Assessment of Consolidation Behavior of Golden Horn Marine Dredged Material

Polluted sea bottom sediments from Golden Horn in Istanbul have been dredged and stored on land at a disposal site. Reclamation of the disposal site was highly dependent on prediction of self-weight consolidation behavior of the dredged material, which is analyzed numerically using software which employs a nonlinear finite strain solution algorithm (Fox and Berles 1997). The material parameters needed for the numerical model are determined using a seepage-induced consolidation testing system and prediction of the numerical model is tested against experimental observations in a slurry consolidation model tank. The numerical modeling of the field behavior at the disposal site could be successfully accomplished using sediment property data from the seepage-induced consolidation test.     

Effect of Pollutants on the Physical and Engineering Behavior of Lime-Treated Marine Clay

Abstract

Rapid industrial growth and increasing population has resulted in the discharge of wastes into the ocean, wastes which ultimately reach the seabed and contaminate the marine sediments. The soil-contaminants interaction, and their associated physico chemical properties with sediments control the behavior of marine clays. Marine clay deposits of low strength and high compressibility are located in many coastal and offshore areas. There are several foundation problems encountered in these weak marine clays. In this study, experimental work was carried out in the laboratory to stabilize soft marine clays using the lime column technique. Also the lime-induced effects on the physical and engineering behavior of marine clays in sulfate-contaminated marine environment was investigated. Consolidation tests indicate that compressibility of the lime-treated samples was reduced to 1/2–1/3 of the virgin soil after 45 days treatment. The test results also suggest that the lime column technique can be conveniently used to improve the behavior of contaminated marine clay deposits.     

Experimental Evaluation of Leaching Effects on the Compressibility of Marine Clay and its Strain Rate Dependency

This study investigated how leaching affects compressibility behavior of marine clay and its strain rate dependency based on laboratory tests using three pairs of specimens. Each pair of specimens consisted of leached and unleached samples with identical geotechnical properties except soil salinity. The behavior characteristics of the leached and unleached specimens were evaluated using several series of constant rate-of-strain (CRS) tests with differing strain rates. The results revealed that the compressibility of leached clay increased as its salinity decreased. However, void ratio, Atterberg limits, and preconsolidation pressure in leached samples were lower than those in unleached clay. The increased compressibility and decreased preconsolidation pressure may be induced from a weakening of the interparticle bonds in the leached soil skeleton. The CRS test results with differing strain rates revealed that higher strain rates corresponded with higher levels of effective stress and higher apparent preconsolidation pressure in both leached and unleached clays.     

原土环境下水泥土强度衰减过程室内试验研究

在水土耦合的室内原土环境中,通过微型贯入、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)分析、X射线衍射(XRD)、离子含量及pH值测试等多种试验手段,研究滨海相软土场地形成的水泥土强度的分布规律及其衰减过程,并阐明水泥土劣化层和未劣化层的发展规律。结果表明:水泥土劣化深度随养护时间的增长和水泥掺入比的减小不断增大,至360d时最大劣化深度达到11.9mm,明显大于同龄期海水环境中养护的水泥土的劣化深度;与未劣化层相比,劣化层的孔径增大,孔隙增多,水泥水化产物减少;经原土养护相同时间,水泥土中pH值及主要离子含量分布规律与室内海水环境中的水泥土相似,其中pH值和Ca^2+含量随着试样深度的增大而增大,而Mg^2+、SO4^2-、Cl^-含量随试样深度的增大而减小;水泥土中Ca^2+含量沿试样深度方向的分布规律与强度变化规律相似。在原土条件下,水泥土中Ca的溶出更加显著,导致后期水泥土强度衰减加剧。原土中水泥土强度衰减过程与海水中相同。     

On Physical and Mechanical Behavior of Natural Marine Intermediate Deposits

Coastal structures may be built on natural sedimentary intermediate grounds, which mainly consist of silty soils and fine sandy soils. In this study, extensive field and laboratory tests were performed on the nattwal marine intermediate deposits to demonstrate the difference in behavior between natural marine clayey soils and natural marine intermediate deposits. The natural intermediate deposits have almost the same miles of natural water content to liquid limit as those of the soft natural marine clays, but the former have much higher in-situ strength and sensitivity than the latter. The research results indicate that grain size distributions of soils affect significantly tip resistance obtained in field cone penetration tests. The mechanical parameters of natural marine intermediate deposits are also significantly affected by sample disturbance due to their high sensitivity and relatively large permeability. Unconfined compression shear tests largely underestimate the strength of natural marine intermediate soils. The triaxial consohdated compression shear tests with simulated insitu confined pressure give results much better than those of uncomfined compression shear tests.     

A Note on Soil Structure Resistance of Natural Marine Deposits

It has been well documented that natural normally-consolidated marine soils are generally subjected to the effects of soil structure. The interpretation of the resistance of soil structure is an important issue in the theory study and engineering practice of ocean engineering and geotechnical engineering. It is traditionally considered that the resistance of soil structure gradually disappears with increasing stress level when the applied stress is beyond the consolidation yield stress. In this study, however, it is found that this traditional interpretation of the resistance of soil structure can not explain the strength behavior of natural marine deposits with a normally-consolidated stress history A new interpretation of the resistance of soil structure is proposed based on the strength behavior. In the preyield state, the undrained strength of natural marine deposits is composed of two components: one developed by the applied stress and the other developed by the resistance of soil structure. When the applied stress is beyond the consolidation yield stress, the strength behavior is independent of the resistance of soil structure.     

海相软土场地水泥土劣化机理室内试验研究

将水泥土和周围土体作为研究对象,利用室内化学分析试验得到了离子浓度的时空分布规律,并从腐蚀离子干预水化反应进程和分解水化产物两个过程揭示了海相软土场地水泥土劣化机理。Ca^2+由水泥土向土体中扩散,Mg^2+、SO42^-及Cl^-从土体向水泥土扩散;随着水化反应的进行,Ca^2+不断生成,水泥土中足够多的Ca^2+是保证水化反应进行并维持水化产物稳定的必要条件,Ca^2+不断向土体扩散是水泥土劣化的原因之一;水泥土内部的SO42^-及Cl^-在浓度较低(分别低于9和15 g/L)时有利于水泥土强度的提高,浓度较高时则导致水泥土发生胀裂;水泥土中Mg^2+的存在会阻碍水化产物的生成并分解水化产物,但浓度较低(低于3 g/L)时,影响不明显;土体中Mg^2+、SO42^-及Cl^-浓度高于水泥土中的浓度,在水泥土表层与水化产物反应生成胶结性差及膨胀性高的物质,促使水泥土劣化。     

Estimation of Marine Soil Parameters for Preliminary Analysis of Geotechnical Structures in the Taiwan Strait Connection Project

No direct site investigation (SI) data are available for the prospective Taiwan Strait connection project. Any quantitative analysis on the performance of a tunnel, a bridge, or of on-shore (or off-shore) connections needs reasonable geotechnical model parameters. Correlations between basic properties of marine soils and geotechnical model parameters have been established before by the first author based on a large amount of laboratory test data. The established correlations together with other relations considering main types of soils in the Taiwan Strait region are used to estimate the geotechnical model parameters of the marine soils. These correlations and estimated values of the geotechnical parameters of the marine soils are presented and discussed in this article. The estimated geotechnical model parameters can be used for a preliminary analysis of the performance of geotechnical structures of the prospective project.     

舟山潮差带海相沉积物的物理和化学特征

为舟山潮差带海相沉积物固结机理的深入研究提供物质基础,采用激光粒度仪分析了海相沉积物的粒度组成,并测试了海相沉积物的化学元素、化合物种类及其相对含量,还使用X-射线衍射技术分析了海相沉物的矿物组成。结果表明:海相沉积物含水率高、初始孔隙比大、呈流塑状,为低液限粉质黏土;活性指数为12.4,属于活动黏性土,矿物的亲水性较好;全盐含量高达9～11.2 g/kg,阳离子交换能力不强,有机质含量(5.82～12.7 g/kg)较高;pH值为7.35～8.36,呈弱碱性,加上孔隙水中K^+,Na^+,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺的存在,使得高岭石常不稳定,有向伊利石、蒙脱石或绿泥石转化的趋势。     

基于海洋硅藻三维结构的微纳米材料研究进展

海洋硅藻种类繁多,具有因种而异的形状奇特的刚性细胞壁,称作硅质壳。硅质壳主要由无定形的二氧化硅构成,在纳米至微米尺度的三维结构(如孔、脊或管状结构)上表现出高度的规律性和精确的重现性。仿效硅藻,在温和的条件下制造超精细微纳米材料,成为众多从事生物、化学、材料研究工作者追逐的焦点。本文从硅藻硅质壳的形成机理及体外仿生、影响硅藻硅质壳结构的外在因素、硅藻硅质壳的化学修饰与应用3个方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

Long-Term Consolidation and Strength Behavior of Marine Clay Improved with Fly Ash

This paper presents an investigation of the long-term consolidation and strength behavior with fly ash as an additive in improving soft marine clay in Wando, Korea. 0%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 25% of the soil was replaced with fly ash. Consolidation tests were performed as incremental loaded tests. In addition, unconfined compressive strength were determined after 1, 14, 28 and 90 days. A series of forty-two long-term consolidation tests that lasted for 60 days under the constant loading were also conducted. Creep settlements of the blends decreased significantly with an increase in fly ash content. The shear strength properties increased with an increase in fly ash content. Statistical evaluation reveals an excellent correlation between the measured and predicted undrained shear strengths.     

Porous Structure of Tailings of Marine Manganese Nodules and Crusts as Deduced from the Adsorption of Nitrogen

Tailings of marine manganese nodules and crusts have many useful properties. One property in particular which could be of great significance is their high gas adsorption capacity. This capacity has a direct relationship with the pore structure of the tailings. The present investigation deals with the size, volume, surface area, and distribution of pores in the tailings via nitrogen adsorption-desorption techniques. The results show that the pore diameter of these tailings varies between 1.203 and 243.6 nm. The most frequent diameter of pores is 2 to 50 nm. These are classified as mesopores. The Barrett-Joyner-Halenda adsorption pore diameter is 1.203 to 14.078 nm. The small pores give the largest contribution to pore surface area. The large pores give the biggest contribution to pore volume. The pores could be derived from several sources. These include: (a) the amorphous fraction of the tailings which has been calcined, (b) the accumulative clearances between nanometer grains or crystals, and (c) the original porosity of the marine minerals.     

多环芳烃的海洋环境行为及其代谢产物的研究进展

多环芳烃是一类广泛存在于环境中的持久性有机污染物,具有三致作用.环境中多环芳烃的某些不完全代谢产物同样可能具有持久性,有些甚至比母体多环芳烃的毒性更强,有可能对环境造成更大的危害.本文介绍了近年来国内外有关多环芳烃的海洋环境行为及其代谢产物毒性方面的研究进展,并重点对代谢产物的分析方法,包括高效液相色谱、气相色谱、气相色谱-质谱联用和液相色谱-质谱联用等,进行了总结,最后对该领域的研究方向进行了展望.     

面向海洋观测与模式数据的客户端软件设计与实现

针对面向海洋观测与模式数据的客户端软件开发工作量大和通用性低的问题,结合传感器观测数据和模式数据的特点,提出了面向海洋观测与模式数据的客户端软件设计模型,通过原型系统验证了模型设计的有效性。该设计模型对于海洋观测与模式数据客户端软件的高效率开发具有重要作用。     

Comparative Study of Sand Porosity and a Technique for Determining Porosity of Undisturbed Marine Sediment

Porosity is a fundamental property of marine sediment from which wet bulk density can be easily determined and used in a variety of geoacoustic, geotechnical, and sedimentological studies, analyses, and models. However, methods of sampling marine sands suffer from the common problem of core disturbance making the in situ porosity difficult to obtain. Embedding the sediment within an epoxy resin matrix will minimize the disturbance to the microfabric and preserve the in situ sedimentary structure for subsequent study. Image analysis can then be used on thin sections to study the microfabric and porometry. A comprehensive review and analysis of published data on the porosity of predominantly clean sands has been completed and a simple, accurate, and nondestructive technique is described for preparing and measuring the porosity of marine sediment (siliciclastic sand) that has been infiltrated aboard ship immediately upon sample collection and chemically fixed and infiltrated with epoxy shortly thereafter. The average porosity of 36 samples of marine sand collected offshore Fort Walton Beach, Florida, and embedded with resin was determined to be 41.30%. From the review of published data the average porosity of sand was determined to be 37.7%, 42.3%, and 46.3% for packed, natural (in situ), and loose packing conditions, respectively, for a range of sorting coefficients and grain sizes.     

Comparative Study of Sand Porosity and a Technique for Determining Porosity of Undisturbed Marine Sediment

Porosity is a fundamental property of marine sediment from which wet bulk density can be easily determined and used in a variety of geoacoustic, geotechnical, and sedimentological studies, analyses, and models. However, methods of sampling marine sands suffer from the common problem of core disturbance making the in situ porosity difficult to obtain. Embedding the sediment within an epoxy resin matrix will minimize the disturbance to the microfabric and preserve the in situ sedimentary structure for subsequent study. Image analysis can then be used on thin sections to study the microfabric and porometry. A comprehensive review and analysis of published data on the porosity of predominantly clean sands has been completed and a simple, accurate, and nondestructive technique is described for preparing and measuring the porosity of marine sediment (siliciclastic sand) that has been infiltrated aboard ship immediately upon sample collection and chemically fixed and infiltrated with epoxy shortly thereafter. The average porosity of 36 samples of marine sand collected offshore Fort Walton Beach, Florida, and embedded with resin was determined to be 41.30%. From the review of published data the average porosity of sand was determined to be 37.7%, 42.3%, and 46.3% for packed, natural (in situ), and loose packing conditions, respectively, for a range of sorting coefficients and grain sizes.     

Strain-Rate Dependent Stress--Strain Behavior of Undisturbed Hong Kong Marine Deposits under Oedometric and Triaxial Stress States

This article presents a testing study on the strain-rate effects on the stress--strain behavior of natural, undisturbed Hong Kong marine deposits (HKMD) from three Hong Kong locations, including a one-dimensional (1-D) compressibility in a confined condition, and undrained shear strengths in triaxial compression and extension modes. The influences of the strain rates on the one-dimensional compressibility are studied by means of constant rate of strain (CRS) tests and multistage loading oedometer (MSL) tests, and those on the undrained shear strengths are studied by K_o-consolidated undrained compression and extension tests with step-changed axial strain rates (CK_oUC and CK_oUE tests), and with both step-changed axial strain rates and relaxation processes (CK_oUCR and CK_oUER tests). The strain-rate effects on the stress--strain behavior are generally examined by “apparent” preconsolidation pressures in the 1-D compressions and undrained shear strengths in the triaxial compression and extension stress states. The stress--strain behavior of the natural, undisturbed HKMD exhibits considerable viscous characteristics. In the CRS and MSL tests at a given strain, the higher the strain rate, the higher the effective stress, the higher the porewater pressure. In the undrained shearing tests, the higher the strain rate, the higher the undrained shear strength, but the lower the porewater pressure. For the CK_oUC and CK_oUE tests on the Tsing Yi site samples, the undrained shear strength increases by 8.5% and 12.1% for one order increment of axial strain rate of 0.2%/hr (i.e., ρ_0.2) for the compression and extension modes respectively. For the CK_oUCR and CK_o tests on the Tung Chung site samples of different compositions, average ρ_0.2 is increased by 6.2% for the compression and 9.5% for the extension, but by 18.8% for the extension on a higher plastic sample. The present study shows that the strain-rate effects on the stress--strain behavior of the undisturbed HKMD are larger for specimens in extension than those in compression.     

Strain-Rate Dependent Stress--Strain Behavior of Undisturbed Hong Kong Marine Deposits under Oedometric and Triaxial Stress States

ABSTRACT

This article presents a testing study on the strain-rate effects on the stress--strain behavior of natural, undisturbed Hong Kong marine deposits (HKMD) from three Hong Kong locations, including a one-dimensional (1-D) compressibility in a confined condition, and undrained shear strengths in triaxial compression and extension modes. The influences of the strain rates on the one-dimensional compressibility are studied by means of constant rate of strain (CRS) tests and multistage loading oedometer (MSL) tests, and those on the undrained shear strengths are studied by K _o-consolidated undrained compression and extension tests with step-changed axial strain rates (CK _oUC and CK _oUE tests), and with both step-changed axial strain rates and relaxation processes (CK _oUCR and CK _oUER tests). The strain-rate effects on the stress--strain behavior are generally examined by “apparent” preconsolidation pressures in the 1-D compressions and undrained shear strengths in the triaxial compression and extension stress states. The stress--strain behavior of the natural, undisturbed HKMD exhibits considerable viscous characteristics. In the CRS and MSL tests at a given strain, the higher the strain rate, the higher the effective stress, the higher the porewater pressure. In the undrained shearing tests, the higher the strain rate, the higher the undrained shear strength, but the lower the porewater pressure. For the CK _oUC and CK _oUE tests on the Tsing Yi site samples, the undrained shear strength increases by 8.5% and 12.1% for one order increment of axial strain rate of 0.2%/hr (i.e., ρ_0.2) for the compression and extension modes respectively. For the CK _oUCR and CK _o tests on the Tung Chung site samples of different compositions, average ρ_0.2 is increased by 6.2% for the compression and 9.5% for the extension, but by 18.8% for the extension on a higher plastic sample. The present study shows that the strain-rate effects on the stress--strain behavior of the undisturbed HKMD are larger for specimens in extension than those in compression.     

Comparison of Strain-rate Dependent Stress-Strain Behavior from Ko-consolidated Compression and Extension Tests on Natural Hong Kong Marine Deposits

This article presents results from a series of K_o-consolidated compression and extension triaxial tests on specimens from undisturbed samples of Hong Kong Marine Deposits (HKMD). To investigate the strain-rate effects, a total of seven K_o-consolidated triaxial tests were conducted including four compression tests and three extension tests. After K_o-consolidation, the triaxial test specimens were sheared at step-changed axial strain rates under three different confining pressures of 50 kPa, 150 kPa, and 400 kPa, respectively. The step-changed strain rates were applied in the following order: +2%/h, +0.2%/h, +20%/h, -2%/h (unloading) and +2%/h (reloading) for the four compression tests and -2%/h, -0.2%/h, -20%/h, +2%/h (unloading) and -2%/h (reloading) for the three extension tests. The results are reported and analyzed in the paper. The results show that the strain rate effects, the stress-strain characteristics, and the effective stress paths of the specimens for tests in a compression state are different from those for tests in an extension stage. One order of magnitude increase in axial strain rate causes an average 8.6% increase in undrained shear strength for compression tests and a 12.1% increase for extension tests. It is also found that the failure mode of the specimens in compression is different from that in extension. The stress-strain behavior of specimens shows strain-softening and a clear shear band in compression tests, but strain-hardening without any clear shear band in extension tests for the same absolute value of axial strain.     

厚藤共生真菌(Fusarium oxysporum Y24-2)胞外多糖的化学组成和结构研究

从厚藤共生真菌(Fusarium oxysporum Y24-2)发酵液中提取得到胞外多糖,以Q-Sepharose Fast Flow阴离子交换柱和Superdex S-75凝胶色谱柱对其进行分离纯化,得到纯度高的多糖组分F1S。采用HPGPC和HPLC对F1S的分子量及单糖组成进行分析,结果表明F1S主要由Man、Glc和Gal组成,其摩尔比为1.0∶1.9∶2.1,分子量为37.3kD。F1S的GC-MS和1D,2D-NMR分析表明,该多糖是以→6)-β-Galf(1→为主链,以→2)-α-Glcp(1→,α-Glcp(1→和β-Manp(1→为支链的杂多糖,支链取代于→6)-β-Galf(1→的O-2位。该厚藤共生真菌的胞外多糖为富含呋喃型半乳糖的结构新颖的具有多分支结构的中性杂聚多糖。