2000-2014年秦巴山区植被覆盖时空变化特征及其归因（英文）

Using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) dataset,we investigated the patterns of spatiotemporal variation in vegetation coverage and its associated driving forces in the Qinling-Daba(Qinba) Mountains in 2000–2014.The Sen and Mann–Kendall models and partial correlation analysis were used to analyze the data,followed by calculation of the Hurst index to analyze future trends in vegetation coverage.The results of the study showed that(1) NDVI of the study area exhibited a significant increase in 2000–2014(linear tendency,2.8%/10a).During this period,a stable increase was detected before 2010(linear tendency,4.32%/10a),followed by a sharp decline after 2010(linear tendency,–6.59%/10a).(2) Spatially,vegetation cover showed a "high in the middle and a low in the surroundings" pattern.High values of vegetation coverage were mainly found in the Qinba Mountains of Shaanxi Province.(3) The area with improved vegetation coverage was larger than the degraded area,being 81.32% and 18.68%,respectively,during the study period.Piecewise analysis revealed that 71.61% of the total study area showed a decreasing trend in vegetation coverage in 2010–2014.(4) Reverse characteristics of vegetation coverage change were stronger than the same characteristics on the Qinba Mountains.About 46.89% of the entire study area is predicted to decrease in the future,while 34.44% of the total area will follow a continuously increasing trend.(5) The change of vegetation coverage was mainly attributed to the deficit in precipitation.Moreover,vegetation coverage during La Nina years was higher than that during El Nino years.(6) Human activities can induce ambiguous effects on vegetation coverage: both positive effects(through implementation of ecological restoration projects) and negative effects(through urbanization) were observed.     

基于均一化资料的西安极端气温变化特征研究

基于1960~2015年西安气象站点逐日最高温、最低温数据,采用RHtest软件对非均一化气温序列进行订正,进而选取16项极端气温指数,对西安极端气温变化特征进行分析。结果表明：① 由于气象站点迁移,西安气温资料存在非均一性,导致极端气温变化趋势被低估;② 全球变暖背景下,西安极端气温变化表现出：“快速增温与平稳波动并存,冷暖变化趋势相反,夜晚增暖趋势比白天明显,白天波动变化明显于夜晚,持续性高温事件变化不大,持续性低温事件大幅下降”的变化特征;③ 通过不同区域趋势变化对比、冷暖、昼夜变化关系对比发现,受城市热岛影响,西安极端低温事件减少更为突出,远高于中国其他对比区域（秦岭南北、黄土高原、东北地区等）;④ 在昼夜变化上,西安极端气温变化与中国、全球变化具有一致性,但是通过冷暖指标对比发现,西安极端气温变化具有区域性,表现为冷昼日数下降高于暖昼日数上升,冷夜日数下降高于暖夜日数上升,冷持续日数和暖持续日数共同表现为下降趋势。     

2008-2014年祁连山区夏季降水的日变化特征及其影响因素（英文）

To investigate the diurnal variation of summer precipitation in the Qilian Mountains in the northeast Tibetan Plateau,the hourly precipitation amount for this region during the summers of 2008–2014 are analyzed using an hourly merged precipitation product at 0.1°×0.1° resolution.The main results are as follows.(1) The spatial distribution and temporal variation of mean hourly precipitation amount and frequency are generally similar and hourly precipitations in the eastern and middle portions are larger and more frequent than that in the western portion.The high value area of precipitation intensity is obviously different from that of precipitation amount and frequency.(2) The spatial distribution of daytime precipitation is generally similar to that of nighttime precipitation,and the daytime precipitation is heavier than the nighttime precipitation.(3) The change rate of precipitation has a maximum at 20:00 Beijing time,and a minimum at 12:00.The hourly precipitation amount significantly correlated with frequency,especially for the middle and eastern portions.     

1962–2011年长江流域极端气温变化（英文）

Based on daily maximum and minimum temperature observed by the China Meteorological Administration at 115 meteorological stations in the Yangtze River Basin from 1962 to 2011,the methods of linear regression,principal component analysis and correlation analysis are employed to investigate the temporal variability and spatial distribution of temperature extremes.Sixteen indices of extreme temperature are selected.The results are as follows:(1) The occurrence of cold days,cold nights,ice days,frost days and cold spell duration indicator has significantly decreased by –0.84,–2.78,–0.48,–3.29 and –0.67 days per decade,respectively.While the occurrence of warm days,warm nights,summer days,tropical nights,warm spell duration indicator and growing season length shows statistically significant increasing trends at rates of 2.24,2.86,2.93,1.80,0.83 and 2.30 days per decade,respectively.The tendency rate of the coldest day,coldest night,warmest day,warmest night and diurnal temperature range is 0.33,0.47,0.16,0.19 and –0.07℃ per decade,respectively.(2) The magnitudes of changes in cold indices(cold nights,coldest day and coldest night) are obviously greater than those of warm indices(warm nights,warmest day and warmest night).The change ranges of night indices(warm nights and cold nights) are larger than those of day indices(warm days and cold days),which indicates that the change of day and night temperature is asymmetrical.(3) Spatially,the regionally averaged values of cold indices in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River Basin are larger than those in the middle and lower reaches.However,the regionally averaged values of most warm indices(except warm spell duration indicator) and growing season length in the middle and lower reaches are larger than those in the upper reaches.(4) The extreme temperature indices are well correlated with each other except diurnal temperature range.     

1982-2014年青藏高原地表蒸散量时空分布及其变化影响因子分析（英文）

蒸散是地球水循环的关键驱动因子,是地表水平衡和能量平衡的重要分量,因而也体现生态系统水文调节局地热调节功能;青藏高原是长江和黄河等重要河流的发源地,该区域水量平衡对区域生态安全具有重要意义。本文对全球尺度发展的遥感蒸散双源模型ARTS,利用涡度相关观测数据进行验证和评价,以空间插值的气象数据,卫星遥感的FPAR和LAI等驱动模型,估测1982-2014年间青藏高原实际蒸散ET,分析其年际和季节动态变化特征,并采用敏感性分析法和多元线性回归分析计算各气象因子变化对蒸散量变化的贡献率,探讨影响青藏高原蒸散量变化的主导因素。结果表明:(1)估测值能解释观测值季节变化的80%以上(复相关系数R~2=0.80,显著性水平P 0.001),表明模型具有较高的估算准确度。(2)近30多年全年、春、夏和秋季影响蒸散年际变化呈显著增加趋势;但变化趋势存在显著的区域分异,全年或夏季藏南河谷地区呈显著降低趋势(每10年降低20 mm以上),而阿里、拉萨河谷、青海海北地区则为增加趋势(每10年增加10 mm以上)。(3)敏感性分析和多元线性回归分析均表明,年际变化趋势的主导因素是气候变暖,其次是降水的不显著增加;但植被变化的影响也较大,与气候因子共同能够解释蒸散趋势的56%(多元线性回归方程R~2=0.56,P0.001);低覆盖草地多年蒸散分别是高、中覆盖度草地的26.9%和21.1%。青藏高原在显著变暖、不显著变湿的气候变化背景下,地表蒸散的增加必以冰川融水为代价而威胁区域生态环境安全,如何保护生态,维持区域社会可持续发展是难题和巨大挑战。     

厦门站气温非均一性订正及其变化特征对比分析

利用逐步多元线性回归法和差值法相结合对厦门站1954~2007年逐年/月平均、最高和最低气温进行非均一性订正,订正值分别为0.84、0.72和0.65℃。对比分析订正前后气温的年际和季节变化趋势。订正后的气温资料分析结果显示:年均、最高和最低气温都呈快速增温趋势,倾向率依次为0.25、0.33和0.18℃/10 a,即54 a内约分别增温1.4、1.8和1.0℃;春夏秋冬四季平均、最高和最低气温也呈现快速增温趋势,其中以冬季增温最显著;年、季平均最高气温增温率都比最低气温快使得气温日较差以0.15℃/10 a速率增大。     

2005-2014年长江经济带城镇化效率时空格局特征（英文）

The question of how to generate maximum socio-economic benefits while at the same time minimizing input from urban land resources lies at the core of regional ecological civilization construction.We apply stochastic frontier analysis(SFA)in this study to municipal input-output data for the period between 2005 and 2014 to evaluate the urbanization efficiency of 110 cities within the Yangtze River Economic Belt(YREB)and then further assess the spatial association characteristics of these values.The results of this study initially reveal that the urbanization efficiency of the YREB increased from 0.34 to 0.53 between 2005 and2014,a significant growth at a cumulative rate of 54.07%.Data show that the efficiency growth rate of cities within the upper reaches of the Yangtze River has been faster than that of their counterparts in the middle and lower reaches,and that there is also a great deal of additional potential for growth in urbanization efficiency across the whole area.Secondly,results show that urbanization efficiency conforms to a"bar-like"distribution across the whole area,gradually decreasing from the east to the west.This trend highlights great intra-provincial differences,but also striking inter-provincial variation within the upper,middle,and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.The total urbanization efficiency of cities within the lower reaches of the river has been the highest,followed successively by those within the middle and upper reaches.Finally,values for Moran’s I within this area remained higher than zero over the study period and have increased annually;this result indicates a positive spatial correlation between the urbanization efficiency of cities and annual increments in agglomeration level.Our use of the local indicators of spatial association(LISA)statistic has enabled us to quantify characteristics of"small agglomeration and large dispersion".Thus,"high-high" (H-H)agglomeration areas can be seen to have spread outwards from around Zhejiang Province and the city of Shanghai,while areas characterized by"low-low"(L-L)patterns are mainly concentrated in the north of Anhui Province and in Sichuan Province.The framework and results of this research are of considerable significance to our understanding of both land use sustainability and balanced development.     

2000-2016年青海湖湖冰物候特征变化（英文）

Lake ice phenology is considered a sensitive indicator of regional climate change. We utilized time series information of this kind extracted from a series of multi-source remote sensing(RS) datasets including the MOD09 GQ surface reflectance product, Landsat TM/ETM_+ images, and meteorological records to analyze spatiotemporal variations of ice phenology of Qinghai Lake between 2000 and 2016 applying both RS and GIS technology. We also identified the climatic factors that have influenced lake ice phenology over time and draw a number of conclusions. First, data show that freeze-up start(FUS), freeze-up end(FUE), break-up start(BUS), and break-up end(BUE) on Qinghai Lake usually occurred in mid-December, early January, mid-to-late March, and early April, respectively. The average freezing duration(FD, between FUE and BUE), complete freezing duration(CFD, between FUE and BUS), ice coverage duration(ICD, between FUS and BUE), and ablation duration(AD, between BUS and BUE) were 88 days, 77 days, 108 days and 10 days, respectively. Second, while the results of this analysis reveal considerable differences in ice phenology on Qinghai Lake between 2000 and 2016, there has been relatively little variation in FUS times. Data show that FUE dates had also tended to fluctuate over time, initially advancing and then being delayed, while the opposite was the case for BUS dates as these advanced between 2012 and 2016. Overall, there was a shortening trend of Qinghai Lake's FD in two periods, 2000–2005 and 2010–2016, which was shorter than those seen on other lakes within the hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau. Third, Qinghai Lake can be characterized by similar spatial patterns in both freeze-up(FU) and break-up(BU) processes, as parts of the surface which freeze earlier also start to melt first, distinctly different from some other lakes on the Tibetan Plateau. A further feature of Qinghai Lake ice phenology is that FU duration(between 18 days and 31 days) is about 10 days longer than BU duration(between 7 days and 20 days). Fourth, data show that negative temperature accumulated during the winter half year(between October and the following April) also plays a dominant role in ice phenology variations of Qinghai Lake. Precipitation and wind speed both also exert direct influences on the formation and melting of lake ice cover and also cannot be neglected.     

1981-2019年全球气温变化特征

1981—2019年全球气温变化特征是揭示全球气温变化的空间差异性以及实现全球共同应对气候变化的关键。本文基于7套再分析数据,采用气候变化速率及空间插值等分析方法,分析了1981—2019年全球气温变化时空特征及主要国家气温变化。结果表明：1981—2019年全球陆地气温以0.320 ℃/10a的速率呈极显著升高趋势,年平均气温增加了0.835 ℃;南、北半球陆地气温变化速率分别为0.147 ℃/10a、0.362 ℃/10a,均呈极显著增加趋势,分别增加了0.874 ℃、0.828 ℃。全球陆地80%面积上气温呈现显著增加趋势,年平均气温升高速率最大的区域位于80°N~90°N,其次是70°N~80°N、60°N~70°N,高纬大于中、低纬,格陵兰地区、乌克兰、俄罗斯等中高纬度国家或地区增温速率较快,尤以格陵兰地区增加速率最快,气温变化速率为0.654 ℃/10a;增温最慢的地区主要位于新西兰和赤道附近的南美洲、东南亚、非洲南部等地,气温变化速率不足0.15 ℃/10a。本文统计的146个国家中,年平均气温呈显著增加趋势的国家136个,占93%;气温无显著变化的国家10个,占6.849%。1981—2019年全球增温2.0 ℃以上、1.5 ℃以上、1.0 ℃以上的国家分别为4个、34个、68个,分别约占统计国家的2.740%、23.288%、46.575%。本文认为1998年以来全球并没有出现气温变暖停滞的现象。     

1951-2010 年中国气温变化分区及其区域特征

以中国623 个测站1951-2010 年逐日气温观测资料为基础数据, 通过正交旋转因子分析对1951-1980、1961-1990、1971-2000、1981-2010 年4 个时间段的年、冬、夏半年气温变化特征进行分区, 并探讨分区结果的季节和年代际差异。结果表明:依据年、夏半年气温变化特征, 可将全国划分成8 个不同的区域, 且研究时段内年、夏半年气温变化的空间结构比较稳定;而依据冬半年气温变化特征, 可将全国划分为7 个变化区, 且冬半年气温每30 年分区结果存在着明显变化。另外, 通过对区域平均气温距平序列的变化趋势分析可以得出:1951-2010 年间, 中国各区域气温均呈上升趋势, 升温趋势最快的是东北区(0.30 ℃∕10a), 最慢的是华南区(0.13 ℃∕10a);各区域升温过程不同步, 东北区与滇藏高原区显著增暖趋势在1961-1990 年开始出现, 而其他区域则发生在1971-2000 年及1981-2010 年。     

1960～2014年北京极端气温事件变化特征

基于北京1960~2014年逐日最高温、最低温、平均气温实测数据,采取RHtest方法对气温序列进行均一性检验和修订。在此基础上选取16个极端气温指标,分析了北京市极端气温变化趋势和突变特征,探讨了冷暖极端气温指数对北京气候暖化的贡献。结果表明:1 1960~2014年北京气温暖化趋势明显,最低温增温速率远快于最高温,修订后增长速率为:最高温(0.17℃/10a)平均温(0.30℃/10a)最低温(0.51℃/10a);2冷昼日数、冷夜日数、霜冻日数、冰冻日数、冷持续日数分别以-1.43 d/10a、-6.56 d/10a、-3.95 d/10a、-1.18 d/10a、-4.83 d/10a的趋势减小;3暖昼日数、暖夜日数、夏季日数、热夜日数、暖持续日数、生物生长季以2.12 d/10a、5.27 d/10a、1.22 d/10a、5.43 d/10a、0.84 d/10a、1.96 d/10a的趋势增加;4日最高(低)气温极高值、日最高(低)气温极低值和气温日较差的倾向率分别为0.21℃/10a、0.34℃/10a、0.31℃/10a、0.73℃/10a、-0.33℃/10a;5极端最低气温的变暖幅度大于极端最高气温,夜指数的变暖幅度大于昼指数,冷指数的变幅大于暖指数。极端气温冷指数、夜指数、低温指数的快速变化是近年来北京市气候暖化的最直接体现。     

1961-2014年中国高温事件频率和强度的时空变化（英文）

In this study, we explored spatial patterns and the temporal trends in high-temperature events(HTEs) for the mainland of China during 1961–2014 based on a daily-maximum surface-air-temperature dataset of 494 stations and nonparametric trend detection methods. With three thresholds of 35°C(HTE35), 37°C(HTE37), and 40°C(HTE40), HTEs occurred in 82%, 71%, and 37% of the surveyed stations and showed an overall increasing trend in both frequency and intensity during 1961–2014. In northern and southeastern China, HTEs showed a significant increasing trend in both frequency and intensity, whilst a decreasing trend for both was observed in central China. Despite such regional heterogeneity, HTEs overwhelmingly presented three-phase characteristics in all three representative regions and throughout China; the phases are 1961–1980, 1980–1990, and 1990–2014. Both frequency and intensity of HTEs have strongly increased during 1990–2014 at 54.86%, 48.38%, and 23.28% of the investigated stations for HTE35, HTE37 and HTE40, respectively. These findings implied that HTEs adaptation should be paid further attention in the future over China because the wide spread distribution of HTEs and their increasing trends in both frequency and intensity during recent decades might pose challenges to the sustainability of human society and the ecosystem.     

陕西榆林地区1954-2013年极端气温变化特征

对1954-2013年横山站、榆林站、绥德站的每日气象资料,运用线性拟合及累积距平、Mann-Kendall突变检验、主成分分析和Morlet复数小波等方法对WMO发布的10种极端气温指数进行了计算和分析。结果表明：榆林地区近60年极端最高气温、极端最低气温都呈上升趋势,冰日天数、霜日天数、冷夜天数、冷日天数呈下降趋势,夏日天数、热夜天数、暖夜天数、暖日天数呈现稳步上升趋势。近60年,榆林市极端气温的变化存在明显的阶段特征,并有突变现象发生。各指数的突变主要发生在20世纪90年代。暖指数的变化是榆林地区近60年气温呈上升趋势的主要原因。榆林地区冬春季气温升高是年平均气温上升的主要原因。33 a左右的周期是10个指数比较稳定的周期,共同反映榆林地区极端天气的周期规律。极端暖指标在未来持续上升,极端冷指标则持续下降。研究区极端高温天气增加,会导致旱灾等极端天气增加的概率,并对森林防火产生一定的压力。极端低温天数的减少导致易发生森林和草原的病虫灾害,应做好预防工作。     

中国气温变化对全球变暖停滞的响应（英文）

The 1998–2012 global warming hiatus has aroused great public interest over the past several years. Based on the air temperature measurements from 622 meteorological stations in China, the temperature response to the global warming hiatus was analyzed at national and regional scales. We found that air temperature changed –0.221℃/10 a during 1998–2012, which was lower than the long-term trend for 1960–1998 by 0.427℃/10 a. Therefore, the warming hiatus in China was more pronounced than the global mean. Winter played a dominant role in the nationwide warming hiatus, contributing 74.13%, while summer contributed the least among the four seasons. Furthermore, the warming hiatus was spatial heterogeneous across different climate conditions in China. Comparing the three geographic zones, the monsoon region of eastern China, arid region of northwestern China, and high frigid region of the Tibetan Plateau, there was significant cooling in eastern and northwestern China. In eastern China, which contributed 53.79%, the trend magnitudes were 0.896℃/10 a in winter and 0.134℃/10 a in summer. In the Tibetan Plateau, air temperature increased by 0.204℃/10 a, indicating a lack of a significant warming hiatus. More broadly, the warming hiatus in China may have been associated with the negative phase of PDO and reduction in sunspot numbers and total solar radiation. Finally, although a warming hiatus occurred in China from 1998 to 2012, air temperature rapidly increased after 2012 and will likely to continuously warm in the next few years.     

三峡库区规模农地时空变化特征及其驱动机制（英文）

Discussions regarding the functional transformation of agricultural utilization and the mechanisms that underlie these changes within the Three Gorges Reservoir Area(TGRA) reflect variations in the relationship between people and their environment in China's central and westerns part, an area of mountains and reservoirs. A clear understanding of these changes also provides the scientific basis for the development of multi-functional agriculture in typical mountainous areas. Five counties were selected for analysis in this study from the hinterland of the TGRA; we analyzed changes in farmland scaling and corresponding underlying mechanisms by defining the concepts of "Scaling Farmland"(SF) and by using the software packages ArcGIS10.2, SPSS, and Geographical Detectors. The results of this analysis show that sources of increased SF have mainly comprised cultivated and shrub land. Indeed, with the exception of some alpine off-season vegetables, SF growth has mainly occurred in low altitude areas and in places where the slope is less than 30°. We also show that spatial changes in various SF types have also been substantially different, but in all cases are closely related to road and township administrative centers. Natural factors at the patch level, including elevation and slope, have contributed significantly to SF, while at the township level, underlying socioeconomic and humanistic factors have tended to include road traffic and agricultural population density. In contrast, at the regional level, underlying driving forces within each have tended to be more significant than overall study area scale. We show that while changes in, and the development of, SF have been driven by numerous factors, agricultural policies have always been amongst the most important. The results clearly elucidate general land use transformation patterns within the mountain regions of western China.     

1960~2014年淮河流域极端气温和降水时空变化特征

基于淮河流域33个气象站点1960~2014年逐日气温和降水数据,利用Mann-Kendall检验和克里金插值法分析了极端气温、降水指数的时空变化规律。结果表明：① 近55 a来,冷极值呈显著下降趋势,暖极值表现为波动上升趋势;日较差（DTR）呈显著下降趋势,这与最低气温的增加幅度比最高气温大有关;② 总降水量（PRCPTOT）和强降水日数（R10,R20）表现为缓慢下降趋势,1 d最大降水量（RX1day）、连续5 d最大降水（RX5day）以及降水强度（SDII）呈缓慢上升趋势,但变化趋势均不显著;③ 空间变化上来看,霜冻日数（FD0）、冷夜日数（TN10p）、热夜日数（TR20）和暖夜日数（TN90p）在流域大部分地区变化趋势显著,而降水极值在全流域未表现出一致上升或下降趋势,且变化趋势在全流域均不显著;④ 基于流域当前气象站点数据,极端气温、降水指数变化趋势未表现出高程相依性;⑤ 流域大部分极端气温、降水指数变化趋势介于中国南北方流域之间,表现出一定的南北过渡带特色。     

中国2010-2015年土地利用变化的时空格局与新特征（英文）

Land use/cover change is an important theme on the impacts of human activities on the earth systems and global environmental change. National land-use changes of China during 2010–2015 were acquired by the digital interpretation method using the high-resolution remotely sensed images, e.g. the Landsat 8 OLI, GF-2 remote sensing images. The spatiotemporal characteristics of land-use changes across China during 2010–2015 were revealed by the indexes of dynamic degree model, annual land-use changes ratio etc. The results indicated that the built-up land increased by 24.6×10~3 km~2 while the cropland decreased by 4.9×10~3 km~2, and the total area of woodland and grassland decreased by 16.4×10~3 km~2. The spatial pattern of land-use changes in China during 2010–2015 was concordant with that of the period 2000–2010. Specially, new characteristics of land-use changes emerged in different regions of China in 2010–2015. The built-up land in eastern China expanded continually, and the total area of cropland decreased, both at decreasing rates. The rates of built-up land expansion and cropland shrinkage were accelerated in central China. The rates of built-up land expansion and cropland growth increased in western China, while the decreasing rate of woodland and grassland accelerated. In northeastern China, built-up land expansion slowed continually, and cropland area increased slightly accompanied by the conversions between paddy land and dry land. Besides, woodland and grassland area decreased in northeastern China. The characteristics of land-use changes in eastern China were essentially consistent with the spatial govern and control requirements of the optimal development zones and key development zones according to the Major Function-oriented Zones Planning implemented during the 12 th Five-Year Plan(2011–2015). It was a serious challenge for the central government of China to effectively protect the reasonable layout of land use types dominated with the key ecological function zones and agricultural production zones in centraland western China. Furthermore, the local governments should take effective measures to strengthen the management of territorial development in future.     

1961-2013年青藏高原雪雨比变化（英文）

On the basis of two gridded datasets of daily precipitation and temperature with a spatial resolution of 0.5°×0.5°, and meteorological station data released by the National Meteorological Information Center(NMIC) during 1961–2013, the spatial and temporal variations of total amount of precipitation, amount of rainfall, amount of snowfall and snowfall/rainfall ratio(S/R) in the Tibetan Plateau(TP) are analyzed using Sen's slope, the Mann–Kendall mutation test, Inverse Distance Weighting(IDW) and the Morlet wavelet. Total amount of precipitation and amount of rainfall generally show statistically significant increasing trends of 0.6 mm·a~(–1) and 1.3 mm·a~(–1), respectively, while amount of snowfall and S/R have significant decreasing trends of –0.6 mm·a~(–1) and –0.5% a~(–1), respectively. In most regions, due to significant increasing trends in total amount of precipitation and amount of rainfall, and significant decreasing trends in amount of snowfall, S/R shows a decreasing trend in the TP. Abrupt changes in total amount of precipitation, amount of rainfall, amount of snowfall and S/R are detected for 2005, 2004, 1996 and 1998, respectively. Total amount of precipitation, amount of rainfall, amount of snowfall and S/R are concentrated in cycles of approximately 5 years, 10 years, 16 years and 20 years, respectively. The trend magnitudes for total amount of precipitation and amount of rainfall all show decreasing-to-increasing trends with elevation, while amount of snowfall and S/R show decreasing trends.     

1901-2012年陕西降水、气温变化特征

利用英国东英格兰大学气候研究中心CRU最新发布的1901-2012年的月平均气候资料,分析陕西近百年降水、气温的时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)年平均降水南北差异较大,陕南降水多且年际变化最大,西安为年际变化的第二高值中心。(2)陕西降水具有明显的年代际变化周期,20世纪40年代之前降水变化较平缓,40年代后降水变化幅度变大,异常偏多或偏少的年份较多。(3)降水的EOF1表现为整体的正异常,体现了陕西年平均降水的一致变化,EOF2主要表现为陕西南部和陕西东北部的反相位振荡,且具有显著年际变化周期。(4)陕西气温近112年有两个偏冷期:20世纪20年代之前和50年代到90年中期,20世纪20年代到50年代和90年代后期以来为偏暖期。与全国气温变化不同,第二个暖期是从90年代开始迅速升温,滞后于全国气温变化,且气温的最高值出现在90年代而不是40年代。(5)气温的第一模态解释了总模态的88.4%,且表现为陕西一致的正异常,表明陕西平均气温空间变化的一致性,Morlet小波分析显示其有2~4年的周期震荡和16年左右的年代际变化周期。     

2000-2014年秦巴山区植被覆盖时空变化特征及其归因

利用MODIS-NDVI数据,辅以趋势分析、Hurst指数及偏相关分析等方法,本文探讨了2000-2014年秦巴山区植被覆盖时空变化特征及未来趋势,并对其驱动因素进行分析。研究发现:1近15年秦巴山区植被覆盖呈显著增加趋势,增速为2.8%/10a,其中2010年之前植被覆盖呈持续增加趋势,增速为4.32%/10a,而2010年之后呈连续下降态势,降速为-6.59%/10a;2空间上,植被覆盖格局呈现"中间高、四周低"的分布特征,高值区主要分布在陕西境内的秦岭山地和大巴山山地;3秦巴山区植被覆盖呈增加和减少趋势的面积分别占81.32%和18.68%;然而,分段结果表明,2010-2014年有71.61%的区域植被覆盖呈下降趋势;4秦巴山区植被覆盖变化的反向特征强于同向特征,其中46.89%的区域将由改善转为退化,而持续改善地区仅占34.44%;5植被覆盖变化主要归因于降水的减少,同时拉尼娜年的植被覆盖整体好于厄尔尼诺年;6人类活动对植被覆盖造成双重影响,是植被覆盖变化的另一重要影响因素。