农业物候动态对地表生物物理过程及气候的反馈研究进展

地表过程对全球变化的响应和反馈是地球系统科学研究的核心课题之一,目前的研究多关注全球变化对地表过程的影响,而地表动态过程对地表生物物理过程及气候的反馈研究较少。系统认识地表物候动态对生物物理过程及气候的反馈对深化地球系统科学研究有着重要的意义。本文从农业物候动态的事实、农业物候动态在陆面过程模型中的参数化表达、农业物候动态对地表生物物理过程及气候的反馈等方面进行综述,发现在气候变化和管理措施影响下,以种植期和灌浆期为代表的农业物候期发生了显著的规律性变化;耦合农业物候动态,改善了模型对地表动态过程、生物物理过程和大气过程的数字化表达;农业物候变化对地表净辐射、潜热、感热、反照率和气温、降水、环流等过程产生了影响,并表现出以地表能量分配为主的气候反馈机理。针对农业物候动态对地表生物物理过程及气候效应的时空重要性,需要继续开展以下方面的工作：① 加强全球变化对地表物候动态的影响及其反馈的综合研究;② 不同光谱波段地表反射率与农业物候动态的关系研究;③ 农业物候动态引起的作物生理学特征变化在地表生物物理过程中的贡献;④ 重视不同气候区物候动态对气候反馈效应的差异。     

降水减少加剧气候变暖对西藏半干旱草甸草原物候变化的效应（英文）

植被物候被认为是全球变暖的一个敏感指标,特别是在青藏高原。然而,自2000年以来,对气候变暖是否能够促进草地物候期的提前存在争议。升温以及生长季节早期降水如何与之交互对半干旱草原物候产生影响鲜为人知。本研究中,我们提取藏北当雄草地2000–2014年生长季平均NDVI(GNDVI)和草地物候变化信息,分析了NDVI、物候变化和气候变化的关系。结果表明天然草地GNDVI呈下降趋势。GNDVI的年际变化主要受5月下旬至7月的气温和4月至8月的降水影响。由于生长季起始期不断延迟,生长季结束期基本不变,天然草地生长季长度大大缩短,这大部分是由于春季变暖和降水减少造成。水分有效性是研究区草地生长的主要决定因素,当草地生长的温度限制被打破后,升温将增加对水的需求。近10年来,由于蒸散和水分限制不断增强,降水减少进一步加剧了气候变暖对植被物候变化的效应。全球变暖和降水减少的综合影响可能会延迟半干旱高寒草地的物候响应。     

农业干旱监测研究进展与展望（英文）

In this paper, we compared the concept of agricultural drought and its relationship with other types of droughts and reviewed the progress of research on agricultural drought monitoring indices on the basis of station data and remote sensing. Applicability and limitations of different drought monitoring indices were also compared. Meanwhile, development history and the latest progress in agricultural drought monitoring were evaluated through statistics and document comparison, suggesting a transformation in agricultural drought monitoring from traditional single meteorological monitoring indices to meteorology and remote sensing-integrated monitoring indices. Finally, an analysis of current challenges in agricultural drought monitoring revealed future research prospects for agricultural drought monitoring, such as investigating the mechanism underlying agricultural drought, identifying factors that influence agricultural drought, developing multi-spatiotemporal scales models for agricultural drought monitoring, coupling qualitative and quantitative agricultural drought evaluation models, and improving the application levels of remote sensing data in agricultural drought monitoring.     

伏牛山地森林植被物候及其对气候变化的响应（英文）

This paper reports the phenological response of forest vegetation to climate change(changes in temperature and precipitation) based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) Enhanced Vegetation Index(EVI) time-series images from 2000 to 2015. The phenological parameters of forest vegetation in the Funiu Mountains during this period were determined from the temperature and precipitation data using the Savitzky–Golay filter method, dynamic threshold method, Mann-Kendall trend test, the Theil-Sen estimator, ANUSPLIN interpolation and correlation analyses. The results are summarized as follows:(1) The start of the growing season(SOS) of the forest vegetation mainly concentrated in day of year(DOY) 105–120, the end of the growing season(EOS) concentrated in DOY 285–315, and the growing season length(GSL) ranged between 165 and 195 days. There is an evident correlation between forest phenology and altitude. With increasing altitude, the SOS, EOS and GSL presented a significant delayed, advanced and shortening trend, respectively.(2) Both SOS and EOS of the forest vegetation displayed the delayed trend, the delayed pixels accounted for 76.57% and 83.81% of the total, respectively. The GSL of the forest vegetation was lengthened, and the lengthened pixels accounted for 61.21% of the total. The change in GSL was mainly caused by the decrease in spring temperature in the region.(3) The SOS of the forest vegetation was significantly partially correlated with the monthly average temperature in March, with most correlations being negative; that is, the delay in SOS was mainly attributed to the temperature decrease in March. The EOS was significantly partially correlated with precipitation in September, with most correlations being positive; that is, the EOS was clearly delayed with increasing precipitation in September. The GSL of the forest vegetation was influenced by both temperature and precipitation throughout the growing season. For most regions, GSL was most closely related to the monthly average temperature and precipitation in August.     

耕地撂荒研究进展及启示（英文）

本文运用文献计量方法对1992-2019年在Web of Science数据库中发表的耕地撂荒领域的910篇文献进行总量和关键词分析,并根据关键词领域从耕地撂荒监测与制图、驱动力与影响因素、效应评估与权衡三个方面进行主题综述。研究发现:(1)目前撂荒耕地的提取与制图渠道以农户调研与遥感技术为主,结合空间信息的NDVI时间序列撂荒地提取方法具有较高精度;(2)从作用程度、来源、属性三个维度对耕地撂荒的驱动力和影响因素进行归纳,发现耕地边际化是耕地撂荒的根本驱动力,劳动力析出是耕地撂荒的直接驱动力,社会经济因素是主要驱动力;(3)耕地撂荒的环境效应具有空间异质性,时空差异、景观环境、气候、耕种、地形特征均会对耕地撂荒的环境效应起决定作用;耕地撂荒效应权衡主要集中在生态系统服务功能和价值领域,但相关空间背景的作用往往被忽略。在系统梳理现有文献的基础上,本文从开展全国层面的撂荒耕地调查、开展多尺度的撂荒驱动力研究、结合国情开展撂荒效应权衡研究等方面对未来耕地撂荒研究进行展望。     

围栏封育对藏北地表热量平衡的影响（英文）

围栏封育是西藏政府用来保护生态环境的重要举措之一。这项工程不仅会改变围栏区域的植被特征,也会影响藏北地区的地表热量平衡。关于现行的围栏封育工程对当地热量平衡影响的信息却很少,我们从当地的农牧局收集了藏北各县围栏的范围坐标,将其空间数据化,并基于卫星遥感数据和地表热量平衡系统的模型计算,来探究围栏封育后地表温度、地表反照率和蒸散的变化情况。这些变化会影响藏北高原的地表热量平衡和陆表温度。研究发现日间和夜间的陆表温度变化趋势呈现出非对称日变化,日间的升温幅度大于夜间的降温幅度;反照率的增加导致藏北高原吸收的短波辐射减少,引起陆表温度降低,中部地区降温幅度最大,达到了每10年下降0.4?0.5℃;东部地区降温幅度最小,为每10年下降0.1?0.2℃;蒸散的减少导致潜热能量输送减少,引起的地表温度升高最大的地区在中部地区,升温幅度大于每10年上升1℃,升温最小的地区在西北部,升温幅度为每10年上升0?0.1℃。     

集成生物物理成分的夜光遥感图像城市用地提取方法（英文）

DMSP/OLS nighttime light(NTL) image is a widely used data source for urbanization studies. Although OLS NTL data are able to map nighttime luminosity, the identification accuracy of distribution of urban areas(UAD) is limited by the overestimation of the lit areas resulting from the coarse spatial resolution. In view of geographical condition, we integrate NTL with Biophysical Composition Index(BCI) and propose a new spectral index, the BCI Assisted NTL Index(BANI) to capture UAD. Comparisons between BANI approach and NDVI-assisted SVM classification are carried out using UAD extracted from Landsat TM/ETM+ data as reference. Results show that BANI is capable of improving the accuracy of UAD extraction using NTL data. The average overall accuracy(OA) and Kappa coefficient of sample cities increased from 88.53% to 95.10% and from 0.56 to 0.84, respectively. Moreover, with regard to cities with more mixed land covers, the accuracy of extraction results is high and the improvement is obvious. For other cities, the accuracy also increased to varying degrees. Hence, BANI approach could achieve better UAD extraction results compared with NDVI-assisted SVM method, suggesting that the proposed method is a reliable alternative method for a large-scale urbanization study in China's mainland.     

中国可持续发展研究进展（英文）

Sustainable development has always been a hotspot in Chinese geographical research. Herein, we conduct a systematic statistical analysis of the contribution of Chinese geographers to sustainable development research using bibliometric methods. Based on the review of a vast amount of literature, we identify the main research teams, research funding sources, journals, and key research fields. The findings are as follows:(1) the resources and environmental institutes of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have a significant influence on sustainable development research;(2) China's central government foundations(the National Natural Science Foundation of China and National Social Sciences Fund) are the main research funding sources;(3) most of the highly cited articles are published in journals sponsored by the Geographical Society of China; and(4) sustainable development theory and its research areas are being constantly enriched and perfected. Based on the statistics of keywords, the theory, research methods, research regional scales, and key research areas are summarized and expounded.     

1951–2010年中国农业水热气候条件的时空变化（英文）

Based on the daily observation data of 824 meteorological stations during 1951-2010 released by the National Meteorological Information Center, this paper evaluated the changes in the heat and moisture conditions of crop growth. An average value of ten years was used to analyze the spatio-temporal variation in the agricultural hydrothermal conditions within a 1 km2 grid. Next, the inter-annual changing trend was simulated by regression analysis of the agricultural hydrothermal conditions. The results showed that the contour lines for temperature and accumulated temperatures(the daily mean temperature ≥0°C) increased significantly in most parts of China, and that the temperature contour lines had all moved northwards over the past 60 years. At the same time, the annual precipitation showed a decreasing trend, though more than half of the meteorological stations did not pass the significance test. However, the mean temperatures in the hottest month and the coldest month exhibited a decreasing trend from 1951 to 2010. In addition, the 0°C contour line gradually moved from the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River Basin to the Yellow River Basin. All these changes would have a significant impact on the distribution of crops and farming systems. Although the mechanisms influencing the interactive temperature and precipitation changes on crops were complex and hard to distinguish, the fact remained that these changes would directly cause corresponding changes in crop characteristics.     

中国数字地形学研究进展（英文）

Geomorphometry,the science of digital terrain analysis(DTA),is an important focus of research in both geomorphology and geographical information science(GIS).Given that 70% of China is mountainous,geomorphological research is popular among Chinese scholars,and the development of GIS over the last 30 years has led to significant advances in geomorphometric research.In this paper,we review Chinese progress in geomorphometry based on the published literature.There are three major areas of progress:digital terrain modelling methods,DTA methods,and applications of digital terrain models(DTMs).First,traditional vector-and raster-based terrain modelling methods,including the assessment of uncertainty,have received widespread attention.New terrain modelling methods such as unified raster and vector,high-fidelity,and real-time dynamic geographical scene modelling have also attracted research attention and are now a major focus of digital terrain modelling research.Second,in addition to the popular DTA methods based on topographical derivatives,geomorphological features,and hydrological factors extracted from DTMs,DTA methods have been extended to include analyses of the structure of underlying strata,ocean surface features and even socioeconomic spatial structures.Third,DTMs have been applied to fields including global climate change,analysis of various typical regions,lunar surface and other related fields.Clearly,Chinese scholars have made significant progress in geomorphometry.Chinese scholars have had the greatest international impact in areas including high-fidelity digital terrain modelling and DTM-based regional geomorphological analysis,particularly in the Loess Plateau and the Tibetan Plateau regions.     

中国产业地理研究进展（英文）

The expansion and upgrading of Chinese industries have accompanied with the spatial restructuring process across the country. This paper provides a literature review on China's industrial geography, paying special attention to industrial agglomeration and industrial clusters. The increasing industrial agglomeration and development of industrial clusters have been the prominent characteristics of dynamics of industrial landscape in China. The major driving forces of China's industrial geography include economic globalization, decentralization and regional competition and rebuilding of regional advantages. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research focus.     

MODIS NDVI和MODIS EVI对气候的响应差异（英文）

旨在为正确认识气候-植被的相互关系提供科学的理论指导。基于MOD13Q1的植被指数(NDVI和EVI)及气象站数据(极端最低温度、极端最高温度、平均最高温度、平均最低温度、平均温度;平均蒸气压、最低相对湿度、平均相对湿度、最大每日降水量、降水量;极端风速,最大风速,平均风速,日照时数,平均站气压),对阿拉善左旗两种典型植被指数对气候因子的响应差异展开全面研究。结果表明:MOD13Q1 NDVI和MOD13Q1 EVI对气候响应存在显著差异。同一气象站中,NDVI和EVI与气候因子的相关系数显著不同。同时,NDVI和EVI与气候因子的相关系数随着气象站的不同而存在显著差异。此外,NDVI对平均最低气温、平均气温、平均蒸汽压、最低相对湿度、极端风速、最大风速、平均风速及平均本站气压存在时滞效应;而EVI仅对平均最低气温、平均蒸汽压、极端风速、最大风速及平均本站气压存在时滞效应。时滞期多数集中在3月份。因此,不同的植被类型对气候的敏感度不同,且利用气象站数据进行与植被的相关研究时首先应关注气象站与植被的相关性,方可进行下一步的深入研究。     

北京市城市水循环过程对能源消耗的影响（英文）

Energy is consumed at every stage of the cycle of water production, distribution, end use, and recycled water treatment. Understanding the nexus of energy and water may help to minimize energy and water consumption and reduce environmental emissions. However, the interlinkages between water and energy have not received adequate attention. To address this gap, this paper disaggregates and quantifies the energy consumption of the entire water cycle process in Beijing. The results of this study show that total energy consumption by water production, treatment and distribution, end use, and recycled water reuse amounts to 55.6 billion kWh of electricity in 2015, or about 33% of the total urban energy usage. While water supply amount increased by only 10% from 2005 to 2015, the related energy consumption increased by 215% due to water supply structural change. The Beijing municipal government plans to implement many water saving measures in the area from 2016 to 2020, however, these policies will increase energy consumption by 74 million kWh in Beijing. This study responds to the urgent need for research on the synergies between energy and water. In order to achieve the goal of low-energy water utilization in the future, water and energy should be integrated in planning and management.     

中国交通地理研究进展（英文）

As an important branch of human geography, transportation geography has experienced three periods of evolution: foundation, systematization, and rapid development of the discipline. It has gradually become a relatively mature discipline. During the period 1930– 1980, the development of transportation geography consisted mainly of the publication of theoretical texts. During 1980–2000, it gradually became a systematic discipline. Since the start of the 21 st century, transportation geography has focused mainly on exploring the impacts of transportation on socio-economic development. Currently, studies on transportation geography have led to significant developments in a number of areas, including transportation theory, facility distribution and planning, transportation flows and network analysis, evaluation of transport modes, transportation planning, and simulation and assessment of urban transportation. Such studies have also enriched human geography research, provided a wider geographical overview and elucidated the development mechanism of transportation, as well as helped to understand the impacts of transport development on socio-economic systems. Some findings obtained by geographers have been widely used in transportation geography and related fields, including the four basic laws of transportation generation, the hub–spoke mode of transport organization, the subordinating and guiding functions of transportation on socio-economic development, regional transport dominance measures, accessibility measures, and spatial organization of port systems.     

中国经济地理学研究进展（英文）

Economic geography in China's mainland has developed in a different way from that in many other countries. On the one hand, it has been increasingly active in participating in academic dialogues and knowledge development led by Anglophone countries; on the other hand, it takes practice-based and policy-oriented research, i.e. satisfying the demands from the Chinese government and society, as the linchpin of research. Since there has been a lot of literature reviewing the development of economic geography in the country before the new millennium, this paper will make a comprehensive analysis of the discipline in 2000–2015, based on a bibliometric survey and research projects done by Chinese economic geographers. The analysis indicates that(1) economic geography research in China's mainland is unevenly distributed but concentrated in several leading institutions;(2) traditional research fields like human-nature system, regional disparity, industrial location and transportation geography remain dominant while new topics such as globalization, multinational corporations and foreign direct investments, information and communication technology, producer services, climate change and carbon emission emerge as important research areas;(3) Chinese economic geography is featured by policy-oriented research funded by government agencies, having considerable impacts on regional policy making in China, both national and regional. To conclude, the paper argues that the development of economic geography in China's mainland needs to follow a dual track in the future, i.e. producing knowledge for the international academic community and undertaking policy-oriented research to enhance its role as a major consulting body for national, regional and local development.     

1960–2012年青藏高原极端气候时空动态与变异研究（英文）

极端气候事件是全球长期气候变化研究中的重要内容。作为世界第三极,青藏高原对气候变化和变异的响应非常敏感。本文基于青藏高原98个气象站(大部分位于海拔4000 m以上)的日值观测数据,包括日气温最大值、最小值和日降水量,计算了1960–2012年间的极端气候指数并分析了其时空变化格局。首先,根据国际气象组织的标准计算了15个核心气温极端指数和8个核心降水极端指数,然后从高原整体、生态区和台站尺度分析了极端指数的时空变化趋势。气温极端指数表明青藏高原整体表现为显著升温趋势,高原的冷日和冷夜时间序列呈下降趋势,每10年分别减少8.9天和17.3天。相应的暖日和暧夜增长趋势分别为7.6 d (10 yr)-1和12.5 d (10 yr)-1。生长季长度以5.3 d (10 yr)-1的速率增加。在站点尺度,大部分台站的气温极端指数存在显著趋势,但是空间分异性显著。生态区的气温极端指数与高原整体的发展趋势一致。高原整体的降水极端指数波动性较大,增长趋势微弱。年总降水增长趋势为2.8mm(10yr)-1。时序变化点分析表明极端气候指数的突变主要发生在1980和1990年代。赫斯特指数表明未来各种极端气候指数都将保持研究时间段内的发展趋势。另外,探索了极端气候指数与海拔高度的关系,发现各指数的变化趋势与高程并无显著相关性。总体上高原升温呈现显著的不对称特征,即气温冷指数的上升幅度明显大于暖指数的上升幅度,日最低气温的增长趋势也很显著。大多数降水极端指数表现为微弱的增加趋势(不显著)。本研究综合分析了青藏高原极端气候的时空分布格局,可以为高原气候变化研究提供参考。     

1981-2009河南玉米物候对气候变化的响应和敏感度分析（英文）

With the global warming, crop phenological shifts in responses to climate change have become a hot research topic. Based on the long-term observed agro-meteorological phenological data(1981–2009) and meteorological data, we quantitatively analyzed temporal and spatial shifts in maize phenology and their sensitivities to key climate factors change using climate tendency rate and sensitivity analysis methods. Results indicated that the sowing date was significantly delayed and the delay tendency rate was 9.0 d·10a-1. But the stages from emergence to maturity occurred earlier(0.1 d·10a-1θ1.7 d·10a-1, θ is the change slope of maize phenology). The length of vegetative period(VPL)(from emergence to tasseling) was shortened by 0.9 d·10a-1, while the length of generative period(GPL)(from tasseling to maturity) was lengthened by 1.7 d·10a-1. The growing season length(GSL)(from emergence to maturity) was lengthened by 0.4 d·10a-1. Correlation analysis indicated that maize phenology was significantly correlated with average temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration and growing degree days(GDD)(p0.01). Average temperature had significant negative correlation relationship, while precipitation, sunshine duration and growing degree days had significant positive correlations with maize phenology. Sensitivity analysis indicated that maize phenology showed different responses to variations in key climate factors, especially at different sites. The conclusions of this research could provide scientific supports for agricultural adaptation to climate change to address the global food security issue.     

中国西藏地区人居环境气候适宜性评价（英文）

气候是影响区域宜居性的一个重要自然因素。人居环境气候适宜性深刻影响着区域人口分布和社会经济发展。西藏地区是气候变化的敏感地区,近年来随着全球气候变化的影响,该地区的气候适宜性也发生了显著变化。本文基于多年平均气候数据计算了西藏地区的温湿指数,定量分析了人口分布与温湿指数之间的关系;在此基础之上,确定了西藏地区气候适宜性分区标准;最后评价了西藏地区的人居环境气候适宜性。结果表明：西藏东南部地区年均温度相对较高,人口分布相对密集;年均相对湿度整体上呈现出由南向北逐渐降低的趋势。西藏气候适宜地区（包括高度适宜地区、比较适宜地区和一般适宜地区）面积占比仅为7.90%,人口数量比重超过40%。气候临界适宜地区面积占比为37.81%,人口占比为48.24%。气候不适宜地区广泛分布于各地市,面积占比为54.29%,人口占比为11.33%。本文的研究结果可为指导西藏地区人口的合理分布以及优化国土空间规划提供参考。     

湖北省农业生态安全评价（英文）

随着我国农业生态文明建设的推进,农业生态安全也日益受到重视。如何确保农业生态的安全,已经成为不少学者关注的话题。湖北省作为我国重要的农业大省、全国粮食生产基地,确保其农业生态安全对全国粮食安全与农业可持续发展具有重要意义。本文首先运用层次分析法(AHP)与"压力—状态—响应"(PSR)模型构建湖北省农业生态安全评价指标体系与安全等级,接着将2015年全国农业生态安全平均值作为基数,对湖北省农业生态安全进行评价,发现其安全度从2005年的0.90150提升到了2015年的0.97716,提高了0.07566,但没有达到全国的平均值。这说明湖北省农业生态安全虽然得到改善,但是压力还很大,安全度还有待提升。特别是人均水资源量、人口密度、单位面积耕地农药负荷、森林覆盖率、草地退化率、年均降水量等部分指标还呈现恶化趋势。基于此,我们对影响湖北省农业生态安全的因素进行了分析,发现人口布局不合理、农业不当的生产行为、农业自然灾害、农业生态技术的缺失是主要因素。最后,笔者从影响因素层面提出了提升湖北省农业生态安全度的对策建议,希望以此来改善农业生态安全。