Heavy Minerals and Rare Earth Elements in Coastal and Inland Dune Sands of El Vizcaino Desert,Baja California Peninsula,Mexico

A heavy mineral (HM) study and light and heavy rare earth elements (LREE and HREE) analysis were performed in coastal and inland dune sands, El Vizcaino Desert, Central Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. Our study shows high abundances of hornblende and apatite in the El Vizcaino dune sands, suggesting a dominance of granodiorites/intermediate plutonic rocks and marine authigenic phosphorite in the dune sands. There is a relationship between unstable heavy minerals like hornblende, pyroxenes, and sphene, and heavy rare earth elements (HREE) that suggests that unstable heavy minerals are potential carriers of HREE in the dune fields. However, there is a slight depletion of HREE in relation to LREE, especially in one locality of the inland dunes probably associated with the wind regime and weathering of unstable heavy minerals in the sands. Inland, transitional, and coastal dune fields can be observed as different dune provinces by means of grouping HM and REE data in two separate dendograms. It seems that HREE are correlated with fine-grained sand sizes and correlated with high CIA values linked to slightly weathered sands.     

Coastal Upwelling Activity on the Pacific Shelf of the Baja California Peninsula

High primary productivity on the Pacific coast of the Baja California Peninsula is usually related to coastal upwelling activity that injects nutrients into the euphotic zone in response to prevailing longshore winds (from the northwest to north). The upwelling process has maximum intensity from April to June, with the coastal upwelling index varying from 50 to 300 m³/s per 100 m of coastline. Along the entire coast of the peninsula, the upwelling intensity changes in accordance with local wind conditions and bottom topography. Spatial variability can also be modulated by the influence of mesoscale meanders of the California Current. We have identified the seasonal and synoptic variability of upwelling signatures on the Baja California shelf, using averaged monthly and weekly sea surface temperature (SST) distributions obtained from remote sensing imagery from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer in the period from 1996 to 2001. Analysis of SST distribution and direct experimental data on temperature and nutrient concentration shows that the areas with the coldest SST anomalies were closely related to the bottom slope, shelf width, and coastline orientation relating to wind direction. We also assume that the nutrient transport into the coastal lagoons may be forced by the coupling of coastal upwelling and tidal pumping of surface waters into the lagoon system. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Diagnosis of trace metal contamination in sediments: the example of Ensenada and El Sauzal, two harbors in Baja California, Mexico

Total metal concentrations in sediments from within Ensenada and El Sauzal Harbors are generally higher than at the mouths. Grain-size analyses suggested that this enrichment could be due to the presence of fine-grained sediments in the inner part of the harbors rather than to anthropogenic perturbations. The (Me/Al)(sample) ratios for Pb, Co, Ni and Fe were significantly higher for Ensenada Harbor relative to El Sauzal Harbor, whereas the ratios for Cd, Mn, Zn and Cu were statistically equivalent for both harbors. Calculated enrichment factors [EF(Me)=(Me/Al)(sample)/(Me/Al)(shale)] indicated that the metals showing slight enrichment were those associated with anthropogenic contamination (Pb, Zn), or probably related to primary productivity in the water column (Cd, Co). The levels of most of the metals were not greatly enriched, a consideration that is of the utmost importance when contamination issues are at stake.     

Monitoring Narrow Mangrove Stands in Baja California Sur,Mexico Using Linear Spectral Unmixing

Abstract

Small stands of mangrove trees are difficult to detect and monitor using satellite remote sensing because the width of the narrow strips of vegetation are typically much smaller than the spatial resolution of the imagery. Every mangrove pixel also contains water and bare soil reflectance. Linear spectral unmixing, which estimates the fractional presence of specific land cover types per pixel, was performed on Landsat 8 imagery to detect mangroves on the eastern shoreline of the Bay of La Paz on the Baja California Peninsula of Mexico. Low-altitude aerial imagery collected from a DJI Mavic Pro drone was used as ground-reference data in the accuracy assessment. Continuous fractional presence of mangroves was detected with 80% accuracy and 85% of mangrove area was found. Future work will use linear spectral unmixing to systematically monitor mangrove extent and health in the region relative to expected growth in tourism development.

     

黄河口新生湿地沉积物中的金属元素及其环境指示意义

通过对黄河口新生湿地沉积物岩芯中常量元素、稀土元素以及重金属分布特征的研究,探讨了滨海湿地沉积物中金属元素的环境指示意义。结果表明,大部分金属元素的分布模式类似,均在40 cm左右出现明显的低值区,这主要是由黄河携带而来的大量陆源物质的输入造成的。沉积物粒度组成以及有机质含量对金属元素的分布影响显著。常量元素中,Na₂O与其他元素变化趋势相反,反应了潮汐对滨海湿地的侵蚀作用;黄河口新生湿地沉积物单个稀土元素的含量大小顺序与黄河沉积物和渤海沉积物基本一致,稀土元素总量则高于黄河沉积物而低于渤海沉积物,表明黄河口湿地沉积物具有河流泥沙和海水颗粒物双重来源,而轻重分异比的变化则反映了物质输入的改变;而在较高的有机质和粘土含量的影响下,黄河口新生湿地沉积物中重金属发生了明显的富集。     

西太平洋Kocebu海山铁锰结壳稀土元素地球化学特征

西太平洋麦哲伦海山区是全球重要的铁锰结壳资源分布区,具有丰富的稀土元素资源潜力。本文对采自麦哲伦海山区Kocebu海山的11个铁锰结壳表层样（＜1 mm）进行稀土元素地球化学研究,探讨其含量特征、成因和影响稀土元素富集的环境因素。结果表明：Kocebu海山铁锰结壳表层样品ΣREY（Rare earth elements and yttrium）平均含量为1 366 mg/kg,低于前人在麦哲伦海山区其他海山以及邻近的马尔库斯–威克海山区的分析结果;样品轻稀土富集和Ce正异常（平均值为1.45）特征以及稀土元素成因图解、配分曲线和分配系数曲线等均表明该海山结壳属于水成成因;海水中稀土元素含量和溶解氧含量是控制结壳生长的关键环境参数,二者在Kocebu海山所在海区的浅水环境中含量较低;结壳ΣREY含量偏低与采样点水深较浅导致的海水稀土元素含量和溶解氧含量较低密切相关,受碎屑矿物的稀释作用影响较小。在开展铁锰结壳地球化学特征研究和资源勘探评价时应充分考虑采样水深的分布范围,局部水深样品的分析结果可能导致研究结果出现较大偏差。     

Effects of upwelling,tides and biological processes on the inorganic carbon system of a coastal lagoon in Baja California

The role of coastal lagoons and estuaries as sources or sinks of inorganic carbon in upwelling areas has not been fully understood. During the months of May–July, 2005, we studied the dissolved inorganic carbon system in a coastal lagoon of northwestern Mexico during the strongest period of upwelling events. Along the bay, different scenarios were observed for the distributions of pH, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) as a result of different combinations of upwelling intensity and tidal amplitude. DIC concentrations in the outer part of the bay were controlled by mixing processes. At the inner part of the bay DIC was as low as 1800 μmol kg⁻¹, most likely due to high water residence times and seagrass CO₂ uptake. It is estimated that 85% of San Quintín Bay, at the oceanic end, acted as a source of CO₂ to the atmosphere due to the inflow of CO₂-rich upwelled waters from the neighboring ocean with high positive fluxes higher than 30 mmol C m⁻² d⁻¹. In contrast, there was a net uptake of CO₂ and HCO₃⁻ by the seagrass bed Zostera marina in the inner part of the bay, so the pCO₂ in this zone was below the equilibrium value and slightly negative CO₂ fluxes of −6 mmol C m⁻² d⁻¹. Our positive NEP and ΔDIC values indicate that Bahía San Quintín was a net autotrophic system during the upwelling season during 2005.     

西太平洋深海沉积物孔隙水稀土元素地球化学特征及意义

为探索深海孔隙水中稀土元素的生物地球化学循环过程,对太平洋菲律宾海九州-帕劳海脊东、西两侧的两个钻孔沉积物进行了高精度的孔隙水采样工作,分析了主、微量元素和稀土元素的地球化学特征,并对稀土元素的浓度、配分模式以及分馏特征进行了详细的讨论。结果表明：这两个钻孔沉积物均处于氧化环境,表现出海水-沉积物界面和浅层孔隙水（2.5～20 cm）中相对富集轻稀土和中稀土,而中层（25～60 cm）和深层沉积物（＞65 cm）孔隙水中则相对富集重稀土元素的特征。初步推断有机质和锰（氢）氧化物的分解和吸附作用是造成孔隙水中稀土元素分馏的主要因素。相比于九州-帕劳海脊的东、西两侧海域,孔隙水中的稀土元素浓度和分馏程度存在一定的差异,周围环境中的矿物组成和锰（氢）氧化物等是其主要的控制因素,但是研究区域深海孔隙流体并不能为海洋贡献稀土元素。     

Rare earth elements in suspended and bottom sediments of the Mandovi estuary, central west coast of India: Influence of mining

Rare earth elements (REEs) in the suspended particulate matter (SPM) of the Mandovi estuary indicated that the mean total-REEs (∑REE) and light REE to heavy REE ratios are lower than that of the average suspended sediment in World Rivers and Post-Archean average Australian shale. High ∑REE were associated with high SPM/low salinity and also with high SPM/high salinity. Although the ∑REE broadly agree with SPM levels at each station, their seasonal distributions along transect are different. SPM increased seaward in the estuary both during the monsoon and pre-monsoon, but consistently low at all stations during the post-monsoon. The mean ∑REE decreased marginally seaward and was <25% at sea-end station than at river-end station. Spatial variations in ∑REE are maximum (64%) during the pre-monsoon. Strong to moderate correlation of ∑REE with Al, Fe and Mn in all seasons indicates adsorption and co-precipitation of REEs with aluminosilicate phases and Fe, Mn-oxyhydroxides. The ratio of mean ∑REE in sediment/SPM is low during the monsoon (1.27), followed by pre-monsoon (1.5) and post-monsoon (1.62). The middle REE- and heavy REE-enriched patterns with positive Ce and Eu anomalies are characteristic at every station and season, both in SPM and sediment. They also exhibit tetrad effect with distinct third and fourth tetrads. Fe-Mn ore dust is the most dominant source for REEs. However, the seasonal changes in the supply of detrital silicates, Fe-Mn ore dust and particulates resuspended from bottom sediments diluted the overall effect of salinity on fractionation and distribution of REEs in the estuary.     

闽浙沿岸海域春季溶解态稀土元素的分布和来源

通过2017年5月闽浙沿岸附近海域航次的温度、盐度和溶解态稀土元素(Rare Earth Elements,REEs)的实测数据,对该海域溶解态REEs的分布、配分模式以及主要影响原因进行了分析。结果表明:研究区域,盐度随着采样站位离岸距离的增加而增大。溶解态REEs则呈现近岸高而远岸低的分布特点。造成这种分布状况的原因:一是近岸陆源河流的输入导致近岸盐度低,REEs浓度高;二是受到高温高盐水(台湾暖流水和黑潮次表层水)的入侵,造成远岸盐度高而溶解态REEs元素浓度低。不同站位的溶解态REEs的配分模式有明显区别。近岸低盐站位由北向南,重稀土元素富集程度逐渐增大,反映了陆源不同河流的输入。通过溶解态REEs的配分模式发现,远岸高盐站位会受到台湾暖流和黑潮次表层水的共同影响。     

末次冰期以来南极斯科舍海东南部沉积物来源与环境变化

本文通过南极斯科舍海东南部海域DC-11岩芯稀土元素（REE）特征及其与生源硅（BSiO₂）、磁化率、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃的耦合关系,深入探讨了34 ka BP以来研究区沉积物的来源及冰山−海流−大气搬运历史。结果表明,DC-11岩芯沉积物REE含量变化与Al₂O₃相似,主要赋存于陆源碎屑之中,BSiO₂对其有明显稀释效应。末次冰期REE含量高,页岩标准化模式平坦,Eu正异常弱,La_N/Yb_N比值较大,沉积物主要来源于地壳相对较老的威德尔海周边地区,磁化率、ΔAl₂O₃、TFe₂O₃/Eu比值证实该时期沉积物中南美风尘物质多。冰消期早期（19.6～14.1 ka BP）气候快速回暖,西风带与海洋锋面南移,南美风尘输入迅速减弱,南极绕极流南部分支增强,导致南设德兰群岛−南极半岛的冰山及沉积物向东搬运至研究区,沉积物Eu正异常明显,La_N/Yb_N比值小,磁化率、ΔAl₂O₃、TFe₂O₃/Eu比值降低。南极冷倒转期（14.1～12.9 ka BP）,南极气温明显下降,海洋锋面小幅北移,来自南设德兰群岛−南极半岛沉积物减少,威德尔海沉积物在岩芯中占主导,沉积物Eu正异常弱,La_N/Yb_N比值接近于1,冰筏碎屑含量高;冰消期晚期（12.9～11.7 ka BP）海洋锋面再次南移,南设德兰群岛−南极半岛海域南极绕极流分量增强,对DC-11岩芯沉积物贡献加大;全新世（11.7～0 ka BP）气候温暖,南设德兰群岛−南极半岛海域南极绕极流分量总体增强,对岩芯沉积物贡献加大,与来自威德尔海的沉积物量大体相当。     

大沽河流域地下水中稀土元素的地球化学特征

近岸地下水排泄是近海稀土元素的重要来源,目前对地下水中稀土元素的地球化学行为的认识还十分有限。本文通过现场调查和模拟计算对山东大沽河流域地下水中溶解态稀土元素的分布、影响因素及络合形态进行了研究。结果表明：稀土元素在地下水中的分布具有较大的空间差异,pH和铁锰氧化物/氢氧化物的还原性溶解是影响稀土元素含量的重要因素。稀土元素的络合形态以LnCO+3和Ln(CO3)-2为主,但是在硫酸根含量较高的情况下,轻稀土较中稀土和重稀土更易于形成LnSO+4。大沽河流域地下水表现为重稀土富集,含水层中负电荷颗粒物对LnCO+3的优先吸附可能是富集的原因。受周边炼油厂影响,所有样品中的La均表现为正异常,人为源La在地下淡水和再循环海水中所占比例分别为34%~75%和42%~57%。     

西太平洋新不列颠海沟表层沉积物的地球化学特征及其物源指示

海沟通常拥有全球最深的区域——深渊,由于地理位置、地形地貌和气候等差异,海沟沉积物可能有不同的物质来源。因此,为进一步了解海沟深渊区的物质组成与来源,选取近陆的新不列颠海沟作为研究对象,通过分析其海底表层沉积物的地球化学特征,追踪新不列颠海沟不同水深与区域的沉积物来源。研究发现不论位于半深海、深海,乃至深渊区域,新不列颠“八字型”海沟的表层沉积物主要来自于周边岛屿的火山物质,但“八字型”海沟的西支和东支有差异,西支主要为新不列颠岛东部Rabaul火山和北部火山群及所罗门群岛的火山物质,其中在西支的最北站位新不列颠岛北部火山物质的比例最高。与西支相比,东支还受到了更多来源于TLTF(Tabar、Lihir、Tanga和Feni火山)火山链物质的影响,海沟东西支物源的差异与该地区复杂的洋流密切相关。此外,西支海沟轴部(最底端)站位更多来源于岛屿河流沉积物,受火山物质影响相对较小。     

稀土对大菱鲆生长和非特异性免疫力的影响

以初始体质量为(12.2±0.01)g的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)为实验对象,进行为期56 d的摄食生长实验,在基础饲料中添加240 mg/kg的稀土(Rare earth elements,REE),研究了REE对大菱鲆生长和非特异性免疫力的影响。结果表明:饲料中添加稀土后,大菱鲆的成活率提了8.95%,特定生长率提高了15.79%,增重率提高了26.88%,而饲料系数显著低于对照组(P<0.05);饲料中添加稀土喂养的大菱鲆血液中性粒细胞的吞噬指数和超氧化歧化酶活性高于对照组。同时,饲料中添加稀土后,大菱鲆抵抗迟缓爱德华氏菌感染的能力增强。因此,在饲料中添加REE,能够显著提高大菱鲆的生长和非特异性免疫力。     

长江口稀土元素地球化学特征

河口地区是陆海相互作用最具特色的典型区域,这里陆地与海洋之间的物质和能量交换迅速,物理、化学和生物学过程之间的相互作用极其复杂,对河流迁移的化学信号起着过滤器的作用[1].利用稀土元素(REEs)化学性质相似而又有系统差别的特点可以进行河口区河海相互作用过程的地球化学研究[2].准确测定河口区溶解态、胶体态、悬浮颗粒态、沉积物态以及生物体中REEs是研究河海相互作用的关键.随着现代仪器分析技术的发展,准确测定河海相互作用过程中不同相态尤其是水体溶解态超痕量稀土元素含量成为可能[3~7],从而使稀土元素地球化学,尤其是河口稀土元素地球化学的研究得以深入[8~16].     

塔里木盆地志留系古海洋沉积环境的元素地球化学特征

通过对各元素的系统分析,塔里木盆地志留系水体基本属于正常海水。纵向上柯坪塔格组中段与上段的分界处古盐度最低;塔塔埃尔塔格组下段沉积时期古盐度最高,可能为局限海沉积。横向上塔中北部地区盐度较高,并且盐度变化大;通过古水深分析,志留系沉积时期为浅海沉积,盆地西北部为海水入口处,并通过稀土元素分析确定了沉积物的来源方向,盆地中央的沉积物具有同源性,来源于周围的沉积地层。根据化学岩石学分析,塔里木盆地志留系砂岩类型比较复杂,从石英砂岩到岩屑砂岩、长石砂岩都有分布。砂岩的母岩中斜长石含量比钾长石要高,可能在花岗闪长岩和花岗岩2个端员之间变化。     

Rare earth elements-rich phase and enriching mechanism in sediments from CC area, the Pacific Ocean

Compared to North American shale composition (NASC),REE contents of sediments from the CC area in the Pacific Ocean are obviously high except that cerium has equal content to that of NASC.Three-valence rare earth elements were completely enriched in phosphate-phase and cerium in iron-phase.Rare earth elements in the sediments were originally derived from seawater.During lithigenic and minerogenic processes of metalliferous nodules,three-valence rare earth elements in sediments mobilized and incorporated into sediments as authigenous biogenic-apatite,while cerium had change from Ce³⁺ to Ce⁴⁺ and directly precipitated from seawater and entered metalliferous nodules and caused Ceanomalies in REE pattern in sediments.     

木兰溪河口及邻近海域表层沉积物稀土元素组成与物源判别

福建木兰溪是我国东南沿海一条比较典型的潮控山地小河,从其流域风化剖面到河漫滩及邻近海域表层沉积物的粒度、化学风化程度及稀土元素(REEs)组成特征进行了研究。研究海区沉积物以黏土质粉砂为主,仅在木兰溪注入兴化湾口门处附近,沉积物较粗。沉积物REE的上陆壳(UCC)标准化模式具有相似性,轻重稀土元素分异不明显,稀土元素总量(ΣREE)及Eu异常的变化与平均粒径值、化学风化程度均有一定相关性。运用(La/Yb)N-ΣREE/Al图解较可靠判别了近海海域沉积物来源：(1)浙闽河流与长江细颗粒沉积物具有明显不同的REE组成;(2)兴化湾邻近海域主要受到内陆架泥质区沉积物物源的影响;(3)浙闽沿岸流携带的长江细颗粒物质影响可达泉州湾一带。由于泉州湾海域沉积物相对较粗,受石英“稀释作用”的影响,沉积物REE组成不均一性较强。     

Contrasts in sedimentation flux below the southern California Current in late 1996 and during the El Niño event of 1997–1998

The vertical flux of particulate matter at 330 m depth in San Lázaro Basin off southern Baja California ranged from 63 to 587 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ between August and November 1996. Organic carbon contents were between 5.6 and 14.8%, yielding flux rates of 9–40 mgC m⁻² d⁻¹. In December 1997 and January 1998, at the height of the strong El Niño event, the respective fluxes (47–202 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ and 3–8 mgC m⁻² d⁻¹) were comparable. The February–June 1998 records, however, revealed sharply reduced mass (1–6 mg m⁻² d⁻¹) and organic carbon (0.2–0.8 mgC m⁻² d⁻¹) fluxes. The organics collected in 1996 were predominantly autochthonous (δ¹³C=−22‰; C/N=8). The variations in δ¹⁵N (8.3–11.0‰) suggest an alternation of new and regenerated production, possibly associated with fluctuations in the intensity of deep mixing during that autumn. The relatively high organic matter fluxes in December 1997 appear to be associated with regenerated production. The average composition from February to June 1998 (δ¹³C=−23.6‰; ¹⁵N=11.7‰; C/N=10.5) indicates degraded material of marine origin. The maximum δ¹⁵N value found (14‰) suggests that deeper, denitrified waters were brought to the surface and possibly advected laterally. Regime changes in the waters of the basin occur at 6–10 week intervals, evidenced by concurrent shifts in most of the measured parameters, including fecal pellet types and metal chemistry. The marine snow-dominated detritus collected showed a shift from a mixed diatom-rich-radiolarian-coccolith assemblage in late 1996 to a coccolith-dominated assemblage, including the contents of fecal pellets, during the 1997–1998 El-Niño period. T–S profiles, plankton analysis and chlorophyll contents of the upper water column indicated that the strong phytoplankton bloom, normally associated with seasonal upwelling along the Pacific coast of Baja, did not occur during the spring of 1998. The persistence of oligotrophic conditions during the 1997–1998 El Niño event favored the dominance of nanoplankton and reduced the vertical flux of particles.     

Rare earth elements and yttrium in ferromanganese deposits from the South China Sea: distribution, composition and resource considerations

Ferromanganese nodules and crusts contain relatively high concentration of rare earth elements(REE) and yttrium(REY),with a growing interest in exploitation as an alternative to land-based REY resources.On the basis of comprehensive geochemical approach,the abundance and distribution of REY in the ferromanganese nodules from the South China Sea are analyzed.The results indicate that the REY contents in ferromanganese deposits show a clear geographic regularity.Total REY contents range from 69.1×10~(–6) to 2 919.4×10~(–6),with an average value of 1 459.5×10~(–6).Especially,the enrichment rate of Ce content is high,accounting for almost 60% of the total REY.This REE enrichment is controlled mainly by the sorption of ferromanganese oxides and clay minerals in the nodules and crusts.Moreover,the total REY are higher in ferromanganese deposits of hydrogenous origin than of diagenetic origin.Finally,Light REE(LREE) and heavy REE(HREE) oxides of the ferromanganese deposits in the study area can be classified into four grades: non-enriched type,weakly enriched type,enriched type,and extremely enriched type.According to the classification criteria of rare earth resources,the Xisha and Zhongsha platform-central deep basin areas show a great potential for these rare earth metals.