太平洋板块向东亚的深俯冲密切相关。古太平洋板块快速俯冲并停滞在地幔转换带脱水、形成宽约1 000 km的低粘大地幔楔,导致地幔对流增强。在活跃地幔对流的热侵蚀与橄榄岩-熔体相互作用共同作用下,华北克拉通在中生代期间迅速减薄。经过中生代加热减薄的华北克拉通岩石圈强度显著变弱,在俯冲板块后撤作用下,岩石圈拉张并进一步减薄,地表热流升高。华北克拉通破坏是一个漫长的历程,期间大地热流的演化特征呈现出由中生代以前的低值演化至新生代的高值再过渡到现今的中等状态（接近全球大陆平均值）。     

Lithospheric structure of the North China Craton: Integrated gravity,geoid and topography data

The lithospheric structure of ancient cratons provides important constraints on models relating to tectonic evolution and mantle dynamics. Here we present the 3D lithospheric structure of the North China Craton (NCC) from a joint inversion of gravity, geoid and topography data. The NCC records a prolonged history of Archean and Paleoproterozoic accretion of crustal blocks through subduction and collision building the cratonic architecture, which was subsequently differentially destroyed during Mesozoic through extensive magmatism. The thermal structure obtained in our study is considered to define the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) of the NCC, and reflects the density variations within the mantle lithosphere. Employing the Moho depths from deep seismic sounding profiles for the inversion, and based on repeated computations using different parameters, we estimate the Moho depth, LAB depth and average crustal density of the craton. The Moho depth varies from 28 to 50 km and the LAB depth varies from 105 to 205 km. The LAB and Moho show concordant thinning from West to East of the NCC. The average crustal density is 2870 kg m^− 3 in the western part of the NCC, higher than that in the eastern part (2750 kg m^− 3). The results of joint inversion in our study yielded LAB depth and lithospheric thinning features similar to those estimated from thermal and seismic studies, although our results show different depth and variations in the thickness. The lithosphere gently thins from 145 to 105 km in the eastern NCC, where as the thinning is much less pronounced in the western NCC with average depth of about 175 km. The joint inversion results in this study provide another perspective on the lithospheric structure from the density properties and corresponding geophysical responses in an ancient craton.     

渤海湾盆地形成与华北克拉通破坏

渤海湾盆地是一个中、新生代盆地,位于华北克拉通的东部地块上,是华北克拉通破坏的中心区域。渤海湾盆地的结构、构造记录了华北克拉通破坏的构造过程。文章综合10a来据三维地震资料揭示的渤海湾盆地构造,和20a来渤海湾盆地周边华北克拉通区域中、新生代构造和地球化学研究成果,系统提出华北克拉通破坏期间,渤海湾盆地深、浅部的构造机制分别为:中生代浅部构造机制是挤出构造成因,深部构造机制为局部有限的拆沉+底侵模式;新生代构造机制是北西向壳内伸展机制,与印度和欧亚板块碰撞激发的软流圈的东扩远程效应和太平洋俯冲带的跃迁式东撤的联合效应——区域性"西进东退"的深部机制有关。     

Initiation of the North China Craton destruction: Constraints from the diamond-bearing alkaline basalts from Lan'gan,China

The North China Craton (NCC) is an atypical ancient landmass that suffered lithospheric destruction. Previous studies suggest that the eastern part of the lithospheric mantle of the NCC has been thinned and modified in the Mesozoic. However, the initiation time and mechanism of the destruction remain controversial. Mafic magmatism could provide a unique window into deciphering the lithospheric mantle composition and its evolution. Here we present geochemical and geochronological data of the diamond-bearing alkaline basalts from Lan'gan, located in the southeastern margin of the NCC. Zircon U-Pb dating yielded an average age of 174 ± 14 Ma, representing the first reported Jurassic basalts in the eastern NCC. The Lan'gan basalts are enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE) and large ion lithosphile elements (LILE). Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopic compositions (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr(t) = 0.70646–0.70925, εNd(t) = −2.1 to −4.9, ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb(t) = 17.14–18.12, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb(t) = 15.28–15.61, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb(t) = 37.82–38.67, and zircon εHf(t) = −17 to −21) are enriched compared to depleted mantle. The presence of primary amphibole indicates that the magma source of the basalts was water enriched. These observations suggest that, the lithospheric mantle of the eastern NCC were significantly refertilized, likely by slab derived fluids/melts from the Paleo-Pacific subduction. Owing to the Paleo-Pacific subduction, the lithospheric mantle of the eastern NCC were reduced in viscosity and intensity, and finally promoted partial melting in a limited scale to generate the investigated alkaline basalts. Hence, the discovery of diamond in the Lan'gan basalts demonstrates that the lithosphere of the NCC remained thick, and that large-scale destruction had not initiated in the early Jurassic beneath this region.     

华北中生代岩浆作用与去克拉通化

华北是全球古老克拉通遭受破坏最明显和最典型的地区,其去克拉通化作用的时间、范围和机制等重要科学问题是国内外研究的热点。大规模岩浆作用是去克拉通化作用的地质表现之一,通过对华北地区侵入岩侵位时代、源区、成岩过程的研究,可有效反演其去克拉通化作用的时空范围、过程及可能的动力学机制。华北东部广泛发育大面积的中生代侵入岩,本文在作者近十年研究的基础上,通过总结华北东部中生代侵入岩的锆石U-Pb年代学资料,厘定了华北东部中生代岩浆活动主要分为三叠纪、侏罗纪和早白垩世三期;通过岩浆源区、岩石成因研究,探讨不同时期岩石圈(地幔和大陆地壳)性质和厚度的转变及破坏的空间范围;在此基础上,结合区域地质特征初步探讨了华北去克拉通化的地球动力学机制。