夏威夷群岛的地貌特征

本文根据实地考察并结合有关资料,对夏威夷群岛地貌的一些特点进行探讨。首先,分析了这些岛群的大地地貌特征;其次,介绍了灾害性地质地貌现象的控制和利用;最后,对夏威夷群岛的地貌演变趋势进行了探讨。这对大地地貌的研究以及对我国海岛开发将有所借鉴。     

夏季北极斯瓦尔巴群岛周边海域微型浮游生物群落分布特征及环境影响初探

文章通过荧光显微分析和分子生物学分析方法,对斯瓦尔巴群岛周边海域微型浮游生物群落中的浮游细菌丰度、微型浮游植物丰度及优势种进行了重点调查,分析了微型浮游生物群落与海洋环境之间的相关性。结果表明,浮游细菌的丰度为4.2×105～1.2×106cells/ml,微型浮游植物的丰度为2.7×103～4.1×104cells/ml;微型浮游植物优势种包括微胞藻、微型海链藻和微型角毛藻。冰川融水会给附近海域带来陆源微生物,并在一定程度上促进微型浮游植物的生长,而海冰的存在和低温则是导致微型浮游生物丰度较低的主因。北冰洋升温和海冰(冰川)消融会导致海洋浮游生物群落的微型化,这种趋势会明显影响大型海洋生物对它们的利用效率,从而影响整个北冰洋海洋生态系统。     

利用探地雷达(GPR)观测加拿大北极群岛和陆架区海冰厚度空间分布特征

Ground Penetrating Radar(GPR) measurements of sea ice thickness including undeformed ice and ridged ice were carried out in the central north Canadian Archipelago in spring 2010. Results have shown a significant spatial heterogeneity of sea ice thickness across the shelf. The undeformed multi-year fast ice of(2.05±0.09) m thick was investigated southern inshore zone of Borden island located at middle of the observational section,which was the observed maximum thickness in the field work. The less thick sea ice was sampled across a flaw lead with the thicknesses of(1.05±0.11) m for the pack ice and(1.24±0.13) m for the fast ice. At the northernmost spot of the section, the undeformed multi-year pack ice was(1.54±0.22) m thick with a ridged ice of 2.5 to 3 m,comparing to the multi-year fast ice with the thickness of(1.67±0.16) m at the southernmost station in the Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea.     

基于GPS实测数据和PS-InSAR技术的北极Pedersenbreen冰川表面运动特征分析

Pedersenbreen冰川是我国北极冰川运动监测的重点研究区域之一。本文以2017年9月—2018年9月的共31景Sentinel-1A中等分辨率SAR影像数据为基础,采用PS-InSAR技术对Pedersenbreen冰川进行长时间序列的形变监测,获取Pedersenbreen冰川沿雷达视线方向的运动速率图,提取Pedersenbreen冰川沿雷达视线方向的运动信息。研究发现,Pedersenbreen冰川整体处于向下游运动的趋势,Pedersenbreen冰川主体的运动速率范围为-8.901～-2.957 m/a。将冰川运动速率沿铅垂线方向进行分解,得到GPS监测点P1、P2、P3、P4、P5缓冲区的冰川表面垂直变化速率均值,分别为-2.316 1 m/a、-2.438 7 m/a、-1.851 7 m/a、-2.181 1 m/a和-1.875 4 m/a。基于GPS实测数据进行处理,获得冰川表面垂直变化速率分别为-1.879 6 m/a、-2.041 3 m/a、-1.422 0 m/a、-1.722 3 m/a和-1.376 9 m/a,误差均在0.5 m/a之内,验证了结果的可靠性。表明PS-InSAR技术可以用于极地冰川运动趋势的变化监测,是冰川监测手段的一个有效补充。     

AAA—01北极地区显生宙古地理演化（二）：北格陵兰、斯瓦尔巴特群岛和加拿大北极区晚白垩世沉积的碎屑锆石研究

晚侏罗世-早白垩世期间,北极盆地（包括巴伦支海、北格陵兰Wandel海盆地和加拿大北极区）是一个宽广的陆缘海,从东部Novaya Zemlya一直延伸到西部Sverdmp盆地。斯瓦尔巴特群岛晚白垩世Helvetiafjellet组、加拿大北极区Isachsen组、北格陵兰LichenRyg和Ladegrdsell组均沿该陆缘海西侧沉积。     

北极地区深海微生物研究进展及对策

对北极地区深海微生物研究进展进行了综述和展望分析,并提出强化我国北极深海微生物研究的对策,以期为相关研究和决策提供参考。综述表明北极深海微生物具有丰富的多样性,是数量巨大的遗传基因资源承载者,群落结构表现出显著的空间分布差异,在北极深海食物链中可能发挥着基础性作用。展望分析提出聚焦北极深海这一特殊的极端环境,开展微生物多样性和地理分布特征研究、新颖遗传生化功能挖掘以及多尺度生态系统下微生物与环境变化的研究具有重要意义和价值。建议我国顶层布局、构建北极深海微生物协同研究体系,提升专用配套仪器装备保障能力,全面推进相关研究工作。     

北极地区大地构造特征及其构造演化——北极地区大地构造编图研究进展

北极地区具有丰富的油气资源,但是受极度寒冷气候和广泛分布冰盖的影响,北极是全球地质研究程度最低的地区之一。为此,基于最新地球物理数据,结合文献资料中的地貌、地质、矿产资源资料,编制了北极地区大地构造图(1:500万)。通过系统的编图研究,认为北极地区位于泛大陆腹地,中生代以来的构造演化受到冰岛地幔柱的垂向作用和欧亚-劳伦板块缓慢的顺时针旋转的水平作用共同制约。其构造演化可归纳为3个阶段:(1)早中生代:北亚-北美西北部(远东-科迪勒拉)造山带俯冲-造山增生阶段,古太平洋向北俯冲,古亚洲洋最终关闭,泛大陆最终形成;(2)侏罗纪-白垩纪:伴随着加拿大盆地张开,南阿纽伊洋盆俯冲消亡并形成南阿纽伊缝合带,两者之间在运动学上具有耦合联系,并伴随其间转换断层的调节作用;(3)新生代以来北大西洋中脊持续扩展传播,造成欧亚盆地张开和加科尔洋中脊发育。北极地区处于全球不同构造域之间的桥梁和枢纽。随着北冰洋洋盆伸展作用发展及加科尔洋中脊向南传播,它将西南贯通北太平洋构造域(远东造山带),彻底改变全球中生代以来的构造格局。     

Spitsbergen（斯瓦尔巴特群岛）及邻近大陆架1：1000000地质图

Spitsbergen构造区位于欧亚板块西北角,这是重建北大西洋和北极西部地质史的关键区域。目前解释的Spitsbergen构造区,是加里东造山运动期由四个各具前加里东构造史的块体组合而成的。     

北极地区通航环境评估模型研究

通航环境是决定船舶北极航行安全的关键因素。针对北极地区通航环境的复杂性与危险性,对北极地区整体通航环境进行了系统的分析,并基于灰色系统理论构建了通航环境评估模型,进一步实现了模型的验证。其中,水文环境、助航及信息情报环境对北极地区安全通航影响最大。该研究为北极地区航行安全以及航线的设计提供了一定的理论参考。     

北极地区油气资源的空间分布状况及特征分析

近年来,北极地区油气资源备受瞩目,北极地区油气资源开发利用开展得如火如荼,为北极国家能源产量增长带来了新的契机。文章以北极国家为出发点,采用文献梳理法,系统研究俄罗斯、美国、挪威、加拿大等北极国家在北极地区的油气资源勘探、开发情况;采用统计分析法,分析北极地区待发现油气资源与已发现油气资源的空间分布特征。研究发现,北极地区的油气资源在空间上呈现出极不均衡的特点。伴随着油气勘探技术的突破以及北极航道的逐渐开通,北极国家纷纷加快北极地区油气开发活动的进程,目前北极国家油气开发活动主要在陆地,而未来将逐步迈向北极近海。中国作为北极事物的重要利益攸关方,可以积极与北极国家开展合作,进而参与到北极地区油气资源的开发进程。     

Oligocene to Lower Pliocene deposits of the Norwegian continental shelf,Norwegian Sea,Svalbard, Denmark and their relation to the uplift of Fennoscandia: A synthesis

This study provides the results of the first integrated study of Oligocene–Pliocene basins around Norway.Within the study area, three main depocentres have been identified where sandy sediments accumulated throughout the Oligocene to Early Pliocene period. The depocentre in the Norwegian–Danish Basin received sediments from the southern Scandes Mountains, with a general progradation from north to south during the studied period. The depocentre in the basinal areas of the UK and Norwegian sectors of the North Sea north of 58°N received sediments from the Scotland–Shetland area. Because of the sedimentary infilling there was a gradual shallowing of the northern North Sea basin in the Oligocene and Miocene. A smaller depocentre is identified offshore northern Nordland between Ranafjorden (approximately 66°N) and Vesterålen (approximately 68°N) where the northern Scandes Mountains were the source of the Oligocene to Early Pliocene sediments. In other local depocentres along the west coast of Norway, sandy sedimentation occurred in only parts of the period. Shifts in local depocentres are indicative of changes in the paleogeography in the source areas.In the Barents Sea and south to approximately 68°N, the Oligocene to Early Pliocene section is eroded except for distal fine-grained and biogenic deposits along the western margin and on the oceanic crust. This margin was undergoing deformation in a strike-slip regime until the Eocene–Oligocene transition. The Early Oligocene sediments dated in the Vestbakken Volcanic Province and the Forlandssundet Basin represent the termination of this strike-slip regime.The change in the plate tectonic regime at the Eocene–Oligocene transition affected mainly the northern part of the study area, and was followed by a quiet tectonic period until the Middle Miocene, when large compressional dome and basin structures were formed in the Norwegian Sea. The Middle Miocene event is correlated with a relative fall in sea level in the main depocentres in the North Sea, formation of a large delta in the Viking Graben (Frigg area) and uplift of the North and South Scandes domes. In the Norwegian–Danish Basin, the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone was reactivated in the Early Miocene, possibly causing a shift in the deltaic progradation towards the east. A Late Pliocene relative rise in sea level resulted in low sedimentation rates in the main depositional areas until the onset of glaciations at about 2.7 Ma when the Scandes Mountains were strongly eroded and became a major source of sediments for the Norwegian shelf, whilst the Frigg delta prograded farther to the northeast.     

关于南沙海域内波与细结构研究

作者综述了南沙海域内波及细结构研究现状。首先介绍研究中所用的国际或国内首次使用的一些研究方法,它们包括最基础的ＣＴＤ资料质量控制的方法,浮力频率计算方法、频散关系和波函数计算方法,细结构概率分布假设检验方法,内波检测方法,内潮计算的谱差分方法等。而后总结所得的研究成果（其中一部分是首次发表的）,它们包括南沙海区浮力频率的分类及其随地域和季节的变化规律;内波频散关系和波函数;细结构特性及其与内波的关系;细结构的非高斯概率分布特性;垂向波数谱特性及其随季节、地域及水层的变化;频率特性;Ｃｏｘ 数及其概率分布;内潮特性等。最后对今后研究方向作了展望。     

A common garden experiment with larval Northeast Arctic and Norwegian coastal cod cohorts in replicated mesocosms

A replicated mesocosm experiment was carried out to evaluate differential effects of feeding conditions for larval Northeast Arctic (NA) cod and Norwegian coastal (NC) cod. The two populations were (1) reared together with a 6-day older NA cohort (mixed) in high (HC) and low prey concentration (LC; 2000 and 200 prey/L initially), and (2) reared separately in HC treatments (non-mixed) to be able to evaluate both the effect of feeding conditions and possible effects of size interaction within mesocosms. The larvae were fed natural zooplankton, and the two stocks were identified in the mixed mesocosms by otolith marking. NA larvae hatched at a larger size, had higher growth rates, and survived better than NC larvae in both mixed and non-mixed mesocosms in the HC treatment. The second cohort clearly survived better in the non-mixed than in the mixed mesocosms, indicating the presence of an interaction effect before cannibalism could occur. We found a significant higher weight-at-length between NC and NA larvae (<12 mm), which was bigger than the effect difference due to feeding conditions. Furthermore, a positive relation between survival and initial growth within mesocosms was found. We suggest that lower growth at early larval stages was accompanied by lower survival, and suggest that this was further enhanced when larvae interacted with older and larger larvae.     

领海基点岛屿管理概况

领海基点岛屿是划分内水、领海和200海里专属经济区等管辖海域的重要标志，加强领海基点的管理十分必要。本文简介了国内外这方面的管理情况。     

编制北极地区航海图有关问题的探讨

介绍了北极的概念,从海图投影、制图资料、专题符号、海图分幅等4个方面,研究了当前编制北极地区航海图需要解决的关键问题,为开展编制北极航海图的深入研究奠定了一定的基础。     

Late Quaternary growth and decay of the Svalbard/Barents Sea ice sheet and paleoceanographic evolution in the adjacent Arctic Ocean

The paleoceanography in the Nordic seas was characterized by apparently repeated switching on and off of Atlantic water advection. In contrast, a continous influx of Atlantic waters probably occurred along the northern Barents Sea margin during the last 150?ka. Temporary ice-free conditions enhanced by subsurface Atlantic water advection and coastal polynyas accelerated the final ice sheet build-up during glacial times. The virtually complete dissolution of biogenic calcite during interglacial intervals was controlled mainly by CO2-rich bottom waters and oxidation of higher levels of marine organic carbon and indicates intensive Atlantic water inflow and a stable ice margin.     

Late Quaternary growth and decay of the Svalbard/Barents Sea ice sheet and paleoceanographic evolution in the adjacent Arctic Ocean

 The paleoceanography in the Nordic seas was characterized by apparently repeated switching on and off of Atlantic water advection. In contrast, a continous influx of Atlantic waters probably occurred along the northern Barents Sea margin during the last 150 ka. Temporary ice-free conditions enhanced by subsurface Atlantic water advection and coastal polynyas accelerated the final ice sheet build-up during glacial times. The virtually complete dissolution of biogenic calcite during interglacial intervals was controlled mainly by CO₂-rich bottom waters and oxidation of higher levels of marine organic carbon and indicates intensive Atlantic water inflow and a stable ice margin. Received: 25 February 1997 / Revision received: 4 March 1998     

Fluxes of Amino Acid and Hexosamine in Sinking Particles in Subarctic and Arctic Coastal Regions

Spatial and temporal variations in the vertical fluxes of amino acids and hexosamine were studied at coastal sites in the south of the Chukchi Sea, Otsuchi Bay, and the center and the entrance of Funka Bay. Amino acid fluxes were higher in the upper trap than in the lower trap material, but hexosamine fluxes were opposite to amino acid fluxes. The ratios between protein amino acids (Asp, Glu and Arg) and their decomposition products (β-Ala, γ-Aba and Orn) indicate that the labile organic matter was more abundant in the upper traps than in the lower ones and increased during periods of enhanced amino acid fluxes. The ratios of Ser/Gly did not vary temporally and spatially and were nearly constant, indicating that Ser and Gly were preserved in a stable form within sinking particles. Hexosamine/amino acid ratios of these particles were higher in the lower sediment trap than in the upper trap material. This implies that the sinking particles derived from zooplankton are relatively more abundant in deep layers than in the surface layer in the water column. We suggest that the difference in amino acid flux and the composition between the upper and lower trap material is influenced by the processes of microbial decomposition and zooplankton consumption of sinking particulate organic matter. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

西沙群岛重要岛礁鱼类资源调查

为摸清岛礁海域鱼类资源种类及分布 ,合理安排渔船生产 ,2 0 0 3年 5月采用延绳钓和底层刺网在西沙群岛的浪花礁、东岛、永兴岛、华光礁、金银岛、玉琢礁和北礁等 7座珊瑚礁水域进行了 1个航次的鱼类资源调查。 2种作业投入的捕捞努力量分别为延绳钓 3 740钓、底层刺网 14 480m ,单次作业努力量延绳钓 80～ 3 2 0钓、底层刺网 12 0～ 80 0m。捕获鱼类 177种 ,渔获量 3 70 0尾 2 767.0 0kg ,其中延绳钓 3 3种计 77尾 1711.5 5kg ,底层刺网共 15 3种计 3 62 3尾 10 5 5 .45kg。按岛礁平均 ,渔获率和单位捕捞努力量渔获量 (CPUE)延绳钓为 2 .0 6尾·(10 0钓 ) -1、45 .76kg·(10 0钓 ) -1,底层刺网为 2 5 0 .2 1尾·(1km) -1、72 .89kg·(1km ) -1。捕获的主要经济种类有鲨鱼、裸胸鳝、石斑鱼、笛鲷、裸颊鲷、鹦嘴鱼和绯鲤等。北礁、金银岛和玉琢礁的鱼类资源比较丰富 ,开发潜力较高 ;浪花礁、东岛、华光礁和永兴岛次之 ,也有一定的生产价值。