基于多源遥感数据的青藏高原中南部地区湖泊系统变化监测（英文）

Lakes in the Tibetan Plateau are considered sensitive responders to global warming.Variations in physical features of lake systems such as surface area and water level are very helpful in understanding regional responses to global warming in recent decades.In this study,multi-source remote sensing data were used to retrieve the surface area and water level time series of five inland lakes in the south-central part of the Tibetan Plateau over the past decades.Changes in water level and surface area of the lakes were investigated.The results showed that the water level of three lakes(Puma Yumco,Taro Co,Zhari Namco) increased,with expanding surface area,while the water levels of the other two lakes(Paiku Co,Mapam Yumco) fell,with shrinking area.The water levels of the lakes experienced remarkable changes in 2000–2012 as compared with 1976–1999.Spatially,lakes located at the southern fringe of the Tibetan Plateau showed consistency in water level changes,which was different from lakes in the central Tibetan Plateau.     

湿润季风气候条件下芒硝矿区土壤盐分空间分布特征

以ArcGIS和地统计学为平台,研究四川盆地西南边缘丹棱县某芒硝矿区土壤EC、水溶性盐总量(TWSS)及其阴阳离子的空间分布特征。结果表明:1.研究区土壤EC在0.06~2.38 m S/cm,其平均值为0.41 m S/cm。TWSS在0.48~5.93 g/kg,阴离子以SO_4~(2-)和HCO_3~-为主,阳离子以Ca~(2+)和Na~+为主,为硫酸盐-苏打型;EC与TWSS呈极显著正相关关系,它们均受到钙芒硝矿主要成分SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)和Na~+的影响。2.土壤EC、TWSS和HCO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、Ca~(2+)、K~+、Na~+具有强烈空间相关性;Cl~-和Mg~(2+)具有中等空间相关性,说明EC、TWSS、HCO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、Ca~(2+)、K~+和Na~+受结构性因素的影响大,Cl~-和Mg~(2+)的空间分布是结构性因素和随机因素共同作用的结果。3.土壤TWSS的空间分布呈从矿区向周围递减的特征,HCO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+)含量的高值区均出现在矿区附近,EC和Na~+含量的高值区不仅出现在矿区附近还出现在北部区域;Cl~-和NO_3~-的含量呈从南到北递增的趋势。根据盐渍化分级标准,研究区土壤盐渍化样点数占总样点数的44.23%,而面积占总面积的53.25%,应采取相应措施进行修复与治理。     

Lake surface water-heat flux variation and its correlations with meteorological factors on multiscale in the Yamzhog Yumco,south Tibet

Lake surface water-heat exchange and its climatic attribution critically influence alpine lakes’ evaporation mechanism and water storage balance with climate change. Here, this paper first explored the hourly, daily, and monthly water-heat flux variations of the lake surface and their correlations with meteorological factors based on the eddy covariance turbulent flux observation over the Yamzhog Yumco, an alpine lake in south Tibet in the non-freezing period(April-December) in 2016 and 2017. We...     

补水背景下大盐滩矿区潜卤水水化学特征

为探究补水背景下大盐滩矿区潜卤水水化学组分的变化规律,采用水化学分析测试方法,对2015年5月和7月分别就矿区33口长期观测孔内潜卤水中的Ca~(2+)、K~+、Na~+、Mg~(2+)、HCO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-的含量进行测定,分析矿区潜卤水中Ca~(2+)、K~+、Na~+、Mg~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-的变化趋势,并查明其分布特征。结果表明:补水背景下,大盐滩矿区潜水含水层中的潜卤水水化学组分在时间和空间上存在着明显的变化。在时间上,5~7月时间段内,K~+,Na~+、Mg~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)的浓度升高,且Na~+浓度变化幅度较大;Ca~(2+)、Cl~-浓度降低。在空间上,矿区中部和东南部,晶间潜卤水中的K~+、Mg~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)浓度较高;矿区北部晶间潜卤水中的K~+、Mg~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)的浓度则相对较低。补水可以适当地增大开采区域潜卤水中K~+的浓度,提升卤水的质量。     

1970–2011年可可西里地区湖泊面积变化的时空特征(英文)

As one of the areas with numerous lakes on the Tibetan Plateau, the Hoh Xil region plays an extremely important role in the fragile plateau eco-environment. Based on topographic maps in the 1970 s and Landsat TM/ETM+ remote sensing images in the 1990 s and the period from 2000 to 2011, the data of 83 lakes with an area above 10 km2 each were obtained by digitization method and artificial visual interpretation technology, and the causes for lake variations were also analyzed. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows.(1) From the 1970 s to 2011, the lakes in the Hoh Xil region firstly shrank and then expanded. In particular, the area of lakes generally decreased during the 1970s–1990s. Then the lakes expanded from the 1990 s to 2000 and the area was slightly higher than that in the 1970 s. The area of lakes dramatically increased after 2000.(2) From 2000 to 2011, the lakes with different area ranks in the Hoh Xil region showed an overall expansion trend. Meanwhile, some regional differences were also discovered. Most of the lakes expanded and were widely distributed in the northern, central and western parts of the region. Some lakes were merged together or overflowed due to their rapid expansion. A small number of lakes with the trend of area decrease or strong fluctuation were scattered in the central and southern parts of the study area. And their variations were related to their own supply conditions or hydraulic connection with the downstream lakes or rivers.(3) The increase in precipitation was the dominant factor resulting in the expansion of lakes in the Hoh Xil region. The secondary factor was the increase in meltwater from glaciers and frozen soil due to climate warming.     

Using water isotopes and hydrogeochemical evidences to characterize groundwater age and recharge rate in the Zhangjiakou area,North China

Despite the increasing depletion of the groundwater at the Zhangjiakou aquifer system in the northwest of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, little information is available on the hydrological process of groundwater in this region. In this study, we utilized water isotopes composition(δ~(18) O, δD and ~3 H) of groundwater, river and precipitation to identify the characteristics of hydrochemistry, groundwater age and recharge rates in different watersheds of the Zhangjiakou area. Results showed that the river water and groundwater could be characterized as HCO_3-Mg·Na, HCO_3·Cl-Na and HCO_3-Mg·Na, HCO_3·Cl-Na, HCO_3·Cl-Na·Mg types, respectively. The δD and δ~(18) O values in precipitation were linearly correlated, which is similar to the Global Meteorological Water Line(GMWL). Furthermore, the decreasing values of the δD and δ~(18) O from precipitation to surface water and groundwater indicate that groundwater is mainly recharged by atmospheric precipitation. In addition, the variation of 3 H concentration with depth suggests that groundwater shallower than around 100 m is generally modern water. In contrast, groundwater deeper around 100 m is a mixture of modern and old waters, which has longer residence times. Groundwater showed a relatively low tritium concentration in the confined aquifers, indicating the groundwater recharged might be relatively old groundwater of over 60 years. The flow velocity of the groundwater in the study area varied from 1.10 to 2.26 m/a, and the recharge rates ranged from 0.034 to 0.203 m/a. The obtained findings provide important insights into understanding the groundwater recharge sources and hydrochemistry in the Zhangjiakou area, in turn developing a sustainable groundwater management plan.     

Geostatistical analysis of variations in soil salinity in a typical irrigation area in Xinjiang, northwest China

Characterizing spatial and temporal variability of soil salinity is tremendously important for a variety of agronomic and environmental concerns in arid irrigation areas. This paper reviews the characteristics and spatial and temporal variations of soil salinization in the Ili River Irrigation Area by applying a geostatistical approach. Results showed that:(1) the soil salinity varied widely, with maximum value of 28.10 g/kg and minimum value of 0.10 g/kg, and was distributed mainly at the surface soil layer. Anions were mainly SO_4~(2-) and Cl~-, while cations were mainly Na~+ and Ca~(2+);(2) the abundance of salinity of the root zone soil layer for different land use types was in the following order: grassland cropland forestland. The abundance of salinity of root zone soil layers for different periods was in the following order: March June September;(3) the spherical model was the most suitable variogram model to describe the salinity of the 0–3 cm and 3–20 cm soil layers in March and June, and the 3–20 cm soil layer in September, while the exponential model was the most suitable variogram model to describe the salinity of the 0–3 cm soil layer in September. Relatively strong spatial and temporal structure existed for soil salinity due to lower nugget effects; and(4) the maps of kriged soil salinity showed that higher soil salinity was distributed in the central parts of the study area and lower soil salinity was distributed in the marginal parts. Soil salinity tended to increase from the marginal parts to the central parts across the study area. Applying the kriging method is very helpful in detecting the problematic areas and is a good tool for soil resources management. Managing efforts on the appropriate use of soil and water resources in such areas is very important for sustainable agriculture, and more attention should be paid to these areas to prevent future problems.     

区域气候变化对西藏扎布耶、当雄错、班戈湖变化的影响（英文）

The lake hydrological and meteorological data of the Tibetan Plateau are not rich. This research reports the observed climatic data and measured water levels of saline lakes from the local meteorological stations in the Zabuye salt lake, the Dangqiong Co salt lake and the Bankog Co salt lake in recent two decades. Combining with satellite remote sensing maps, we have analyzed the changes of the water level of these three lakes in recent years and discussed the origins of the changes induced by the meteorological factors. The results show that the annual mean temperature and the water level reflect a general ascending trend in these three lakes during the observation period. The rising rates of the annual mean temperature were 0.08℃/yr during 1991–2014 and 0.07℃/yr during 2004–2014, and of the water level, were 0.032 m/yr and 0.24 m/yr, respectively. Analysis of changes of the meteorological factors shows the main cause for the increase of lake water quantity are the reduced lake evaporation and the increased precipitation in the lake basins by the rise of average temperature. Seasonal variation of lake water level is powered largely by the supply of lake water types and the seasonal change of regional climate.     

1975-2016年天山中段阿克苏河流域冰川变化分析（英文）

In this study, we analyzed glacier changes in the Aksu River Basin during the period 1975–2016, based on Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+/OLI imagery analysis and the Chinese Glacier Inventory(CGI). The results showed that the total number, area, and volume of the studied glaciers in the Aksu River Basin decreased by 202(7.65%), 965.7 km~2(25.88%), and 74.85–78.52 km~3(23.72%–24.3%), respectively. The rate of glacier retreat in the basin was slower in the north, northwest and west, but reached the highest in the east(measuring 0.86% yr~(-1)). Furthermore, there were significant regional differences in the distribution and change of glaciers, the Kumalak River Basin had the largest glacier number and area, about 63.15% and 76.47% of the studied basin, and the rate of glacier retreat in the Kumalak River Basin was 0.65% yr~(-1), it was higher than the Toxkan River Basin which reached 0.57% yr~(-1). We found the shrinkage rate of glacier for different periods in the past 41 years, during 1975–1990 the glaciers showed the greatest retreat, while the rate of glacier area retreat slowed down significantly from 1990 to 2000. In recent 16 years since 2000, the rate of glacier retreat in the Toxkan River Basin was higher compared with 1990–2000. The RGI50~(-1)3.04920 glacier of Kumalak River Basin had been in a state of retreat since 1990. Over the past 41 years, the temperature and precipitation in the Aksu River Basin increased obviously, and the warming temperatures were clearly the main reason for glacier retreat in the region, while the increased precipitation in the mountain area may have a direct relation with the retreating rate of glaciers.     

Lake Area Changes and the main causes in the hinterland of Badain Jaran Desert during 1973–2010, China

Lake area information in the Badain Jaran Desert in 1973, 1990, 2000, and 2010 was obtained by visual interpretation and water index analysis of remote sensing images, based on the spatial and temporal characteristics of lake area changes during 37 years. Results indicated that the number of lakes declined from 94 to 82 and the total surface area was reduced by 3.69 km² during 1973–2010. The desert lake area reduced by different degrees in different periods, but this occurred most rapidly during 1973–1990. According to the statistics of lake area changes, lake area decreases mainly occurred in the lakes with areas less than 0.2 km², while the areas of lakes greater than 0.9 km² only fluctuated. The changes of lake areas were probably due to changes in the quantity of underground water supplies rather than the effects of local climate change or human factors.     

Extraction of Cesium and Rubidium with 4-tert-butyl-2- (α-methylbenzyl) phenol from Salt Lake Brine

This work shows the extraction of cesium( Cs~+) and rubidium( Rb~+) from salt lake brine containing potassium( K~+) and magnesium( Mg~(2+)). The results show that 4-tert-butyl-2-( α-methylbenzyl) phenol( t-BAMBP) diluted in sulfonated kerosene( SK) has an excellent extraction effect. Infrared spectroscopic studies indicate that polymerize to form the dimer in the t-BAMBP when Cs~+or Rb~+were extracted. The effects of K~+,Mg~(2+),t-BAMBP concentration,the volume ratio of organic phase to aqueous phase( O/A) and the alkalinity( pH) of aqueous phase were investigated.The K~+and Mg~(2+)should be eliminated through precipitating before the extraction and separation of Cs~+and Rb~+. The optimum extraction conditions of the experimental brine were as follows: 0. 8 mol/L t-BAMBP diluted in SK,pH≥13,a phase ratio of 1: 1,and an extraction contact time of 2 min at room temperature. The optimal extraction yields of Cs~+and Rb~+were as high as 100% and 85. 8%,in addition,8. 76% of K~+was co-extracted. Further work would increase the extraction yield and selectivity of Rb~+and realize the efficient separation of Cs~+and Rb~+from brine.     

Dating of two thermokarst lakes in Beiluhe Basin,Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Most of the thermokarst lakes are spread appreciably in Beiluhe Basin,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China,where ice-rich permafrost exists.Two typical thermokarst lakes with differing area and depth were examined to ascertain their age.We obtained lake-bottom samples of 50 cm length from lake BLH-A and 25 cm length from lake BLH-B.Environmental 137 Cs and 210 Pb and radiocarbon age dating techniques were applied to the 50 cm and 25 cm samples,respectively.The results indicate that the initiation of BLH-A is about 800-900 a B.P.,and approximately 1,450±30 a B.P.to 2,230±30 a B.P.for BLH-B.These results will provide scientific bases for sedimentological study and thermokarst activity in Beiluhe Basin.     

CONCENTRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLUBLE IMPURITIES IN THE SURFACE SNOW OF COLLINS ICE CAP, KING GEORGE ISLAND, ANTARCTICA

Measurements carried out for the upper 10m firn/ice obtained at the main dome of Collins Ice Cap, King George Island, Antarctica revealed the direct relation of soluble impurities of snow mass to the composition of atmosphere aerosols. It was indicated that sea salt source dominates the atmosphere aerosol around Collins Ice Cap. The simultaneous variation shown by the concentration profiles of Na~+, K~+, Mg~(2+), Ca~(2+), SO_4~(2-), CI~-, Br~- and very close EF values (≈1) suggested their common marine source and similar deposition process. Besides the possible surface contamination,NH_4~+varied uniformly along deeper part of the core in concentration, which could be considered as background value of ammonium. A satisfactory explanation for NO_3~- concentration profile has not reached at present.     

Formation of Li Salts from Natural Brines during Isothermal Evaporation at 25℃

Li brines are the primary resources for Li salt industries. Evaporation is necessary to concentrate Li due to its low level of concentration in raw brines. The salt sequences during the evaporation of Li brines,especially the behavior of Li salts,represent key data for solar technologies. However,chemists cannot use any phase diagram to estimate Li salt sequences during evaporation at 25℃ . The thermodynamic model proposed by us in2003 represents the only tool for the prediction of equilibrium conditions during the evaporation of solutions containing Li~+,Na~+,K~+,Mg~(2+)/Cl~-,SO_4~(2-),and-H_2 O components at 25℃ . In this paper,the predicted salt sequences of 20 brines are reported. The results indicate that( 1) the first crystallized Li salt during evaporation of Li brine varies in brine composition;( 2) lithium sulfate is crystallized in many cases initially for brines of magnesium sulfate subtype,while Db4( Li_2 SO_4·K_2 SO_4) or Db3( 2 Li_2 SO_4·Na_2 SO_4·K_2 SO_4) appears first for sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfatesubtypes with lower Mg/Li composition,and the final eutectic point is H ~+ LiC ~+ Lc ~+ Ls ~+ Car;( 3) the final eutectic point is H ~+ LiC ~+ Lc ~+ Car for brines of chloride type; and( 4) Li content corresponding to the first crystallized Li salt is in the range of 0. 43%-1%. These findings enhance our knowledge of Li chemistry and provide insights into solar pond technology of the Li-brine process.     

A study of the construction times of the ancient cities in Ganjia Basin,Gansu Province,China

The Ganjia Basin in Xiahe County,Gansu Province,China,is located on the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau.The area lies in the transitional zone between the Plateau ethnic groups dominated by ancestral Tibetans,and the Central Plains dynasties dominated by ancestral Han in history.The Ganjia Basin is therefore well suited to studying the history of the intermixing of the Han and Tibetan peoples.In this study,we collected samples of organic materials from two ancient cities,Bajiaocheng(BJC) and Sirougucheng(SRGC),in the Ganjia Basin,which were used for radiocarbon dating.Our aims were to determine the construction times and function of the cities,based on the radiocarbon ages,Bayesian age modeling,and the analysis of relevant historical records.The results are used to discuss the role of the Ganjia Basin in the conflicts between and the integration of the two ethnic groups during the historical period.We conclude that BJC was established during 663–732 CE(Common Era);its early occupation history can be divided into an initial establishment phase(670–780 CE) and a phase of regeneration(880–1030 CE).SRGC was probably built at the time of the transition between the Song and Yuan dynasties(～1271 CE).Combining the dating results with an analysis of the architectural styles and historical records,we conclude that BJC was originally built by the Tubo Kingdom as a military stronghold,and its major functions were military,economic and religious,and to support the major eastward expansion of the Tubo.SRGC was most likely a temple-focused city intended to promote Tibetan Buddhism which was a major political and religious leadership for the Tibetans at that time,reflecting changes in the status of different religions in the Ganjia Basin.In addition,the intermixing and blending of the Han and Tibetan groups,reflected by the human activities in the Ganjia Basin,was an important demographic and cultural foundation for the formation of the culturally-diverse but spiritually-united modern Chinese people.     

绿洲沙漠过渡带柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)灌丛沙堆-丘间地系统土壤盐分含量特征

以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲西部过渡带为研究区,选取植被盖度为30%、15%~20%、10%、5%的4个典型样地,对各样地的柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)灌丛沙堆-丘间地系统典型部位0~10cm和10~20cm土壤进行系统采样,测定土壤pH值及总盐、Cl~-、Na~+、K~+、SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、CO_3~(2-)、HCO_3~-含量,从风沙地貌的角度探讨过渡带沙漠化进程中土壤盐分分异规律。结果表明:随着植被总盖度的降低,0~10cm层土壤pH值及总盐、Cl~-、K~+、Na+含量总体呈先升高后降低的趋势;土壤SO2-4和Ca~(2+)含量呈先降低后升高的变化趋势;Mg~(2+)含量随着植被盖度的变化没有明显的变化规律。灌丛下→沙堆边缘→丘间地→风影区,总盐、Cl~-、K~+、Na~+、SO_4~(2-)、Ga~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量呈先减小后增大的变化规律,最大值均位于灌丛下,最小值位于丘间地;pH值和HCO_3~-含量大体呈先升高后降低的趋势,最小值位于灌丛下,最大值多位于丘间地,二者存在中度相关(r=0.644)。与0~10cm土层相比,10~20cm总盐、Cl~-、K~+、Na~+含量明显增加,SO_4~(2-)、HCO_3~-、Ga~(2+)含量降低,Mg~(2+)含量和pH值没有明显的变化。两土层各盐分含量随植被盖度的梯变呈相对一致的变化趋势。在不同的环境条件下,以蒸腾作用、泌盐作用和根系的选择性吸收作用等为主的生物积盐作用与地下水蒸发聚盐以及地表风蚀强度等非生物因素之间的平衡关系,应该是影响绿洲沙漠过渡带柽柳灌丛沙堆盐岛效应强弱的关键因素。     

1976–2010年波兰湖泊水位变化（英文）

The paper presents the analysis of tendencies in water level changes in 32 lakes in Poland during 1976–2010.Series of monthly,seasonal,and annual precipitation and air temperature for 9 meteorological stations were also studied.The trend analysis for all of the studied series of water levels in lakes showed high spatial and temporal variability.Series of annual water levels in the case of 6 lakes showed statistically significant increasing tendencies,and in 7 lakes,significant decreasing trends.Series of annual amplitudes in the majority of lakes(22) showed a decreasing trend,but they were statistically significant only in three cases.The tendencies for air temperature fluctuations are more statistically significant than precipitation.The key role in determining water level changes is played by local factors,particularly including human economic activity,obscuring the effect of natural factors on water level changes.The paper describes cases of changes in water levels in lakes under anthropopressure related to among others: agricultural irrigations,hydropower infrastructure,water transfers,navigation,or mining.     

Sea level change and environmental evolution of coastal lakes in Vestfold Hills, Antarctica

Ecological and palaeoecological studies were carried out in a series of lakes in the Vestfold Hills (68°38′S, 78°06′E) on eastern Antarctic continent. Dynamics types of the lakes in environmental geomorphology and physic chemistry, as well as features of biological community structures in different lakes were analyzed. Marine macro and micro fossils collected from the terraces and beaches surrounding these lakes and determined in 14 C radiocarbon ages to be the Late Pleistocene, were used as evidences to show the evolutionary processes of the lakes after sea level changes and transgressions since 18000 a B.P.. Basic modals of evolution for the lakes given in the paper could be regarded as not only explaining the history of environmental and ecological changes in VH lakes, and also reflecting of local environmental evolution in Antarctic region and global climate changes from past to present time.     

氢氧同位素和水化学特征反映的祁连山老虎沟冰川径流过程（英文）

Stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope has important implication on water and moisture transportation tracing research. Based on stable hydrogen(δD) and oxygen(δ~(18)O) isotope using a Picarro L1102-i and water chemistry(e.g. major ions, p H, EC and TDS) measurement, this study discussed the temporal variation and characteristics of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope, chemistry(e.g. TDS, p H, EC, Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), Na+ and Cl-) in various water bodies including glacier meltwater runoff, ice and snow, and precipitation at the Laohugou glacier basin during June 2012 to September 2013. Results showed that δD and δ~(18)O in the meltwater runoff varied obviously with the temporal change from June to September, showing firstly increasing trend and then decreasing trend, with the highest values in July with high air temperature and strong glacier melting, which could indicate the temporal change of glacier melting process and extent. Variations of δD and δ~(18)O in the runoff were similar with that of snow and ice on the glacier, and the values were also above the GMWL, which probably implied that the glacier runoff was mainly originated from glacier melting and precipitation supply. The glacier meltwater chemical type at the Laohugou glacier basin were mainly composed by Ca-Na-HCO_3-SO_4 and Ca-Mg-HCO_3-SO_4, which also varied evidently with the glacier melting process in summer. By analyzing the temporal change of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope and chemistry in the melting period, we find it is easy to separate the components of the snow and ice, atmospheric precipitation and melt-runoff in the river, which could reflect the change process of glacier melting during the melting period, and thus this work can contribute to the glacier runoff change study of large-scale region by stable isotope and geochemical method in future.     

OSL chronology and paleoclimatic implications of paleodunes in the middle and southwestern Qaidam Basin, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Aeolian sediments are widely distributed in the Qaidam Basin, northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). The paleodunes are mainly located at the southeastern, middle and southwestern Qaidam Basin. However, ages of paleodunes in the middle and southwestern Qaidam Basin have not been well studied, although they are close to and might connect to the evolution of salt lakes in the central basin. In this study, we use single aliquot regeneration (SAR) protocol of Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) to date the dune sand in these two regions. The results show that: (1) Sand accumulation in these regions started at ca. 4-3 ka and lasted to ca. 0.5 ka when they were stabilized, due to the arid climate in the late Holocene. (2) The underlying fluvial sand was formed during deglaciation at 12.6±0.8 ka. (3) The stabilization periods of the paleodunes correspond to stages of glacier advance in the northeastern QTP, during which lower temperatures caused the decrease of evaporation and increase of the effective moisture, leading to an increase of vegetation cover and stabilization of the dunes.