The geography of highly skilled international migration

"The present paper provides a research review of recent literature on international migration by the highly skilled. Its principal aim is to identify the themes which are being discussed, and suggest where research into the subject might best proceed.... [The authors outline] the two most important perspectives in extant research, economic and socio-cultural, [and review] what is known about the geography of migration by the highly skilled.... The paper proposes...a reconceptualisation of migration by the highly skilled as one element in the international movement of expertise."     

物质、情感和权力：跨国移民与家的地理学

随着新文化地理学对流动研究的持续关注,家逐渐成为理解跨国移民日常生活实践的重要概念。本文回顾了家的地理学与跨国移民研究的文献,结果发现：首先,跨国移民家的研究开始吸收物质、情感地理学及政治经济学相关理论,文化地理学者可以结合物质、情感与权力创新“家”的理论;其次,跨国移民家的空间政治主要是基于女性、边缘化阶层以及形式上的公民权,有关男性、精英阶层、内容上的超公民权等研究不仅会成为跨国移民研究的趋势,也会为流动性背景下家的研究提供更多的视角。最后,本文提出跨国移民“家”的实践三要素（物质、情感与权力）概念框图,强调从住宅空间、城市空间与跨国空间尺度对家的实践及尺度互动机制进行探讨。     

The geography of age

"This article examines the geography of age across the counties of England and Wales and the regions of Scotland [and in Northern Ireland]." Sections are included on national and subnational age structures and on spatial patterns for childhood ages, working ages, and retired ages.     

The status of Norwegian geography

This report is based on a questionnaire survey sent to geographers working in Norwegian R&D institutions. Present research orientations arc described and the conditions of work of Norwegian academic geographers discussed.     

The political pivot of geography

The paper examines the geographical work of Peter Kropotkin and Halford Mackinder, making clear the political choices behind their very different geographical imaginations. Both writers responded directly to Keltie's report on geographical education and the paper uses these manifestoes as the starting point for an analysis of their relations to geographical thought and geographical institutions.     

地理学的政治

中国地理学的发展当前正处于十字路口,面临诸多方向的选择。如外生地理学和内生地理学的分化,实用主义和科学主义的混行,系统地理学和区域地理学的脱节,经济地理学和人文地理学的互为归属。这些问题悬而不决使地理学的向心力逐渐弱化,地理学者不得不面对诸多学科发展方向上的困扰,以及对学科规范和学术认同上的困惑。笔者以为,此时“搁置争议”并不是办法。为了学科的长远发展,中国的地理学家和地理学会必须做出一些选择。坚持一元还是认同分化,这即是地理学的政治。     

演化经济地理:经济学与地理学之间的第二座桥梁

经济学和地理学长期以来互动并不明显。文中首先对经济学与地理学忽视以及可能的合作进行了分析。如果说新经济地理学构筑了经济学和地理学的第一座桥梁,那么演化经济地理学则构筑了经济学和地理学之间的第二座桥梁。随着演化经济学的逐渐成熟,以演化经济学为基础的演化经济地理这一新兴学科逐步发展起来。文中对演化经济地理的形成、优势以及应用进行详细的阐述。演化经济地理继承了演化经济学中的时间和历史的因素,将演化经济学和经济地理加以融合。演化经济地理在微观、中观以及宏观方面都有着广泛的应用,同时演化经济地理对中国经济社会的发展有着一些重要的启示:①产业的动态化认为产业梯度转移并不能实现区域协调发展;②关系网络指出户籍制度放开的必要性与无效的可能;③多样性则认为单一产业发展战略具有风险性;④再演化的政策则指出政策需要具有"连贯性"。     

日常生活数字化转向的时间地理学应对

信息和通信技术(ICTs)对日常生活产生重要影响,而时间地理学及时应对了日常生活的数字化转向。论文梳理了日常生活数字化转向的基本特征,包括破碎化、多任务与时空替代等方面。相关实证研究试图回答ICTs是否以及如何改变日常生活,但是忽略了对其内在机制的阐释。时间地理学应对日常生活数字化转向的最新研究包括理论扩展与可视化及分析工具发展等方面,这为理解与刻画日常生活的数字化转向提供了新的理论框架与有效工具。研究发现,首先,经典时间地理学的理论和概念可扩展应用于虚拟空间中的行为。时空间去耦合是日常生活数字化转向的内在机制。其次,基于GIS开发了物质—虚拟混合空间行为的可视化和测度方法。最后,新时间地理学对日常活动复杂情境的分析直观揭示了日常生活数字化转向的时空去耦合机制与破碎化、多任务、时空替代等基本特征,并提出前后台活动、ICT介导的活动束、ICT介导的秩序口袋等理解移动ICTs影响下日常活动转型的创新概念。最后,以时间地理学为基础,提出以实虚活动系统为核心的日常生活数字化转向研究框架,并从数字生活、智慧社会和安全城市等方面讨论未来研究议题。     

地理学发展的战略方向探讨

《了解正在变化的星球：地理科学的战略方向》是美国国家研究理事会最新的一部颇富创建性和前瞻性的研究报告,反映了地理学发展的集成研究战略方向.尽管受其任务和受众的影响,报告话语表现出过度重视技术和工具,但其提出的建设地理科学这一议题切中了当前地理学发展的战略方向,也在技术和工具这个“任务”方面尝试相应的建构工作,相伴的重要工作是给出了地理科学未来10 年的11 个优先研究领域.报告后来的评论则重新发掘并弥补了该报告的某些不足,说明了该报告“深度”的一面,尤其是地理科学的方法论问题.与该报告及其评论相比,中国建设地理科学的主张具有如下特点：① 学科体系庞大、层次分明、范畴严密;② “学科”与“任务”明显平衡;③ 有系统论和整体论的方法论;④ 初步显现深远的、连锁的影响.《了解正在变化的星球》及其评论,以及中国地理科学建设表明--跨学科的地理科学是地理学发展的战略方向：① 地理学正走向或走入集成研究的“大科学”阶段;② “学科”与“任务”平衡是地理学自身发展及应对了解正在变化的星球的必然要求;③ 未来地理科学建设应当是具有科学人文主义的学科体系、方法论、技术和工具的“三元”结构.     

The detailed human geography of Britain

"This article contains eight cartograms which help to provide answers to a variety of social and demographic questions about modern Britain. How English is England? How is the pattern of birth-places changing? Is there a north-south divide in the nation's health? Are the inner cities less healthy than rural areas? Has the changing pattern of unemployment eroded the economic divide between north and south? How do the various political, social and demographic patterns of modern Britain relate to each other?"     

行为主义政治地理学研究展望

目前,国内政治地理学研究以引自西方的外生理论和偏重政治结构的静态视角为主。引入行为主义视角不仅能够强化对政治地理行为的理解和政治地理过程与机理的解释,而且能为政治地理学的学科发展做出“中国贡献”。为此,本文总结行为主义政治地理学的研究对象、研究视角和理论基础,提出行为主义政治地理学的理论框架和研究议题。具体而言：行为主义政治地理学的研究对象主要包括地理环境、政治制度/权力关系和政治主体的政治行为、环境认知和情感/态度;其视角强调对微观机制的分析、偏重可检验的规律总结和对人们主观因素的考量;行为主义政治学、政治哲学、行为地理学、情感地理学、政治心理学等相关学科的理论和方法为行为主义政治地理学研究提供了重要基础和参考;决策空间是行为主义政治地理学理论框架中的核心概念,未来研究可以深入考察地理环境对政治行为的直接影响、情感在地理环境与政治行为关系中的中介作用和基于情感的政治行动合法性建构策略。     

Using mnemonics to learn place geography

Abstract

Learning place geography, the location of cities, nations, regions, major physical features, etc., is an important part of school geography. This investigation builds on research findings from educational psychology to address questions about effective ways to teach place geography. The study assesses the pedagogical effectiveness of several instructional strategies featuring keyword mnemonics and the attention-enhancing devices of repeated test-like practice and cooperative learning. The results of the research show a significant difference in place geography learning between mnemonic and non-mnemonic treatment groups. Geographic educators should continue to research cognitive strategies to determine their effect in learning place geography, particularly in the long-term effects of using keyword mnemonics alone and keyword mnemonics in combination with repeated test-like practice.     

The contribution of physical geography to environmental public policy development in Mexico

In recent years, physical geography in Mexico has contributed to the enterprise of geographical science by integrating with fields of study closely related to topics of sustainable development. This paper outlines the contribution of the discipline to environmental public policy development, particularly ecological land use planning and integrated watershed management. In terms of applications, physical geography appears to have reached a stage of maturity in Mexico. However, it must offer a stronger leadership in areas such as ecoregional analysis (in an integrated fashion, and not only from the biological‐ecological perspective) and regional vulnerability to global change processes. An excellent opportunity exists for scientists and decision makers to develop a common agenda.     

我国高师人文地理课程体系改革设想

我国高师地理系传统的课程设置表现出明显的不合理性,必须进行较大的改革。本文探讨人文地理课程群改革的指导思想和具体方案。该方案涉及课程的层次、各课程的功能定位、教学方法等,强调了人文地理实习和毕业论文的重要性。     

The beginning of geography didactics in Norway

At the end of the 19th century geography became a mandatory subject in primary and secondary schools in Norway. Geography was seen as a useful subject that contributed to the modernization of society, but also as a subject that strengthened the national ideology. A need for better education in geography arose and consequently some authors of geography textbooks wrote about teaching geography. In order to strengthen teachers’ education, geography was taught at university level, and to develop the subject it became necessary to relate it to other subjects, especially geology. The author shows that there are several similarities between the content of geography taught in Norwegian schools in the late 19th century and geography taught in schools today.     

The labour-market impact of migration to rural areas

An economic audit of the labour-market impact of in-migration to rural Scotland provides evidence that migrants make rather than take jobs. A survey of 689 households in six study areas selected from across rural Scotland provides the basis for examining the scale and nature of job growth associated with in-migration. Job multipliers are calculated by migrant type and by economic sector.