矿物聚合材料:研究现状与发展前景

矿物聚合材料是以铝硅酸盐矿物或工业固体废物为主要原料 ,以高岭石作配料 ,硅酸钠作结构模板剂 ,氢氧化钠作激活剂而制成的一类新型无机非金属材料。其形成过程为 :铝硅酸盐固体组分的溶解络合、分散迁移、浓缩聚合和脱水硬化。由铝硅酸盐凝胶相形成的基体相 ,其化学组成与沸石相近 ,微结构极可能与蛋白石类似 ,物理形态上呈三维网络结构 ,将未溶解的固体颗粒胶结为坚硬块体 ,是材料获得良好力学性能和化学稳定性的结构基础。矿物聚合材料的性能主要受配料组成和聚合反应的动力学过程所控制 ,其抗压强度随固化时间的延长而呈抛物线式发展。系统研究配料组成和固化条件对铝硅酸盐聚合反应的影响 ,建立表征矿物聚合材料组成结构性能的物理模型 ,是对其进行结构性能设计的理论基础 ,也是利用铝硅酸盐聚合反应实现工业固体废物资源化的技术关键。     

利用钾长石尾矿制备矿物聚合材料的实验研究

以福建沙县田口钾长石尾矿粉体为主要原料，以煅烧高岭石作配料，硅酸钠作结构模板剂，氢氧化钠作激活剂，进行了制备矿物聚合材料的实验研究，实验样品静置固化7－28d，其抗压强度高达19.4-24.9MPa。耐酸性，耐碱性指标均优于相似建材的国家标准。在配料组成中，控制高岭石用量为20％，适当提高硅酸钠的用量和固／液化，有利于提高制品的力学性能。实验表明，材料抗中度随固化时间的延长而叶抛物线式发展，矿物聚合材料的形成过程为：铝硅酸盐固体组分的溶解络合，分散迁移，浓缩聚合，脱水硬化。由铝硅酸盐凝胶相固化而在的基体相，其化学组成与沸石相近，微观结构极可能与蛋白质类似，物理形态上呈三维网状结构，将未溶解的晶质颗粒胶结为坚硬块体，是矿物聚合材料获得良好力学性能的结构基础。     

利用粉煤灰制备高强矿物聚合材料的实验研究

以粉煤灰和内蒙古白云鄂博的富钾板岩提钾后的硅铝质滤渣为粉体原料,标准砂为骨料,采用振动成型方法,在90 ℃下养护24 h,制备了矿物聚合材料。实验结果显示：制品的7 d饱水抗压强度达78.5 MPa,28 d饱水抗压强度可达89.0 MPa;制品的含水率和吸水率分别为5.3%和15.0%;在20 ℃下,制品在浓度为1.0 mol/L的硫酸溶液中浸泡24 h,其质量损失率为2.1%。以制品的抗压强度为指标,研究了主要因素（提钾滤渣比例、固液质量比、硅酸钠含量和标准砂含量）对制品性能的影响。结果表明：干燥的提钾滤渣在粉体物料中的比例对制品的力学性能影响最大;硅酸钠水玻璃在液相中的比例约为70%,且标准砂占固相的比例为70%左右时,可制得力学性能良好的矿物聚合材料。矿物聚合材料的固结过程为：硅铝质原料在碱硅酸盐溶液中先分解为铝硅酸盐低聚体,低聚体再通过脱羟基聚合反应生成铝硅酸盐胶体相,进一步形成由[SiO₄]^4- 和[AlO₄]^5-四面体相互连接的具有三维网络结构的矿物聚合材料基体相,从而赋予制品良好的力学性能。     

利用金矿尾砂制备矿物聚合材料的实验研究

利用北京平谷金矿尾砂、变高岭石、NaOH、KOH和水玻璃制备了矿物聚合材料 ,正交实验结果表明 35℃时的优化条件为尾砂含量 80 %～ 82 5 %、固 /液比 4 3～ 4 7、水 /碱比为4～ 5 (均为质量比 ) ,升高温度、延长固化时间及室温放置时间均会使矿物聚合材料的抗压强度显著提高。将金矿尾砂制备成矿物聚合材料 ,可使部分CN-转化成无害的CO2 -3 和H2 ,其他则以夹持 (物理 )方式固定下来 ;当存在Fe2 +或Fe3+离子时 ,CN-以氰化铁的化学方式固定下来。该矿物聚合材料在 1mol/L的HCl溶液中浸泡 30d ,质量损失 5 6 % ,结构完好 ,表现出良好的抗酸性。在 6 0℃下固化 2 4h ,室温放置 6d后抗压强度为 2 2MPa ;在 6 0℃下固化72h ,抗压强度为 36 6MPa。该研究为金矿尾砂的利用提供了一条新途径。     

利用提钾废渣和粉煤灰制备矿物聚合材料的实验研究

利用富钾岩石提钾后的废渣代替硅酸钠 (钾 )、大部分高岭石和氢氧化钠 (钾 ) ,以粉煤灰为主要原料 ,制备出矿物聚合材料 ,并采用正交实验确定其优化工艺条件为 :煅烧高岭石用量为 10 %～ 15 % ,废渣用量约 35 % ,氢氧化钠用量为 5 %～ 6 %。代表性样品的 7d抗压强度可达到 4 0～ 5 0MPa ,耐酸性、耐碱性分别为 99.99%和 10 0 % ,密度1.77～ 1.88g/cm3 ,收缩率 0 .13%～ 0 .2 8% ,导热系数 0 .4 8～ 0 .5 1W/m·K ,平均硬度 3.4 3。X射线粉末衍射分析表明 ,由铝硅酸盐聚合反应形成的基体相呈非晶态。扫描电镜分析絮凝状的基体相与粉煤灰玻璃体结合紧密 ,从而为制品具备良好的力学性能提供了结构基础。该矿物聚合材料成本低廉 ,同时又能利用粉煤灰等工业固体废物而达到改善环境的目的     

矿物聚合材料固化过程中的聚合反应机理研究

以粉煤灰、高岭石等为原料,制备出具有良好力学性能和耐酸性的矿物聚合材料制品,可代替部分硅酸盐水泥制品。根据矿物聚合材料制品在3 d、7 d、14 d、28 d的X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱（IR）、扫描电镜（SEM）、核磁共振（NMR）等测试分析结果,研究了该材料固化过程中的聚合反应机理。研究结果表明,矿物聚合材料在固化过程中的反应如下：（1）粉煤灰中的玻璃相在强碱的作用下首先发生溶解,其中部分Si-O、Al-O键发生断裂;（2）断裂之后的Si、Al组分在碱金属离子Na⁺、OH^- 等作用下形成Si、Al低聚体（-Si-O-Na、-Si-O-Ca-OH、Al(OH)^-₄、Al(OH)^2-₅、Al(OH)^3-₆）,而后随着溶液组成和各种离子浓度的变化,这些低聚体形成凝胶状的类沸石前驱体;（3）前驱体脱水形成非晶相物质。核磁共振分析结果表明,28 d制品中,Si的存在方式以Q⁴为主。研究结果为进一步揭示矿物聚合材料的形成机理、改善制品的性能奠定了良好的基础。     

金矿尾砂矿物聚合材料的制备及其影响因素

通过利用金矿尾砂制备矿物聚合材料，系统地讨论了不同条件下材料抗压强度变化趋势。所用原料配比为80％金矿尾砂、20％变高岭石、固／液质量比为4．7及水/碱质量比为5，采用半干压法成型，在某一温度下固化一定时间，测定材料的力学强度。实验结果为固化温度从60℃升高到80℃、成型压力从8MPa、16MPa加大到24MPa及固化时间从24h延长到72h都会使材料的抗压强度提高；室温放置时间3、7、14、28d，抗压强度呈增高趋势；外加碱激发剂KOH比Na0H所形成的材料抗压强度高，当碱(Na20或Na20 K20)／SiO2摩尔比为1时，材料的强度达到最大值；钾长石含量较多的骨料比石英骨料及含钾长石较少的骨料材料抗压强度高。实验结果表明，温度升高、成型压力加大和固化时间延长均促进了聚合反应的发生。材料在室温下由于不断从空气中获得水分而使聚合反应不断发生。碱激发剂中K^ 比Na^ 更易使聚合作用进行。含料中高度聚合的钾可被释放出来参与聚合反应。骨料在矿物聚合反应过程中主要以惰性填充方式存在，但仍然参与了聚合反应。     

高炉渣基矿物聚合材料的制备及其对铅离子的固定

以高炉渣和煅烧高岭土为粉体原料,KOH溶液为激活剂,采用振动成型方法,在20℃下养护24 h,制备矿物聚合材料。实验样品静置固化28 d,采用压力试验机可测得其抗压强度高达24~65 MPa。矿物聚合材料制品在1 d、3 d、7 d、28 d的X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(IR)等测试分析表明,高炉渣中的玻璃相在强碱的作用下发生溶解,之后形成Si、Al低聚体,最后形成各种晶体。采用矿物聚合材料可以有效地固定Pb2+。用含Pb2+的溶液配制矿物聚合材料,静置固化28 d,测其抗压强度以及Pb2+溶出率。实验结果表明,Pb2+的存在降低了矿物聚合材料的1 d的抗压强度,但对7 d及28 d抗压强度没有影响,聚合材料对Pb2+固定率达到99.9%。     

酸性环境下生物成因施氏矿物稳定性研究

施氏矿物是酸性矿山废水中广泛存在的次生矿物,其形成和转化受环境pH值、温度和共存离子等条件影响。文中研究了酸性环境中生物成因施氏矿物和吸附了三价砷的生物成因施氏矿物,在不同温度和钾离子浓度条件下的稳定性。结果表明,老化温度的增加促进施氏矿物相的转变:4℃条件下,在15周的老化时间里,无砷及含砷施氏矿物均未发生相转变;而在40℃条件下,经过15周的老化,则无砷和含砷施氏矿物均发生了部分相转变。此外,钾离子浓度变化可以导致施氏矿物老化产物不同:生物成因施氏矿物在0.01mM钾离子条件下老化15周后的转化产物主要为针铁矿,在100mM钾离子条件下老化产物为黄钾铁矾和针铁矿。含As(Ⅲ)施氏矿物在0.01mM钾离子条件下老化15周后没有发生相转变,在100mM钾离子条件下发生了部分相转变,产物为黄钾铁矾。生物成因施氏矿物中的As(Ⅲ)使得矿物在环境中更加稳定。     

我国矿物材料研究进展(2000-2010)

本文介绍了我国关于矿物材料定义、分类及矿物材料学内涵的讨论及其发展现状,系统综述了近十年我国功能矿物材料(包括环境、光功能、电功能、声功能、生物医用等矿物材料)、结构矿物材料(包括矿物聚合材料、矿物摩擦材料、矿物复合材料)和纳米矿物材料的研究进展.资料表明:近十年来环境矿物材料依然是我国矿物材料研究最活跃的领域,其中固体废弃物利用研究得到明显加强,电、光、声学功能矿物材料研究相对不足.结构矿物材料方面,矿物聚合材料研究的兴起引人注目.纳米矿物材料则仍以聚合物/层状结构硅酸盐纳米复合材料研究为主.我国矿物材料研究存在的主要问题是研究方向分散、创新性不强、成果推广应用薄弱.笔者指出,今后我国矿物材料研究应更紧密地结合国家经济社会发展的需要和我国矿物资源的特点,大胆创新研究方法和思路,在进一步加强基础研究的同时,更加重视成果的应用与推广.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the