面向对象自适应渗流有限元分析软件的研究和实现

采用面向对象技术,应用C++研制了一个自适应渗流有限元分析系统。该软件系统的前处理过程用对象化建模,具有实现方便,界面友好的优点。自适应有限元模块的引入使该系统具有规范性和客观性,计算结果不会因人而异,且后处理界面形象直观。笔者还给出了一个土坝渗流的实例,验证了该软件的可用性和优点。     

统一建模语言UML及应用实例

UML是从众多最好的软件工程实践经验中发展而来的一种建模语言。它用标准化的图形符号来表示面向对象系统的概念，使其在软件开发前期为用户和系统分析人员提供了可以相互交流的基础，也为软件开发中后期的开发人员提供了交流的依据。同时，UML作为一种模型语言，可与任何面向对象的开发过程相结合来进行使用。这些优点使它具有广泛的适用性。     

油藏多相渗流的面向对象有限元程序设计

近年来,面向对象的编程技术越来越受到人们的重视,并用来解决和模拟各种物理问题和工程问题,特别是在有限元方法编程和模拟中得到了广泛地应用。介绍了面向对象的程序设计方法和它与有限元程序相结合的原理和优点。在此基础上提出了面向对象有限元方法在油藏多相渗流中的应用实例,并按照面向对象的程序设计方法,基于Windows XP平台采用Visual C++.NET语言,建立了有关描述多相渗流的有限元模型的类,给出了类的描述和它的实现方法。建立的相关类及其实现方法主要包括处理矩阵计算的类、节点类、单元类、材料类、形函数类等。据此编制了油藏多相渗流的有限元分析的数值计算程序,并给出了一个数值实例。     

中国岩石圈数据模型总体设计

基于GIS的中国岩石圈三维结构数据库包含了数据类型各异的12个专业子库内容。存储和管理这些复杂的数据需要一个合理有效的数据模型,以确保数据库中的所有数据对象得到精确和完整的表达。本文讨论岩石圈数据模型的总体设计问题,基本思路是采用当前成熟的面向对象的软件开发技术和面向对象的地理数据库模型。总库数据模型需要满足扩展性和扩充性的要求。开发中用UML协助分析子库数据,在面向对象的地理数据库中用一个要素数据集来容纳一个子库的空间数据,用数据库表、要素类、关系类、子类、域等概念描述岩石圈研究中的各种概念和信息,形成统一的、空间和属性存储管理一体化的岩石圈数据模型。     

基于特征的面向对象虚拟GIS数据模型设计与原型系统实现

针对现有数据模型的不足,结合GIS数据模型的最新进展,在CAD、虚拟现实和仿真等领域得到应用的相关数据模型的基础上,提出使用基于特征的建模技术和面向对象的方法构建一个全新的基于特征的面向对象虚拟GIS数据模型。采用Oracle ORDB管理模式实现其面向对象的虚拟GIS数据库,并依据该模型设计了Client/Server层次结构的分布式虚拟GIS原型系统。     

EXCEL在边坡稳定性分析中的应用

利用Excel强大的数据处理、便捷的公式函数和所支持的面向对象化的程序设计语言VBA,应用于土坡的稳定性分析。基本方法为：先采用传统的瑞典条分法对边坡进行计算分析,在求得最危险滑动面的基础上,通过简化Bishop法对边坡安全系数Fs进行改进。在此过程中,Excel加载VBA子程序可以方便地得到极限平衡条分法中的各未知量,并计算出最危险滑动面上的安全系数Fs,同时使用其可视化功能绘出最危险滑动面的位置。此方法简化了计算程序,不仅容易在Excel表格中实现,且计算对比表明本文方法计算结果与简化Bishop法计算结果非常接近,可满足工程需要。     

Framing vulnerability, risk and societal responses: the MOVE framework

The paper deals with the development of a general as well as integrative and holistic framework to systematize and assess vulnerability, risk and adaptation. The framework is a thinking tool meant as a heuristic that outlines key factors and different dimensions that need to be addressed when assessing vulnerability in the context of natural hazards and climate change. The approach underlines that the key factors of such a common framework are related to the exposure of a society or system to a hazard or stressor, the susceptibility of the system or community exposed, and its resilience and adaptive capacity. Additionally, it underlines the necessity to consider key factors and multiple thematic dimensions when assessing vulnerability in the context of natural and socio-natural hazards. In this regard, it shows key linkages between the different concepts used within the disaster risk management (DRM) and climate change adaptation (CCA) research. Further, it helps to illustrate the strong relationships between different concepts used in DRM and CCA. The framework is also a tool for communicating complexity and stresses the need for societal change in order to reduce risk and to promote adaptation. With regard to this, the policy relevance of the framework and first results of its application are outlined. Overall, the framework presented enhances the discussion on how to frame and link vulnerability, disaster risk, risk management and adaptation concepts.     

ORACLE空间数据库的对象-关系模式初探——兼议关系数据库和面向对象数据库在GIS中的应用

传统的关系数据库在GIS的应用中主要存在以下问题: 除数据类型简单, 不能很好地表达非结构化数据外, 也难以表示GIS中具有复杂结构的数据; 关系模型简单, 不能表达数据之间的层次, 继承、聚合、泛化或特化等在GIS广泛使用的关系; 与数据操纵语言如SQL和通用程序设计语言, 特别是目前流行的面向对象设计语言之间失配.采用面向对象技术可以较好地解决上述问题.ORACLE的空间数据库在传统的关系数据库上进行了面向对象的扩展, 即所谓对象-关系模式, 其核心在于增加了名为SDO-GEOMETRY的对象数据类型, 用于存储几何实体.ORACLE的空间数据库的应用示例表明: 以面向对象的形式表示空间数据比之于关系数据库中存放大量无意义的坐标有着很大的优势, 同时, 它在复合对象的表达方面, 在对于空间关系的处理方面都非常有效      

面向对象有限元程序设计及其VC++与Matlab混合编程实现

应用面向对象方法来研究有限元,是对有限元新方法的有益尝试和创新性发展。通过对比面向过程和面向对象的程序设计方法,讨论了面向对象方法与有限元程序设计相结合的优点,并简要回顾了国内外面向对象的程序设计方法的研究进展。应用面向对象的程序分析方法,建立了三维脆塑性有限元分析类库。采用VC 和Matlab混合编程的手段,设计了基于Windows98/2000/NT操作平台的面向对象的三维脆塑性有限元分析软件,成功地分析了国内某大型水电站地下硐室群围岩稳定性,验证了该面向对象有限元分析程序的有效性和实用性。     

VC与Fortran混合编程及其在大地电磁测深中的应用

Ｆｏｒｔｒａｎ语言是目前流行较广的适用于科学计算的高级语言,ＶＣ（Ｖｉｓｕａｌ Ｃ）更擅长图形系统的开发,因此,在开发交互式解释系统软件时,常常将ＶＣ与Ｆｏｒｔｒａｎ进行混合语言编程。目前,大地电磁测深的处理与正、反演软件都是用Ｆｏｒｔｒａｎ语言编写的,为了避免资源的浪费,提高大地电磁测深的资料处理与解释系统的开发效率,在开发大地电磁测深一维交互式解释系统时,对大地电磁测深中的计算部分仍用现有的Ｆ     

Usefulness of adaptive filtering for improved Digital Elevation Model generation

The Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), which represent the variation of elevation in a terrain at spatial level, are an important source of input to a variety of applications for deriving a number of terrain parameters such as relative relief, slope, aspect direction etc. In recent years, Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry has been viewed as a powerful approach to derive quality DEMs from a pair of SAR images. Despite the interferometric technique is often limited by several de-correlations several researchers demonstrate its effectiveness in topographic mapping. The DEM accuracy is strongly influenced by the effectiveness of the phase unwrapping technique. In this study an effective adaptive filtering approach has been used to reduce the phase noise due to de-correlation and in improving the accuracy of phase unwrapping. Two well known phase unwrapping approaches such as branch cut and minimum cost flow network have been used. Interferometric data from ASAR sensor onboard ENVISAT satellite have been used. A highly undulated terrain condition near Dehradun city situated in Uttarakhand state of India was selected to investigate the performance of this adaptive filtering approach. The RMS error between the InSAR derived elevations and the map derived elevations was obtained as 7.2 m using adaptive filter. However, elevation map of the study area could not be generated due to high de-correlation effect without the use of adaptive filter. This result clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of adaptive filtering approach for generation of DEM at meter level accuracy, which is sufficient for many engineering applications.     

Planning Geotechnical Investigation Using ANFIS

Engineering experience may be written in mathematical form by using adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). In this article we propose a method to use engineering experience and build a model, which can be used as a systematic decision support tool for engineers dealing with new problems. Planning geotechnical investigations is based on experience, which are used to obtain optimal number of investigation points, field and laboratory tests. To achieve this objective we define minimum number of investigation points and several input parameters which could increase or decrease the number of investigation points. The expert’s evaluations were put in a table, from which we generate the basis of the system. The paper presents a concept for planning geotechnical investigation for buildings using ANFIS and practical examples show its usefulness.     

节理岩体三维块体系统面向对象的数据结构

节理岩体三维块体系统的数据结构直接关系到三维块体计算程序开发的难易及程序运行的效率。由于岩体三信块体的任意性、复杂性，使其数据的组织有相当的困难，采用面向对象的设计思想，在C＋＋语言环境下，对三维块体系统的数据结构进行了研究与开发，获得了满意的结果。     

面向对象方法在Biot固结有限元程序中的应用

面向对象程序设计方法应用于有限元程序编制带来了相当大的优越性。但迄今为止，这种方法在岩土工程中的应用实例很少。至于用面向对象方法进行土力学中常见的Biot固结有限元分析软件的开发，尚未见报道。现将面向对象有限元方法引入Biot固结有限元程序编制中，用C＋＋语言编制中一个Biot固结有限元程序实例。和结构化程序设计方法相比较，采用面向对象方法进行Biot固结有限元程序的编制，使程序的可维护性、可再生性、可扩充性和程序开发的效率都得到了很大的提高。指出将面向对象程序设计方法引入了Biot固结有限元程序的编制等岩土工程的数值计算领域，是今后的发展方向。     

基于对偶加权后验误差估计的2.5维直流电阻率自适应有限元正演

采用易于模拟复杂地形起伏和倾斜界面的非结构三角单元剖分网格,并利用对偶加权后验误差估计指导网格自动细化过程,实现了2.5维直流电阻率法自适应有限元数值模拟。在实例模型分析中,分别计算了层状模型和垂直岩脉模型的直流电阻率响应,并与其解析解进行了比较。对比结果表明,该算法所得数值解精度很高,解的相对误差小于0.5%。最后,计算了起伏地形2.5维地电模型视电阻率异常,并利用比较法进行了地形改正。地形改正结果与水平地形时的结果对比表明,比较法可以较好地消除地形影响,突出局部地质体异常。     

A Hybrid Neuro-Fuzzy Model for Mineral Potential Mapping

A GIS-based hybrid neuro-fuzzy approach to mineral potential mapping implements a Takagi–Sugeno type fuzzy inference system in a four-layered feed-forward adaptive neural network. In this approach, each unique combination of predictor patterns is considered a feature vector whose components are derived by knowledge-based ordinal encoding of the constituent predictor patterns. A subset of feature vectors with a known output target vector (i.e., unique conditions known to be associated with either a mineralized or a barren location), extracted from a set of all feature vectors, is used for the training of an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. Training involves iterative adjustment of parameters of the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system using a hybrid learning procedure for mapping each training vector to its output target vector with minimum sum of squared error. The trained adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system is used to process all feature vectors. The output for each feature vector is a value that indicates the extent to which a feature vector belongs to the mineralized class or the barren class. These values are used to generate a favorability map. The procedure is applied to regional-scale base metal potential mapping in a study area located in the Aravalli metallogenic province (western India). The adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system demarcates high favorability zones occupying 9.75% of the study area and identifies 96% of the known base metal deposits. This result is significant both in terms of reduction in search area and the percentage of deposits identified.     

基于面向对象分类的稀土开采区遥感信息提取方法研究

离子吸附型稀土矿是我国宝贵的矿产资源,运用遥感影像分类技术提取稀土开采区可以准确地实现对稀土开采状况的监测,但仅利用光谱信息往往难以保证分类精度。本文以江西寻乌稀土矿区为研究区,以IKONOS影像为数据源,应用面向对象分类方法提取了稀土开采区的遥感信息。针对稀土开采区的分布特点,选择基于边缘的分割算法进行影像分割;结合地形信息、光谱信息及几何信息建立规则集,进行特征提取;最后采用隶属度函数法实现面向对象分类,并与传统的光谱角填图分类进行对比分析。研究结果表明,面向对象分类法提取稀土开采区的总体精度为92.49%,Kappa系数为0.857 6,与传统监督分类方法相比有了很大的提高。     

An object-oriented information model for territorial system management

This article examines an object-oriented geospatial information model for territorial system management, its benefits compared to current automated territorial management systems, and special aspects of its development and implementation in multi-level geoinformation systems. The presented study reflects the major functions of geoinformation materials used in spatial planning, particularly in Earth remote sensing. A territorial information management model is developed from the perspective of the object-oriented geoinformation approach. The study identifies the major functions of the proposed management system and demonstrates what kinds of problems can be solved using this system, develops a spatial algorithmic model for managerial decision-making and a methodology for analyzing local territorial system characteristics; and introduces basic information arrays that can be used to solve practical territorial management problems at various levels.     

三维复杂域非结构化六面体网格全自动生成方法

使用自适应有限单元法在三维复杂域内求解水工及岩土工程问题,讨论了应用行波法在多介质三维复杂块体内六面体单元网格的自动生成过程。其特点是对不规则区域具有较强的适应性,并考虑了节理单元的自动生成。     

有限元软件与通用图形软件间无缝连接的研究

采用面向对象技术,结合已开发的自适应有限元软件AFEAS,探索并实现了它和AutoCAD软件图形的无缝连接,并给出了一个简单的滑坡示例,验证了该方法的可行性和优点。