海洋产业—海南发展之路

海洋产业是指人类在海洋和滨海地区开发利用海洋资源和空间进行经济生产活动而形成的产业。海洋产业的划分,可按传统产业发展顺序划分,也可按我国现行的一、二、三产业划分。按海洋产业发展顺序可划分为传统海洋产业(如海洋运输业、海洋渔业、海洋盐业等)、新兴海洋产业(如海洋油气业、滨海旅游业、滨海砂矿业及海洋服务业等)和未来海洋产业(如海洋能利用、海水化学资源开发业、海洋工程等)。随着现代海洋战略资源的不断发现和科技的迅速发展,世界上越来越多的国家把解决当代人类所面临的人口、资源、环境等三大问题的出路寄希望于海洋。尤其是一些临海的发达国家,不惜巨资,组织许多有成就的科学家投身于海洋战略研究和海洋开发规划的制定中,以谋求加速本国海洋开发的步伐。     

论船舶造成海洋环境污染的管辖制度

趁联合国“世界环境日”25周年之际,再写有关船舶污染海洋的法律问题,笔者认为有必要提醒人们,在经济发展的同时决不能忽视船舶污染给海洋带来的严重后果。海洋是人类生存发展的一个重要自然基础,海洋的生态环境平衡与人类的发展息息相关。当今,在人类科技迅猛发展时期,人类的开发从陆地延伸于海洋。自本世纪50年代以来,随着经济和科学技术的迅猛发展,世界海洋正逐步承受着不同程度的污染和破坏,这个事实已引起了国际上的关注。造成海洋环境污染的原因有多种多样,最为普遍的是陆源污染物排放,海洋资源开发勘探污染排放,船舶污染物排放及船舶事故造成污染。这些污染源直接或间接的排入海洋,己造成或可能造成海洋环境的污染和海洋     

山东深海战略性资源产业化开发研究

伴随世界海洋竞争的日益激烈,以及深海战略性资源争夺的不断加剧,深海资源开发已经引起我国政府的高度重视,积极部署,重点谋求在深海科技领域首先实现突破。山东省是海洋资源大省,深海战略性资源十分丰富,随着海洋科技的发展,面对海岸带地区和近海资源环境承载力的日益饱和,海洋资源开发必将呈现出由近海向远洋、由浅海向深海的发展趋势,开发深海大洋战略性资源是破解山东省社会经济发展资源瓶颈的重要途径,发展深海大洋经济是海洋经济的发展方向。     

我国海洋药物产业发展概况

２１世纪是海洋世纪 ,将是人类运用海洋生物工程技术 ,进行研究和开发利用海洋生物资源的黄金时代。海洋生物一直是人类可开发利用的重要资源 ,在海洋中生活着２０多万种生物［１］ ,其中已发现２０００多种具有独特功效的生物活性物质 ,是为人们提供药品、保健品、食品和生物材料的巨大宝库。随着科学技术的发展 ,从海洋生物中获取生物活性物质、生物信息物质及生物功能材料 ,已形成活跃的新科技开发领域。近年来 ,海洋生物资源产业发展迅猛 ,已成为海洋经济的一个重要部分。海洋药物产业从广义上讲包括 :(１)海洋水体和近岸特产药材的调查…     

海洋鱼类资源及其科学利用问题

海洋鱼类资源,是海洋生物资源的主体,是人类直接食用的动物性蛋白质的重要来源之一。海洋鱼类,自古以来,就是海洋渔业的主要捕捞对象(占世界总渔获量的75—80%),是海洋渔业生产的基础。 随着人类对动物蛋白需求的日益增长,扩大利用海洋鱼类资源,已在国际上引起普遍的重     

国内外海洋环境预报述评(一)

众所周知,海洋占整个地球表面的三分之二,如此浩瀚的“水世界”不能不对人类活动产生巨大的影响。自古以来,了解海洋、征服海洋和开发海洋是人类的宿愿。但由于当时社会生产力和技术水平的限制,人类对海洋的开发利用主要还限于传统的海洋捕捞、制盐和海上运输。只是到二十世纪六十年代以后,随着社会生产力的迅速发展,加之世界人口的激增和陆地资源的消耗,人们才转向海洋资源的全面开发。现代海洋开发已包括海底石油开采、海水养殖、海底采矿、海洋能源开发以及海水综合利用等新兴产业。可以预料,随着对海洋资源开发利用能力的不断增长,人类未来几乎可从海洋获得陆地上所能获得的一切。海洋经济在我国国民经济中同样会占有越来越重要的地位,一个开发利用海洋的高潮必将迅速到来。     

牢记使命 无愧重托

海洋不仅是资源宝库,为国家经济发展和人民生活水平提高提供丰富的资源,而且还直接关系着国家安全。海洋是传统国际战略争夺的主要目标,美国著名军事思想家马汉曾在《海权论》中做出了"谁控制了海洋,谁就控制了世界"的经典论断。人类进入现代社会,随着海洋开发、     

现代海洋技术发展趋势

海洋技术的发展与海洋开发的推进息息相关,而海洋开发在解决未来人类对资源的需求中具有举足轻重的地位。自60年代以来,世界人口以平均每年9200多万的速度增加,1990年已突破50亿,预计到2000年,世界人口将超过60亿。人口的急剧增长,使陆地资源开发面临枯竭的危险。开发海洋是人类摆脱资源枯竭困境的重要出路之一。因此,世界各海洋国家竞相制定海洋科技发展战略或海洋开发规划,提     

增强海洋国土意识 加快耕海牧渔步伐

海洋拥有人类社会赖以生存的丰富资源和广阔的发展空间,是陆地国土的延伸。随着全球经济发展步伐的加快,现有土地已难以承受人口膨胀、资源短缺、环境恶化等重重压力,作为人类社会可持续发展宝贵财富的海洋,其重要地位和作用日益突出。向海洋要资源、要生存空间已成为当今各国发展与竞争的焦点。 开发和利用海洋并不是历史发展到今天的新兴产业,而是一个永恒的发展主题。从世界经济的发展看,一些经济强国的崛起,无一不     

关于我国海洋开发与管理的思考

关于我国海洋开发与管理的思考丁龙生张希武谭业江（青岛市规划局）（一）海洋是生命的摇篮，海洋中有大量的动物、植物和物理、化学资源可供人类开发利用。本世纪初以来，随着陆地资源的逐渐枯竭和科学技术的高度发展，以及１９８２年《联合国海洋法公约》的签订，世界各...     

落实科学发展观促进海洋经济持续快速发展——贯彻《全国海洋经济发展规划纲要》的几点体会

我国既是个大陆国家又是个海洋国家,海洋是中华民族生存和发展的重要空间。党的十六大明确提出了“实施海洋开发”的战略任务。党的十六届三中全会提出要坚持以人为本,树立全面、协调、可持续的发展观,促进经济社会和人的全面发展。在人口众多,资源相对不足,生态环境承载能力弱     

大连经济发展对大连港口经济发展的拉动效应分析

文章以大连市及其港口为例,系统分析了大连市及其港口经济发展的历史现状及其特点,并采用相关分析和回归分析的方法,针对大连经济发展对大连港口经济发展的拉动效应作以分析,旨在为城市经济与港口经济如何协调发展提供依据。     

以科学发展观为指导保持海洋经济可持续发展

2005年伊始,胡锦涛总书记再次强调了以科学发展观全面推进小康社会的进程,而开发海洋,保持海洋经济的可持续发展又是推动我国经济社会发展的一项战略任务。因此,进入21世纪以来,海洋越来越成为人们关注的焦点。我们必须以新的视角重新认识海洋经济,以新的观念来指导海洋经济,以新的方法来发展海洋经济,使我国的海洋经济建设事业跨上可持续发展的时代快车。文章从我国发展海洋经济的必要性出发,分析其现状、存在的问题并提出相应的对策与措施。     

开发与保护并重 保障海洋经济的可持续发展

在我们居住的这个地球上，有71％的面积被蔚蓝色的海水覆盖着。浩瀚的海洋是自然界最主要的地理形态，也是人类生存和可持续发展的战略性资源基地。仅以能源为例，据科学探明海洋石油可采储量约为1350亿t，约占全球石油可采储量的45％。1950年全世界海洋石油产量仅为3000万t，2000年达到约10亿t。在半个世纪里，世界海洋石油产量增加了30余倍，既为世界经济的持续稳定发展提供了能源保障，同时也有力地促进了沿海国家经济的发展和社会的进步。随着人类经济活动空间的不断拓展和科学技术的进步，对海洋石油的需求正日益呈现飞速增长的态势，     

马尔代夫海岛开发考察

通过对马尔代夫海岛开发的考察，系统介绍了马尔代夫在海岛开发上的主要做法和经验，并结合对马尔代夫海岛考察的体会和我国当前实际．对我国海岛开发提出了建议。     

On the development of ship anti-roll tanks

This paper reviews the development of ship anti-roll tanks from the 1880s to the present day including their modelling and control strategies. Mention is also made of other ship roll stabilization systems and the application of the technology to stabilization of other structures. The potential for the use of roll stabilization tanks on modern, high speed multi-hull craft which also have a low speed operational requirement is also discussed.     

Tectonic development of the Mid-Norway continental margin

The area reviewed covers the Mid-Norway continental margin between latitudes 62°N and 68°N. Main structural elements, as defined at the base Cretaceous level, are the Tröndelag Platform, underlying the inner shelf, the Möre and Vöring Basins, located beneath the outer shelf and slope, and the Möre Platform and the Outer Vöring Plateau, forming a base of slope trend of highs. Sediments contained in the Mid-Norway Basin range in age from Late Palaeozoic to Cenozoic. The basement was consolidated during the Caledonian orogenic cycle. Devonian and Early Carboniferous wrench movements along the axis of the Arctic-North Atlantic Caledonides are thought to have preceded the Namurian onset of crustal extension. Rifting processes were intermittently active for some 270 My until crustal separation between Greenland and Fennoscandia was achieved during the Early Eocene. During the evolution of the Norwegian-Greenland Sea rift system a stepwise concentration of tectonic activities to its axial zone (the area of subsequent continental separation) is observed. During the Late Palaeozoic to Mid-Jurassic a broad zone was affected by tensional faulting. During the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous the Tröndelag Platform was little affected by faulting whilst major rift systems in the Möre and Vöring Basins subsided rapidly and their shoulders became concomitantly upwarped. During the latest Cretaceous and Early Palaeogene terminal rifting phase only the western Möre and Vöring Basins were affected by intrusive and extrusive igneous activity. Following the Early Eocene crustal separation and the onset of sea floor spreading in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea, the Vöring segment of the Mid-Norway marginal basin subsided less rapidly than the Möre segment. During the Early and Mid Tertiary, minor compressional deformations affected the Vöring Basin and to a lesser degree the Möre Basin. Tensional forces dominated the Late Palaeozoic to Early Cenozoic evolution of the Mid-Norway Basin and effected strain mainly in the area where the crust was weakened by the previous lateral displacements. The lithosphere thinned progressively and the effects of the passively upwelling hot asthenospheric material became more pronounced. Massive dyke invasion of the thinned crust preceded its rupture.     

我国海洋区域发展特征分析

中国的海洋区域,按《联合国海洋法公约》和我国主张,共分五大部分:内水、领海、毗连区、专属经济区和大陆架。按我国海洋工作开展的范围,还要加上沿海(沿海地带)、国际海底开发和两极事业。海洋区域与陆地区域不同的是,在管辖权属上分了很多的等级,每一部分的区域,都会有一种不同的管辖权限,这种管辖权限,既有国际法所赋予的,也有国内法所赋予的;既有通过不断地管辖所获得的“历史性权力”,也有通过政治、经济、法律和军事行动所获得的管辖空间。从区域发展研究的角度上说,海洋区域比陆地区域要更为复杂和难于把握。随着中国陆地资源的进一…     

A field study of the development of wind-waves

This paper presents the results of observation on the development of wind-waves which were generated in a lake water about 420 cm deep with a fetch 12 km long. Measurements of surface elevation were carried out at the end of an observational pier where the water depth was 80 cm. The wave momentum flux, i.e., the growth rate of the wave momentum, was estimated from both significant waves and power spectral densities for the wave records. The values obtained by the two ways accorded fairly well and they were 57 % as large as the wind stress measured simultaneously. The exponential growth rate of spectral densities for a frequency component was in good accord with that observed bySnyder andCox (1966) and by others. If these growth rates are applied to all the components of the spectrum, the wave momentum flux must exceed the wind stress. This cannot explain the experimental results nor can be physically accepted. The difference of spectral densities between the two successive runs showed that the increase of spectral densities was. limited in several bands of frequency. The phenomena are discussed in relation with the overshoot-undershoot effects studied byBarnett andSutherland (1968).Observational results suggest that the spectral growth of a certain component is closely related to the spectral densities of other components. Energy exchange among componented waves has not been considered in the theories for generation and development of wind-waves established by Phillips, Miles and others.New generation mechanism suggested byLonguet-Higgins (1969) was found to be able to describe the observed growth rates of the form(f)={(1/2)(t–t_1/2)}²: the spectral density(f) was proportional to the square of durationt. However, the mechanism can not explain the overshoot-undershoot effects peculiar to the equilibrium spectrum of windwaves.Three frequencies characterizing the discrete distributions of frequency bands where spectral densities increased were examined and three waves corresponding to these frequencies were found to be satisfying the resonance conditions for the wave-wave interactions among three sinusoidal wave trains as studied byPhillips (1960),Longuet-Higgins (1962) andBenny (1962). The interactions are suggested to predict well both the spectral growth proportional to squares of duration and the ceaseless oscillations of spectral densities in an equilibrium spectrum.     

The mechanism of the development of wind-wave spectra

The mechanism of the development of wind-waves will be proposed on the basis of the observed wave spectra in the wind tunnels and at Lake Biwa (Imasato, 1976). It consists of two aspects: One is that the air flow over the wind-waves transfers momentum concentratively to the steepest component waves and the other is that the upper limit of the growth of a wave spectral density is given by the ultimate value in the slope spectral density. The first aspect means that the wave field has the momentum transfer filter on receiving the momentum from the air flow. Wind-waves in the stage of sea-waves receive the necessary amount of momentum by the form drag,e.g. according to the Miles' (1960) inviscid mechanism, through a very narrow frequency region around a dominant spectral peak. On the other hand, wind-waves in the stage of initial-wavelets receive it according to the Miles' (1962a) viscous model through a fairly broad frequency region around the peak. The upper limit ofS _max developing according to viscous mechanism is given byS _max =6.40×10^–4 k _max ^–2cm²s andS _max =2.03C(f _max )^–2cm²s(S _max is the power density of the wave spectral peak with the frequencyf _max ,k _max is the wave number corresponding to the frequencyf _max andC is the phase velocity).From the second aspect, the upper limit of the growth of wave spectral density is given by 33.3f ^–4cm²s in the frequency region of late stage of sea-waves. Therefore, the spectral peak, which has the largest value in the slope spectral density in the component waves of the wave spectrum, rises high over the line 4.15f ^–5cm²s. The energy is transported from the spectral peak to the high frequency part and to the forward face of a wave spectrum by nonlinear wave-wave interaction. This nonlinearity is confirmed by the bispectra calculated from the observed wind-wave data. In the stage of sea-waves, nonlinear rearrangement of the wave energy comes from a narrow momentum transfer filter, and, in the stage of initial-wavelets, it comes mainly from small corrugations and small steepness of the wave field.