加热温度对含蜡原油胶凝过程微观机理的影响

加热温度是含蜡原油胶凝程度的主要影响因素。基于油品实验基本物性数据,选取与实验原油实际分子结构较接近的蜡晶、胶质和沥青质分子模型构建含蜡原油体系,应用Materials Studio软件进行分子动力学模拟,研究加热温度对含蜡原油胶凝过程微观机理的影响。结果表明：含蜡原油凝点温度可由密度—温度曲线和自扩散系数—温度曲线综合判断;加热温度降低时,含蜡原油体系分子链由直链转变为卷曲状态且在凝点时发生明显变化;蜡晶同种分子间的聚集是含蜡原油胶凝的主要影响因素。蜡晶分子间的径向分布函数(RDF)存在峰值且集中,使凝点恶化的加热温度RDF峰值明显升高。该结果从分子间作用机理上为含蜡原油胶凝体系流变特性的影响规律研究提供依据。     

新疆博乐哈夏林场一带下二叠统乌郎组火山岩地球化学特征及地质意义

哈夏林场一带发育一套典型的“双峰式”火山岩组合,岩石类型以拉斑玄武岩系列为主,含少量的流纹岩,属高钾钙碱性系列。流纹岩LA ICP MS锆石 U Pb同位素年龄显示该套岩石的形成年龄为(296.6±2.7)Ma,为早二叠世产物。玄武岩富钠贫钾(K₂O/Na₂O=0.21~0.37),高Al(w(Al₂O₃)=17.67%~19.65%)、低Mg(w(MgO)=3.30%~4.64%),表明原始岩浆经历了明显的橄榄石和辉石的分离结晶作用。玄武岩具轻微右倾的稀土元素配分模式,微弱的Eu正异常,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、高场强元素Th、Zr、Hf,亏损高场强元素Sr、P、Ti;岩石地球化学特征及岩石学实验证明,玄武岩为岩石圈地幔尖晶石二辉橄榄岩区域低程度(5%)的部分熔融产物,并在上升过程中经历了明显的分离结晶作用。流纹岩与玄武岩体现出相似的稀土元素配分模式和微量元素特征,并具有一致的演化趋势,暗示二者具有同源演化特征。流纹岩为玄武岩上升过程中分离结晶作用的产物。该套“双峰式”火山岩组合证实伊犁北缘哈夏林场一带在二叠纪时期处于伸展构造背景,此时北天山洋已完全封闭,并开始进入碰撞后的伸展阶段。      

辽河油田杜84区块超稠油低温氧化反应实验

在模拟注蒸汽条件下,开展辽河油田杜84区块超稠油低温氧化反应实验,分析稠油黏度、SARA组成及气体产物的变化,探讨超稠油低温氧化反应的基本特征和机理.结果表明:杜84区块超稠油经过低温氧化反应后气体产物主要为CO2、CO和余O2,并有少量烃气、SO2和H2S,余氧体积分数一般低于4%.在空气压力为0.25MPa时,超稠油低温氧化反应后黏度增大10%~40%,重质组分体积分数增加5.00%,其中,胶质质量分数降低2.00%~5.00%,沥青质质量分数增大5.00%~10.00%.超稠油低温氧化反应机理主要是芳烃加氧或聚合向胶质转化,胶质加氧或聚合向沥青质转化.     

鲁西太古代徂徠山杂岩体花岗质岩石成因探讨

鲁西太古代徂徕山杂岩体主要由片麻状花岗岩和钾长花岗岩构成,此外尚发育少量小规模的中粗粒、细粒闪长岩。本文着重讨论花岗质岩石的成因。徂徕山杂岩体岩石地球化学研究表明,片麻状花岗岩为深源(下地壳)花岗质岩浆侵位结晶的产物;钾长花岗岩是片麻状花岗岩在区域变质作用过程中部分熔融形成的,两者具有密切的成因联系。     

桂东大瑶山地区加里东期基性岩的发现及地质意义

思泰岩体位于扬子地块与华夏地块拼合带的西南段,对剖析华南区域构造演化具有重要的地质意义。思泰岩体主要由辉长岩、辉长闪长岩组成。LA-ICP-MS锆石U Pb年代学分析表明,辉长岩的侵位结晶时限为(445±1)Ma,属于加里东期岩浆活动产物。岩石具有高钾钙碱性特征;其铝饱和指数为0.95~1.99,属准铝质-过铝质岩石;岩石具有中等偏高的Mg#值(0.43~0.51)。锆石的_εHf(t)值主要集中在0.39~5.84之间,其一阶段模式年龄为1 181~855 Ma,暗示其源区主要为中-新元古代岩石圈地幔。综合地球化学、锆石Hf同位素组成特征及区域地质资料,认为思泰岩体是在陆内碰撞造山期后伴随岩石圈局部伸展-减薄,软流圈高温地幔物质上涌,从而导致中-新元古代岩石圈地幔物质的部分熔融,随后岩浆发生上升侵位固结成岩,在上升侵位的过程中受到少量的地壳物质的混染而形成。      

山东平邑“金钱石”地质特征及成因浅析

"金钱石"作为观赏石中的珍品,倍受人们的青睐。岩石自然类型为超基性岩(超镁铁质岩),色暗,密度大,富含铁镁矿物。主要矿物成分为橄榄石、辉石,少量角闪石。岩石成因为幔源岩浆沿构造裂隙或古薄弱带扩张充填的产物。其精美的花纹图案与岩浆自身的结晶分异和后期变质作用等有关。     

南祁连造山带新元古代后碰撞岩浆作用:年代学和地球化学证据

南祁连造山带南缘乌北地体中的柯柯沙花岗岩岩浆作用记录了中国西北部响应全球Rodinia超大陆汇聚过程中长时间的后碰撞花岗岩岩浆作用历史。柯柯沙花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年获得其锆石结晶年龄分别为(861±9)~(863±4)Ma和(827±6)~(830±8)Ma,变质锆石年龄为(463±3)Ma。结合先期获得的年龄数据,柯柯沙花岗岩体可能为约860 Ma和810~830 Ma的两阶段岩浆作用产物。花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩分别呈弱过铝质和弱—强过铝质的高钾钙碱性S型花岗岩特征,其岩浆形成于后碰撞阶段的伸展构造环境,源区岩石主要为变质杂砂岩,岩浆部分熔融温度约为800℃,压力在0.9~1.4GPa之间。综上所述,乌北地体主碰撞阶段结束于860 Ma之前。     

东天山土墩铜镍硫化物矿床成岩时代及岩石成因

摘 要:东天山土墩岩体侵位于上石炭统梧桐窝子组中,与围岩呈热接触变质关系,该岩体由纯橄岩、方辉橄榄岩、堆晶二辉橄榄岩、辉长岩及角闪辉长岩组成。岩石以拉斑系列为主,少量钙碱性系列,镁铁质岩ｍ/ｆ比值均大于０.５,属铁质基性岩。球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线为平坦型,原始地幔标准化微量元素特征表现为相对富集大离子亲石元素(Ｋ、Ｓｒ、Ｂａ、Ｕ),相对亏损高场强元素(Ｎｂ、Ｔａ、Ｐ、Ｔｉ)及Ｔｈ,适度亏损Ｚｒ、Ｈｆ。过渡元素蛛网图显示为“Ｗ” 形的分配型式(Ｔｉ 正异常、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ 负异常),为地幔岩派生的岩浆结晶分异所形成。对土墩角闪辉长岩进行锆石ＬＡ-ＩＣＰ-ＭＳ法测年,结果为(２９８.３７±０.９４)Ｍａ(MSWD＝０.０３８)。结合黄山地区花岗岩特征及东天山北部Ａ型花岗岩形成时代,显示岩体形成于碰撞后伸展的构造环境,为岩石圈伸展减薄期软流圈物质上涌且减压熔融的产物。      

基于剪切速率匀速加载条件的 含蜡原油屈服—触变特性

屈服—触变性是胶凝含蜡原油重要的依时流变特性,利用RS150H流变仪对大庆原油、中原原油、大庆—南堡混合油、苏丹原油等4种物性不同的含蜡原油,在剪切速率线性增大后又线性减小循环加载方式条件下,研究胶凝含蜡原油的屈服—触变性,给出屈服时间与剪切速率变化率之间关系的经验表达式.结果表明:在该循环加载条件下,蜡晶结构恢复速率...     

新疆包古图斑岩铜矿中性复式岩体的同化混染作用

包古图斑岩铜矿位于新疆西准噶尔地区东南部,是一大中型斑岩铜矿床,赋存于包古图中性复式岩体中。包古图中性复式岩体是由早期闪长岩株和晚期闪长玢岩脉组成,以前者为主;该岩体侵位于下石炭统包古图组酸性火山-沉积岩中。对包古图闪长岩株及其围岩进行岩相学、岩石主量和微量元素地球化学及Sm-Nd同位素地球化学等方面进行研究。结果表明:闪长岩株由(石英)闪长岩(含少量辉长岩)、似斑状(石英)闪长岩及少量斜长花岗斑岩组成;其岩石是由偏基性的中性岩浆结晶(分异)作用及岩浆与酸性围岩同化混染作用形成的。同化混染作用的程度不同,则形成不同的岩石:①岩浆直接结晶作用形成辉长岩;②岩浆结晶(分异)作用和少量同化混染作用形成(石英)闪长岩和似斑状(石英)闪长岩;③强烈的同化混染作用形成斜长花岗斑岩,斑岩基质主要由混入岩浆的围岩细碎屑经重结晶作用形成,斑晶是晚于基质结晶的"晚生斑晶"。总之,岩浆与围岩的同化混染作用是包古图岩体的重要成岩作用。     

利用三山岛金矿尾矿制备塑料母料

经磨矿作业后,金矿选别过程通常会产生大量细粒尾矿,三山岛金矿尾矿堆存量较大,尾矿资源丰富。尾矿中有价元素含量不高,尾矿中丰富的非金属矿资源尚未得到有效回收利用。本文以三山岛金矿尾矿为主要原料,进行了有价元素回收探索研究、分级提纯研究、表面改性研究以及制备PP,PE母料添料的试验研究。将分级提纯后的尾矿作为碳酸钙替代料制备的PP,PE母料添料具有良好的性能指标,实现节能减排,减轻环境负担的同时,减少橡胶原料的消耗。     

Effect of Ca(OH)2, NaCl,and Na2SO4 on the corrosion and electrochemical behavior of rebar

The corrosion of rebar in reinforced concrete in marine environments causes significant damage to structures built in ocean environments. Studies on the process and mechanism of corrosion of rebar in the presence of multiple ions may help to control damage and predict the service life of reinforced concrete structures in such environments. The effect of interactions between sulfate and chloride ions and calcium hydroxide on the electrochemical behavior of rebar are also important for evaluation of structure durability. In this work, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) plots of rebar in Ca(OH)_2 solution and cement grout, including NaCl and Na_2SO_4 as aggressive salts, were measured for different immersion times. The results show that corrosion of rebar was controlled by the rate of charge transfer as the rebar was exposed to chloride solution. In the presence of high concentrations of sulfate ions in the electrolyte, generation and dissolution of the passive film proceeded simultaneously and corrosion was mainly controlled by the diffusion rate. When Na_2SO_4 and NaCl were added to Ca(OH)_2 solution, the instantaneous corrosion rate decreased by a factor of 10 to 20 as a result of the higher p H of the corroding solution.     

Mix design and expansion behavior of sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite

Sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite is proved to be one of the most effective ways to prevent concrete cracking too soon． Mix design of sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite complete- ly depends on experience and experiments at present． This method ignores the influence of expansion behavior which hinders the application of sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite． The workability,free ex- pansion property,flexural strength and compressive strength of sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious com- posite have been investigated by tests． The relationship between expansion ratio and mix design parameters such as curing age,water-cement ratio and cement abundance coefficient is deduced according to the experimental statistics． A new simplified approach to mix design of sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite is pro- posed as a reference for construction application,which avoids experiments and experience．     

Development of the nano-composite cement: Application in regulating grouting in complex ground conditions

Improvement of the fluidity and setting time of grouting materials has been recognized as an effective approach of seepage prevention in foundation works, and it is quite common to be used for handling severe leakages in complex ground conditions, such as loose, broken and fully fissured stratum. For the purposed of better meeting the engineering requirements, experimental studies were conducted in this study with focus on the nanocomposite grouting materials and the related controlled grouting technology. As compared with the commonly used silicate-sulpho-aluminate composite cement, which is characterized by relatively poor rheological property, quick setting time and low strength, the most suitable nano-material with proper reactants were selected intentionally to improve the mentioned attributes of composite cement. Due to the setting time and strength of the targeted cement slurry behaving with poor performance of harmonization to engineering construction problems, hydration synergistic effect of these composites were investigated in our experiments. Results showed that the properties of grouting materials, including initial fluidity, setting time, ideal right-angle thickening, and early strength and late strength were sufficient to produce an expected grouting application. It is therefore advocated that the refined grouting material could provide a better solution to fix grouting problems in complex ground cementing operations.     

High-Speed Ring Shear Tests to Study the Motion and Acceleration Processes of the Yingong Landslide

In this paper, the motion and acceleration process, as well as the mechanism of a high speed and long run landslide are investigated by adopting high speed ring shear test and taking the landslide occurred at Yigong River in Bomi, Tibet on April 9, 2000 as the background. According to the motion characteristics of high-speed and long distance motion landside, the mechanism is studied under different conditions such as shear speed, consolidated drained and consolidated undrained status. Results show that high speed shearing process hinders and delays the dissipation of pore pressure, and drives pore water migrating to shear zone slowly. Both of water content and fine particle content at shear zone are obviously higher than those in other layers; and soil liquefaction occurs at shear zone in the saturated consolidated undrained ring shear tests. The effective internal friction angle of the consolidated undrained soil is much lower than that of the consolidated drained soil under ring shearing. The results also indicate that the shearing speed affecting the strength of soil to some extent. The higher the ring shearing speed is, the lower the strength of soil is. This investigation provides a preliminary interpretation of the mechanism of the motion and acceleration process of the Yigong landslide, occurred in Tibet in 2000.     

酸浸法提取硫酸镍的新工艺流程与实践

我国金属镍的生产起步较晚,产量较低,并且有限的镍矿在开采、选矿、冶金中,产出了大量的含处废石、尾石及冶炼炉渣等,开发利用这些废物,搞好镍资源的二次回收,既能减少环境污染,又能获得较好的效益。对青海省拉水峡铜镍矿低品位选矿尾砂进行稀酸浸取提纯,生产结晶硫酸镍产品,镍一次浸出率达75％以上,总回收率近70％。中试流程简单,生产成本较低,产品质量较高,为从低品位镍矿和含镍废料中回收镍提供了范例。     

Effect of clay content to the strength of gravel soil in the source region of debris flow

The production of runoff in the source area of a debris flow is the consequence of a reduction in soil strength. Gravel soil is widely distributed in the source region, and the influence of its clay content on soil strength is one of the important questions regarding the formation mechanism of debris flows. In this paper, the clay content in gravel soil is divided into groups of low clay content(1%, 2, 5%), moderate clay content(3.75%, 5.00%, 6.25%, 7.5%) and high clay content(10.0%, 12.5%, 15%). Tests of the unconsolidated undrained shear strength and consolidated drained shear strength were performed. The unconsolidated undrained shearing(UU) experiment simulates the rapid shear failure of loose gravel soil under the conditions of brief heavy rainfall. The consolidated drained shearing(CD) experiment simulates creep failure of consolidated sediment during extended rainfall. The pore water pressure first increased and then decreased as the clay content increased, and the increase in pore pressure was relatively high in the gravel soil sample when the clay content is in the range of 3.25-7.50%, and stress in the gravel soil is relatively low for a moderate clay content. Gravelly soils with a moderate clay content are moreprone to debris-flow initiation. This paper presents a mathematical formula for the maximum shear stress and clay content of gravel soil under two conditions. The key processes whereby the soil fails and triggers a debris flow—volume contraction of soil, expansion of clay soil, and rise of pore pressure―cause reductions in the soil friction force and enhancement of the water content in the clay particles, and subsurface erosion of soil reduces the soil viscosity, which eventually reduces the soil strength so that the soil loses its stability, liquefies and generates a debris flow.     

黑方台地区马兰黄土渗透特性及结构损伤试验研究

持续引水灌溉改变了马兰黄土的结构,降低了土体的抗剪强度,导致黑方台地区黄土滑坡频繁发生,严重影响着当地居民生命和财产安全。为了明析马兰黄土的渗透过程,取黑方台马兰黄土为研究对象,分别开展核磁共振(NMR)试验及扫描电镜(SEM)试验,以解释此类黄土在不同初始含水率及不同干密度下的渗透特性及结构损伤微观特征。研究结果表明：入渗速率与土体初始含水率呈负相关关系,土体初始含水率越高,其充水微小孔隙增加速率越慢,充水中大孔隙增加速率越快;入渗速率与土体干密度呈负相关关系,且会率先形成高含水率区域,土体干密度越大,其充水微小孔隙增加越慢,充水中大孔隙增加越快。入渗前后对比发现,试样初始含水率越高,微小孔隙增加比例越小,颗粒间接触方式变化越不明显;干密度越大的试样不同孔隙体积基本按等量变化,接触面积明显减少,形成更多的架空孔隙,连通性较好,具有较好的储水能力。入渗后试样原本的致密结构丧失,颗粒破碎严重,部分细长状颗粒向似椭圆状颗粒演化,颗粒间接触方式变为点边接触,粒间胶结作用遭受损伤破坏,甚至部分团粒中颗粒分离、脱落,使得土体强度丧失,最终导致滑坡发生。研究结果可为黄土滑坡的防治提供依据。     

The effect of grain size on the viscosity and yield stress of fine-grained sediments

In debris flow modelling,the viscosity and yield stress of fine-grained sediments should be determined in order to better characterize sediment flow.In particular,it is important to understand the effect of grain size on the rheology of fine-grained sediments associated with yielding.When looking at the relationship between shear stress and shear rate before yielding,a high-viscosity zone（called pseudoNewtonian viscosity） towards the apparent yield stress exists.After yielding,plastic viscosity（called Bingham viscosity） governs the flow.To examine the effect of grain size on the rheological characteristics of fine-grained sediments,clay-rich materials（from the Adriatic Sea,Italy; Cambridge Fjord,Canada; and the Mediterranean Sea,Spain）,silt-rich debris flow materials（from La Valette,France） and silt-rich materials（iron tailings from Canada） were compared.Rheological characteristics were examined using a modified Bingham model.The materials examined,including the Canadian inorganic and sensitive clays,exhibit typical shear thinning behavior and strong thixotropy.In the relationships between the liquidity index and rheological values（viscosity and apparent yield stress）,the effect of grain size on viscosity and yield stress is significant at a given liquidity index.The viscosity and yield stress of debris flow materials are higher than those of low-activity clays at the same liquid state.However the viscosity and yield stress of the tailings,which are mainly composed of silt-sized particles,are slightly lower than those of low-activity clays.     

滨海含水层胶体絮凝导致地层损害的实验研究

滨海含水层地层损害是指淡水驱替咸水过程中,释放后的黏土胶体发生絮凝沉降,导致地层孔隙被堵塞,引起含水介质的渗透性降低的现象。该文通过絮凝沉降实验和定流速砂柱实验,分析不同离子强度和阳离子价态(一价、二价)对胶体絮凝沉降的影响,结果表明:NaCl作为电解质时,絮凝发生的离子强度范围在0.032~0.034 mol/L之间,絮凝时间从82 min减少至39 min;而电解质为CaCl 2,离子强度为0.006 mol/L时,胶体的絮凝时间仅需6 min;钙钠比越高,黏粒絮凝发生的越快。砂柱实验结果显示,含水介质渗透性会随着电解质溶液的离子强度增加和阳离子价态的升高快速降低。当电解质为NaCl,离子强度分别为0.054 mol/L和0.017 mol/L时,含水介质渗透性降低20%所需时间分别为15 min和50 min;当电解质为CaCl2,离子强度为0.011 mol/L时,含水介质渗透性降低20%仅需5 min。因为高离子强度和高价阳离子可以加速胶体絮凝,多孔介质的孔吼更容易发生堵塞,研究成果对降低滨海含水层的地层损害有一定的实际应用价值。