鲁西太古代徂徠山杂岩体花岗质岩石成因探讨

鲁西太古代徂徕山杂岩体主要由片麻状花岗岩和钾长花岗岩构成,此外尚发育少量小规模的中粗粒、细粒闪长岩。本文着重讨论花岗质岩石的成因。徂徕山杂岩体岩石地球化学研究表明,片麻状花岗岩为深源(下地壳)花岗质岩浆侵位结晶的产物;钾长花岗岩是片麻状花岗岩在区域变质作用过程中部分熔融形成的,两者具有密切的成因联系。     

东昆仑造山带东段大格勒花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学特征及其构造意义

大格勒花岗岩是东昆仑弧岩浆岩的重要组成部分,对解译古特提斯演化具有重要意义。通过对东昆仑造山带东段大格勒地区出露的花岗岩进行详细的岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学与岩石地球化学研究,探讨其岩石成因和构造背景。结果表明:大格勒岩体岩石类型主体为灰白色中细粒块状花岗岩,岩体内发育大量的暗色闪长质包体;LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素定年结果显示花岗岩和暗色闪长质包体的结晶年龄分别为(261.0±2.8)Ma和(261.6±1.6)Ma;大格勒花岗岩主体呈准铝质—弱过铝质、中—高钾钙碱性系列,具有富集轻稀土元素,亏损重稀土元素,富集Rb、Th、U等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta等高场强元素特征,含有较低的Mg~#值和Nb/Ta值,为Ⅰ型花岗岩;闪长质包体为中钾钙碱性系列,富Fe、Mg、Ca、Ti等,具有较高的Mg~#值。岩石成因研究表明花岗岩为大陆下地壳基性岩部分熔融的产物,闪长质包体为镁铁质岩浆注入花岗岩快速冷凝的结果。结合区域资料认为,大格勒花岗岩形成于与布青山—阿尼玛卿洋向北俯冲相关的陆缘弧构造环境,进一步表明古特提斯洋于晚二叠世已向北俯冲于东昆北地块之下。     

桂东大瑶山地区加里东期基性岩的发现及地质意义

思泰岩体位于扬子地块与华夏地块拼合带的西南段,对剖析华南区域构造演化具有重要的地质意义。思泰岩体主要由辉长岩、辉长闪长岩组成。LA-ICP-MS锆石U Pb年代学分析表明,辉长岩的侵位结晶时限为(445±1)Ma,属于加里东期岩浆活动产物。岩石具有高钾钙碱性特征;其铝饱和指数为0.95~1.99,属准铝质-过铝质岩石;岩石具有中等偏高的Mg#值(0.43~0.51)。锆石的_εHf(t)值主要集中在0.39~5.84之间,其一阶段模式年龄为1 181~855 Ma,暗示其源区主要为中-新元古代岩石圈地幔。综合地球化学、锆石Hf同位素组成特征及区域地质资料,认为思泰岩体是在陆内碰撞造山期后伴随岩石圈局部伸展-减薄,软流圈高温地幔物质上涌,从而导致中-新元古代岩石圈地幔物质的部分熔融,随后岩浆发生上升侵位固结成岩,在上升侵位的过程中受到少量的地壳物质的混染而形成。      

甘肃北山碱泉子火山岩地球化学特征及地质意义

甘肃北山碱泉子地区志留系公婆泉群岩石组合为石英杂砂岩、含砾粗砂岩夹薄层灰岩、凝灰质砂岩、粉砂岩、砂质板岩和少量火山岩,粉砂岩中局部具鲍马层序。火山岩岩石化学分析数据显示,其主量、微量元素特征与岛弧火山岩地球化学特征有明显差异,说明其不是岛弧环境的产物。前人认为结晶灰岩中产出的珊瑚化石是Altaja,将时代定为志留纪。此次工作重新采集鉴定为Dohophyllum reticulatum Fomitchev(网状顿河珊瑚),? Paracarruthersella sp.(? 拟卡鲁特珊瑚)并鉴定出有孔虫,时代应为晚石炭世。因此,结合化石时代和火山岩的地球化学特征,认为整个北山地区,红柳河-牛圈子-洗肠井蛇绿岩带以南没有岛弧火山岩的出露,预示着该地区古生代构造演化过程中不存在有向南俯冲的火山岩证据,这对完善北山古生代构造演化格架具有重要的指示意义。      

江西相山矿田邹家山铀矿床特富矿石流体包裹体特征:来自共生磷灰石-紫黑色细晶萤石等矿物制约

在相山矿田成矿流体研究中,前人一般选择成矿晚期结晶良好、透明度高的脉石矿物中的流体包裹体进行研究,其结果难以准确反映成矿流体的信息。基于此,选择江西相山矿田邹家山铀矿床特富矿石中与铀矿物紧密共生的磷灰石及其伴生微细晶透明矿物作为研究对象,通过岩相学观察、扫描电镜能谱分析及流体包裹体研究,讨论该矿床的成矿流体性质,以期为成矿流体来源的判断与成矿过程的研究提供新资料。结果表明:特富铀矿石中与铀矿物密切共生的磷灰石可分为两类。一类为含黑色矿物包裹体的微晶磷灰石(Ap1型),晶形较差,形状不规则,透明度较差,粒度小,推测为主成矿阶段产物,与之共生的主要有微晶石英和紫黑色细晶萤石,同属主成矿阶段产物;另一类为中粗晶磷灰石(Ap2型),自形程度高,形状规则,部分呈六方柱形,粒度大,推测为成矿晚阶段产物。主成矿阶段,紫黑色细晶萤石中流体包裹体气体成分主要为H_2,微晶石英中流体包裹体气体成分主要为O_2和CO_2,指示了成矿流体中的气体组分以H_2、O_2为主,可能含有少量的CO_2,说明成矿流体具有富H_2的深源流体加入。主成矿阶段流体包裹体均一温度为270℃～330℃,盐度为5%～9%NaCl_(eq),成矿晚阶段流体包裹体均一温度为180℃～220℃,盐度为4%～10%NaCl_(eq),成矿温度最低为180℃。特富铀矿石中成矿期磷灰石及其共生脉石矿物中流体包裹体组合特征较好地指示了铀主成矿阶段的流体性质。     

甘肃康县阳坝岩体岩石成因及壳-幔相互作用

出露于甘肃康县南部阳坝镇一带的阳坝岩体具有典型的岩浆混合特征,岩体中暗色微粒包体发育,主要类型为暗色细粒微粒闪长质及石英闪长质岩浆包体,岩浆包体与寄主岩石界限清晰。岩浆包体具淬火结构:角闪石呈长柱状,黑云母呈长条片状,磷灰石呈针状,包体中出现石英颗粒集合体及发育熔蚀环的斜长石捕虏晶。岩石学、地球化学研究表明,微粒闪长质包体的(La/Yb)N、Rb/Sr值都比寄主岩石高,且铕亏损程度更大,包体和寄主岩石的Mg#高(寄主岩石Mg#=50.8~54.5,暗色包体Mg#=55.6~60.1)。结合岩相学特征可以认为,暗色微粒包体可能是幔源的高温偏基性岩浆侵入到花岗闪长质岩浆中淬火结晶的产物,在此过程中,花岗质岩浆受到幔源物质混染,表明在中三叠世,扬子板块西北缘曾发生壳-幔混合作用。     

柴达木地块北缘牛鼻子梁铜镍硫化物矿床地质特征及成因

牛鼻子梁岩体位于柴达木地块北缘俄博梁断隆区,是一个出露面积约8km2的镁铁质—超镁铁质层状杂岩体,呈岩床状,东西向延长;堆晶结构与堆晶层理发育,可划分出多个堆晶韵律与旋回,岩石类型丰富,具有橄榄岩相、辉石岩相和辉长岩相等多种岩石类型。中酸性端元的岩石类型有石英闪长岩和英云闪长岩,证明岩浆经历了以分离结晶为主导性机制的分异演化过程。岩浆富水,结晶出大量褐色普通角闪石,形成角闪石岩。岩体中含有大量的古元古界金水口岩群捕虏体,同化混染严重。该岩体内含有2层层状矿体,一层在海拔3 100 m处,另一层在海拔2 800～2 900m处。此外,在岩体西端还有一个被断层活化迁移后赋存在断层带中的热液型矿体。矿石构造主要呈浸染状、海绵陨铁状和块状;成矿过程可划分为3个成矿期(岩浆期、矿浆期和岩浆热液期)和4个成矿阶段。结果表明:岩浆自身的分异演化与同化混染作用共同导致了硫化物熔离;成矿过程具有明显的多期多阶段性,而非连续过程。     

西秦岭西段塔洞花岗闪长岩体年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

塔洞花岗闪长岩体位于西秦岭造山带西段,主体岩性为灰白色中细粒块状花岗闪长岩,岩体中未见暗色闪长质包体。对该岩体进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年代学测试,所选锆石均为具岩浆韵律环带结构的岩浆锆石,锆石w(Th)/w(U)值主体大于0.4,锆石U-Pb加权平均年龄为(219.0±5.3)Ma,代表塔洞花岗闪长岩体的结晶年龄。地球化学特征显示,该岩体具有高SiO2质量分数(66.88%~67.46%)、高Al2O3质量分数(15.39%~16.54%)、富K(质量分数为2.83%~4.12%)、准铝质(A/CNK值介于0.97~1.0之间)的高钾钙碱性花岗岩特征。该岩体轻、重稀土元素分异强烈,Eu异常不明显,球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分模式为右倾型,原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图具明显的富集大离子亲石元素(Cs、Rb、Ba等),亏损重稀土元素与高场强元素(如Nb、Ta等)的特征。该岩体具有与埃达克质花岗岩相似的特征,如高Sr质量分数(主体大于400×10-6)、低Y质量分数((5.49~12.8)×10-6)、低Yb质量分数((0.34~0.91)×10-6)、高w(Sr)/w(Y)值(大于40,多介于50~90之间)。岩石成因研究表明,该岩体为加厚下地壳石榴子石角闪岩(石榴子石体积分数为10%~20%)部分熔融并经历分离结晶作用形成的。综合区域资料认为,西秦岭造山带西段古特提斯洋于印支晚期已经关闭,南北陆块完成同碰撞造山作用,并进入后碰撞构造演化阶段。     

胶东地区早白垩世伟德山期花岗岩

伟德山期花岗岩代表了胶东地区中生代早白垩世晚期(110～123Ma)大规模岩浆事件,是中国东部中生代构造体制转换峰期事件产物;受区域构造控制,由二长闪长岩—二长岩—石英二长岩—花岗闪长岩—二长花岗岩类组成,斑晶发育,含大量的暗色闪长质微粒包体,以准铝质—弱过铝质的高钾钙碱性岩系为主,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K、Ba,高场强元素U、Th, Nb、P、Ti元素亏损,Zr、Hf元素为正异常,具有高Ba-Sr花岗岩特征,为壳幔混合成因,壳源物质来源为新太古代TTG片麻岩及古元古代变质岩。该期花岗岩形成于岩浆弧构造环境,由于胶北地块与苏鲁造山带地壳结构差异,在岩石组合、地球化学特征及形成时代上略有差异,总体由西至东,年龄值逐渐变小,向偏碱性转变。     

新疆西准噶尔哈图岩体地球化学特征及其地质意义

哈图岩体侵位于西准噶尔南部早-中泥盆世海相火山-沉积地层中,主要岩性为二长花岗岩、正长花岗岩及少量碱长花岗岩,是研究西准噶尔晚石炭世构造环境的理想对象。哈图岩体花岗岩中SiO2含量(质量分数,下同)为72.06%~76.53%,全碱(Na2O+K2O)为7.80%~8.57%,CaO为0.20%~1.58%,MgO为0.07%~0.42%,明显具有高Si、富碱、贫Ca、低Mg的特征;这些花岗岩的Al2O3含量为12.55%~14.06%,A/CNK值为1.06~1.15,A/NK值为1.15~1.36,显示其为弱过铝质-强过铝质花岗岩。此外,哈图岩体具有较低的稀土元素总含量((88.14~139.53)×10-6)和高的轻、重稀土元素比值((La/Yb)N值为3.04~6.50),在球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分模式中显示为典型的右倾"V"字形且具有强烈的负Eu异常,表明源区可能有斜长石残留或出现斜长石的分离结晶作用;在原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图中,这些花岗岩明显富集Rb、Th、U、K、Pb等大离子亲石元素,相对富集Zr、Hf,强烈亏损Sr、Ti、P,相对亏损Ba、Nb。以上特征及主量、微量元素特征和图解表明,哈图岩体为典型的弱过铝质-强过铝质A2型花岗岩,其形成于造山后伸展阶段,是由洋壳和岛弧组成的新生地壳受上涌的幔源物质加热,在浅部低压条件下发生部分熔融,再经分离结晶作用的产物。     

利用三山岛金矿尾矿制备塑料母料

经磨矿作业后,金矿选别过程通常会产生大量细粒尾矿,三山岛金矿尾矿堆存量较大,尾矿资源丰富。尾矿中有价元素含量不高,尾矿中丰富的非金属矿资源尚未得到有效回收利用。本文以三山岛金矿尾矿为主要原料,进行了有价元素回收探索研究、分级提纯研究、表面改性研究以及制备PP,PE母料添料的试验研究。将分级提纯后的尾矿作为碳酸钙替代料制备的PP,PE母料添料具有良好的性能指标,实现节能减排,减轻环境负担的同时,减少橡胶原料的消耗。     

Effect of Ca(OH)2, NaCl,and Na2SO4 on the corrosion and electrochemical behavior of rebar

The corrosion of rebar in reinforced concrete in marine environments causes significant damage to structures built in ocean environments. Studies on the process and mechanism of corrosion of rebar in the presence of multiple ions may help to control damage and predict the service life of reinforced concrete structures in such environments. The effect of interactions between sulfate and chloride ions and calcium hydroxide on the electrochemical behavior of rebar are also important for evaluation of structure durability. In this work, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) plots of rebar in Ca(OH)_2 solution and cement grout, including NaCl and Na_2SO_4 as aggressive salts, were measured for different immersion times. The results show that corrosion of rebar was controlled by the rate of charge transfer as the rebar was exposed to chloride solution. In the presence of high concentrations of sulfate ions in the electrolyte, generation and dissolution of the passive film proceeded simultaneously and corrosion was mainly controlled by the diffusion rate. When Na_2SO_4 and NaCl were added to Ca(OH)_2 solution, the instantaneous corrosion rate decreased by a factor of 10 to 20 as a result of the higher p H of the corroding solution.     

Mix design and expansion behavior of sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite

Sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite is proved to be one of the most effective ways to prevent concrete cracking too soon． Mix design of sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite complete- ly depends on experience and experiments at present． This method ignores the influence of expansion behavior which hinders the application of sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite． The workability,free ex- pansion property,flexural strength and compressive strength of sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious com- posite have been investigated by tests． The relationship between expansion ratio and mix design parameters such as curing age,water-cement ratio and cement abundance coefficient is deduced according to the experimental statistics． A new simplified approach to mix design of sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite is pro- posed as a reference for construction application,which avoids experiments and experience．     

Development of the nano-composite cement: Application in regulating grouting in complex ground conditions

Improvement of the fluidity and setting time of grouting materials has been recognized as an effective approach of seepage prevention in foundation works, and it is quite common to be used for handling severe leakages in complex ground conditions, such as loose, broken and fully fissured stratum. For the purposed of better meeting the engineering requirements, experimental studies were conducted in this study with focus on the nanocomposite grouting materials and the related controlled grouting technology. As compared with the commonly used silicate-sulpho-aluminate composite cement, which is characterized by relatively poor rheological property, quick setting time and low strength, the most suitable nano-material with proper reactants were selected intentionally to improve the mentioned attributes of composite cement. Due to the setting time and strength of the targeted cement slurry behaving with poor performance of harmonization to engineering construction problems, hydration synergistic effect of these composites were investigated in our experiments. Results showed that the properties of grouting materials, including initial fluidity, setting time, ideal right-angle thickening, and early strength and late strength were sufficient to produce an expected grouting application. It is therefore advocated that the refined grouting material could provide a better solution to fix grouting problems in complex ground cementing operations.     

High-Speed Ring Shear Tests to Study the Motion and Acceleration Processes of the Yingong Landslide

In this paper, the motion and acceleration process, as well as the mechanism of a high speed and long run landslide are investigated by adopting high speed ring shear test and taking the landslide occurred at Yigong River in Bomi, Tibet on April 9, 2000 as the background. According to the motion characteristics of high-speed and long distance motion landside, the mechanism is studied under different conditions such as shear speed, consolidated drained and consolidated undrained status. Results show that high speed shearing process hinders and delays the dissipation of pore pressure, and drives pore water migrating to shear zone slowly. Both of water content and fine particle content at shear zone are obviously higher than those in other layers; and soil liquefaction occurs at shear zone in the saturated consolidated undrained ring shear tests. The effective internal friction angle of the consolidated undrained soil is much lower than that of the consolidated drained soil under ring shearing. The results also indicate that the shearing speed affecting the strength of soil to some extent. The higher the ring shearing speed is, the lower the strength of soil is. This investigation provides a preliminary interpretation of the mechanism of the motion and acceleration process of the Yigong landslide, occurred in Tibet in 2000.     

酸浸法提取硫酸镍的新工艺流程与实践

我国金属镍的生产起步较晚,产量较低,并且有限的镍矿在开采、选矿、冶金中,产出了大量的含处废石、尾石及冶炼炉渣等,开发利用这些废物,搞好镍资源的二次回收,既能减少环境污染,又能获得较好的效益。对青海省拉水峡铜镍矿低品位选矿尾砂进行稀酸浸取提纯,生产结晶硫酸镍产品,镍一次浸出率达75％以上,总回收率近70％。中试流程简单,生产成本较低,产品质量较高,为从低品位镍矿和含镍废料中回收镍提供了范例。     

Effect of clay content to the strength of gravel soil in the source region of debris flow

The production of runoff in the source area of a debris flow is the consequence of a reduction in soil strength. Gravel soil is widely distributed in the source region, and the influence of its clay content on soil strength is one of the important questions regarding the formation mechanism of debris flows. In this paper, the clay content in gravel soil is divided into groups of low clay content(1%, 2, 5%), moderate clay content(3.75%, 5.00%, 6.25%, 7.5%) and high clay content(10.0%, 12.5%, 15%). Tests of the unconsolidated undrained shear strength and consolidated drained shear strength were performed. The unconsolidated undrained shearing(UU) experiment simulates the rapid shear failure of loose gravel soil under the conditions of brief heavy rainfall. The consolidated drained shearing(CD) experiment simulates creep failure of consolidated sediment during extended rainfall. The pore water pressure first increased and then decreased as the clay content increased, and the increase in pore pressure was relatively high in the gravel soil sample when the clay content is in the range of 3.25-7.50%, and stress in the gravel soil is relatively low for a moderate clay content. Gravelly soils with a moderate clay content are moreprone to debris-flow initiation. This paper presents a mathematical formula for the maximum shear stress and clay content of gravel soil under two conditions. The key processes whereby the soil fails and triggers a debris flow—volume contraction of soil, expansion of clay soil, and rise of pore pressure―cause reductions in the soil friction force and enhancement of the water content in the clay particles, and subsurface erosion of soil reduces the soil viscosity, which eventually reduces the soil strength so that the soil loses its stability, liquefies and generates a debris flow.     

黑方台地区马兰黄土渗透特性及结构损伤试验研究

持续引水灌溉改变了马兰黄土的结构, 降低了土体的抗剪强度, 导致黑方台地区黄土滑坡频繁发生, 严重影响着当地居民生命和财产安全。为了明析马兰黄土的渗透过程, 取黑方台马兰黄土为研究对象, 分别开展核磁共振(NMR)试验及扫描电镜(SEM)试验, 以解释此类黄土在不同初始含水率及不同干密度下的渗透特性及结构损伤微观特征。研究结果表明: 入渗速率与土体初始含水率呈负相关关系, 土体初始含水率越高, 其充水微小孔隙增加速率越慢, 充水中大孔隙增加速率越快; 入渗速率与土体干密度呈负相关关系, 且会率先形成高含水率区域, 土体干密度越大, 其充水微小孔隙增加越慢, 充水中大孔隙增加越快。入渗前后对比发现, 试样初始含水率越高, 微小孔隙增加比例越小, 颗粒间接触方式变化越不明显; 干密度越大的试样不同孔隙体积基本按等量变化, 接触面积明显减少, 形成更多的架空孔隙, 连通性较好, 具有较好的储水能力。入渗后试样原本的致密结构丧失, 颗粒破碎严重, 部分细长状颗粒向似椭圆状颗粒演化, 颗粒间接触方式变为点边接触, 粒间胶结作用遭受损伤破坏, 甚至部分团粒中颗粒分离、脱落, 使得土体强度丧失, 最终导致滑坡发生。研究结果可为黄土滑坡的防治提供依据。      

The effect of grain size on the viscosity and yield stress of fine-grained sediments

In debris flow modelling,the viscosity and yield stress of fine-grained sediments should be determined in order to better characterize sediment flow.In particular,it is important to understand the effect of grain size on the rheology of fine-grained sediments associated with yielding.When looking at the relationship between shear stress and shear rate before yielding,a high-viscosity zone（called pseudoNewtonian viscosity） towards the apparent yield stress exists.After yielding,plastic viscosity（called Bingham viscosity） governs the flow.To examine the effect of grain size on the rheological characteristics of fine-grained sediments,clay-rich materials（from the Adriatic Sea,Italy; Cambridge Fjord,Canada; and the Mediterranean Sea,Spain）,silt-rich debris flow materials（from La Valette,France） and silt-rich materials（iron tailings from Canada） were compared.Rheological characteristics were examined using a modified Bingham model.The materials examined,including the Canadian inorganic and sensitive clays,exhibit typical shear thinning behavior and strong thixotropy.In the relationships between the liquidity index and rheological values（viscosity and apparent yield stress）,the effect of grain size on viscosity and yield stress is significant at a given liquidity index.The viscosity and yield stress of debris flow materials are higher than those of low-activity clays at the same liquid state.However the viscosity and yield stress of the tailings,which are mainly composed of silt-sized particles,are slightly lower than those of low-activity clays.     

滨海含水层胶体絮凝导致地层损害的实验研究

滨海含水层地层损害是指淡水驱替咸水过程中,释放后的黏土胶体发生絮凝沉降,导致地层孔隙被堵塞,引起含水介质的渗透性降低的现象。该文通过絮凝沉降实验和定流速砂柱实验,分析不同离子强度和阳离子价态(一价、二价)对胶体絮凝沉降的影响,结果表明:NaCl作为电解质时,絮凝发生的离子强度范围在0.032~0.034 mol/L之间,絮凝时间从82 min减少至39 min;而电解质为CaCl 2,离子强度为0.006 mol/L时,胶体的絮凝时间仅需6 min;钙钠比越高,黏粒絮凝发生的越快。砂柱实验结果显示,含水介质渗透性会随着电解质溶液的离子强度增加和阳离子价态的升高快速降低。当电解质为NaCl,离子强度分别为0.054 mol/L和0.017 mol/L时,含水介质渗透性降低20%所需时间分别为15 min和50 min;当电解质为CaCl2,离子强度为0.011 mol/L时,含水介质渗透性降低20%仅需5 min。因为高离子强度和高价阳离子可以加速胶体絮凝,多孔介质的孔吼更容易发生堵塞,研究成果对降低滨海含水层的地层损害有一定的实际应用价值。