考虑井阻时空变化的竖井地基非线性固结解析解

软土固结过程中展现出明显的非线性压缩和渗透特性,同时竖井的淤堵效应常导致井阻在固结过程中随深度和时间不断演化,但目前能考虑井阻随时空演化的竖井地基非线性固结解析解还很鲜见。通过引入孔隙比与有效应力及孔隙比与渗透系数间的半对数模型描述了土体的非线性固结特性,建立了能同时考虑井阻随时空变化和涂抹影响的竖井地基非线性固结模型,并采用分离变量法获得了固结模型的解析解。将特定参数下固结解的计算结果与实测数据、已有的竖井地基固结解答进行了对比分析以验证其可靠性。最后,对竖井地基的非线性固结性状开展了大量计算分析。结果表明：竖井渗透系数随深度线性衰减越明显则地基固结速率越慢;外荷载一定时,随着软土压缩指数c_c与渗透率指数c_k之比的增大,竖井地基固结速度减慢;在c_c /c_k值不变的情况下,外荷载增加,地基固结速率加快。在涂抹区的3种径向渗透系数变化模式中,抛物线变化模式下的地基固结速度最快,线性变化模式下的地基固结速度次之,恒定模式下的地基固结速度最慢,且这种性状并不因为考虑井阻变化或土体非线性固结特性而发生改变。     

考虑涂抹区压缩及渗透系数变化的堆载预压固结解

为评估涂抹区土体压缩和渗透系数变化对含竖向排水体地基固结的影响,采用等体积应变假设,考虑涂抹区土体的压缩变形及其水平向渗透系数沿径向分别呈线性和抛物线分布,并考虑井阻作用以及地基附加球应力沿深度任意分布,推导了随时间线性堆载预压条件下固结微分方程的显式解析解答,分析了涂抹区半径、水平向渗透系数的分布模式、以及体积压缩系数对地基整体平均固结度的影响。结果表明,涂抹区土体采用均匀折减的水平向渗透系数明显低估了地基的固结速率,而当涂抹区半径较大时,不考虑涂抹区土体的压缩变形将会高估地基的固结速率。在含竖向排水体地基固结问题的分析中,这些影响不可忽视。     

考虑复杂荷载及井阻非线性时竖井地基固结解析解研究

根据浙江沿海地区滩涂围垦中的淤泥基础海堤工程设计经验,认为软土工程中竖井地基固结计算需考虑井阻随时间的影响,基于竖井渗透系数随时间指数衰减关系假定,利用竖井地基径向固结理论和等应变假设,并考虑多级线性加载及循环荷载等复杂荷载作用,重新推导了考虑井阻非线性影响下竖井地基固结解析解,通过与TANG X W等(2000)、Zhu G等（2004）恒定井阻地基固结理论的对比,验证了本文理论的正确性。根据本文理论,通过对比分析,认为线性加载时间越长,竖井地基前期固结速率越慢,与骤加恒载工况差异越显著。在循环荷载作用下,地基固结速率一般介于荷载最大值和荷载最小值的恒载情况之间;且固结度随外荷载的波动而相应地滞后性震荡,竖井渗透系数衰减越快,其震荡越明显,最终趋向于稳定震荡。     

考虑漏气及井阻非线性的真空预压地基固结解析解

基于径向固结理论和等应变假设,考虑真空预压过程中真空泵故障、漏气等不利影响以及排水体井阻时空非线性影响,推导了以排水体中超静孔隙水压uw为函数的3阶拟线性偏微分方程,并将膜下真空度随时间的变化曲线作为边界条件,考虑吹填土的自重固结影响,分别给出了真空预压地基考虑漏气影响且排水体渗透系数随深度线性衰减及时间指数衰减时的固结解析解。最后通过与现有多个固结解的对比分析,认为它们一般为新解的特例,并通过算例计算比较分析,认为井阻随时间影响参数A_2对固结度的影响比随深度影响参数A_1更敏感。当参数A_2足够大时,则认为排水体很快就淤堵以至于不具备排水能力,参数A1则可等效反映真空度随深度的衰减影响,且真空预压过程中漏气对地基固结度具有直接影响,漏气越严重则固结排水越慢,需延长真空预压时间,以保证真空预压效果。     

涂抹区重叠竖井地基固结特性研究

在软基处理工程中,经常出现竖井打设变密而地基固结效率降低的现象。鉴于此,建立了重叠涂抹区内土体水平向渗透系数的分布函数,给出了涂抹区重叠时竖井地基超静孔压和平均固结度的解析解。通过分析不同工况下竖井地基固结度随竖井间距的变化情况,探究了竖井间距减小而地基固结效率不增反减的成因。最后,探讨了涂抹作用和井阻作用对竖井最小临界间距的影响。结果表明：相邻竖井涂抹区重叠是竖井地基中出现竖井最小临界间距的根本原因。涂抹作用越大,则竖井最小临界间距越大;具体表现为当地基扰动程度增大时或涂抹区半径增大时,竖井最小临界间距随之增大。井阻作用越大,则竖井最小临界间距越小;具体表现为当竖井渗透系数减小时、竖井长度增大时或竖井半径减小时,竖井最小临界间距随之减小。     

涂抹区重叠竖井地基固结特性研究

在软基处理工程中,经常出现竖井打设变密而地基固结效率降低的现象。鉴于此,建立了重叠涂抹区内土体水平向渗透系数的分布函数,给出了涂抹区重叠时竖井地基超静孔压和平均固结度的解析解。通过分析不同工况下竖井地基固结度随竖井间距的变化情况,探究了竖井间距减小而地基固结效率不增反减的成因。最后,探讨了涂抹作用和井阻作用对竖井最小临界间距的影响。结果表明：相邻竖井涂抹区重叠是竖井地基中出现竖井最小临界间距的根本原因。涂抹作用越大,则竖井最小临界间距越大;具体表现为当地基扰动程度增大时或涂抹区半径增大时,竖井最小临界间距随之增大。井阻作用越大,则竖井最小临界间距越小;具体表现为当竖井渗透系数减小时、竖井长度增大时或竖井半径减小时,竖井最小临界间距随之减小。     

考虑井阻效应及径向渗透系数变化下砂井地基的大变形固结

基于Barron砂井地基等应变固结理论及Gibson一维大变形固结理论,同时考虑了砂井的井阻效应、径向渗透系数的变化及竖向渗流等因素,推导建立了更具普遍性的砂井地基大变形固结方程,并采用有限差分法对该方程进行了求解。通过将所求的差分解答与已有的固结模型及小变形解析解进行比较,对差分解答的正确性进行了验证。基于差分解答,对砂井地基的大变形固结性状展开分析。分析表明:砂井的井阻效应会降低砂井地基的固结速率,但当砂井的渗透系数增大到一定程度时,砂井的井阻效应可忽略;径向渗透系数的变化模式会对砂井地基的固结速率产生较大影响,相比于线性变化模式,抛物线变化模式下的固结速率较快;竖向渗流加快了砂井地基的固结速率,当井径比较小时,应考虑竖向渗流对砂井地基固结速率的影响;压缩指数与渗透指数的比值越大,砂井地基的固结速率越慢。     

变荷载下考虑井阻随时空变化的竖井地基固结解

竖井排水固结法中井阻随时空演变（即由淤堵和弯折所引起的竖井排水能力下降）的现象已引起广泛关注,且变井阻对竖井地基固结速率的影响不容忽略。但目前能同时考虑变荷载及井阻随时间和空间变化的固结解析解还鲜有报道。考虑井阻随时空演变过程,引入实际中广泛采用的单级或多级加载模式,建立了竖井地基固结模型,并应用分离变量法获得固结模型的解析解答。通过与已有的解析解、有限差分解及工程实测值进行对比分析,充分验证了该模型的正确性。通过大量的计算,分析变井阻参数对竖井地基固结性状的影响。结果表明：竖井地基固结速率随竖井最终排水能力的增大而加快,随深度井阻参数及时间井阻参数的增大而减缓,且时间井阻参数的影响更为显著。     

真空联合堆载预压下混凝土芯砂石桩复合地基固结特性理论分析

真空联合堆载预压与混凝土芯砂石桩复合地基相结合是处理深厚软土地基的一种新方法。该方法既能利用预制混凝土芯桩提高地基承载力,又能利用砂石外壳缩短排水路径、传递真空负压,加快固结。根据真空联合堆载预压下混凝土芯砂石桩复合地基的固结特点,将堆载预压和真空预压的固结效应分开考虑,然后再进行叠加,推导出了真空联合堆载预压下混凝土芯砂石桩复合地基的平均固结度解析解,并利用三维数值模拟对平均固结度解析解进行了验证。通过对解析解的参数分析,探讨了置换率、涂抹区大小及渗透系数、混凝土芯砂石桩长径比和芯桩率对混凝土芯砂石桩复合地基固结特性的影响。结果表明,混凝土芯砂石桩复合地基的固结速率随着置换率和芯桩率的增大而增大,随涂抹区和砂石外壳直径之比、未扰动区和涂抹区渗透系数之比、长径比的增大而减小。     

考虑影响区真实形状的竖向排水井地基固结解

针对现有竖向排水井地基固结解析理论对影响区一律采用圆形等效假定的缺陷,研究了影响区真实形状为正六边形的按梅花形布置的竖向排水井地基的固结问题。通过建立新固结方程和引入新的边界条件,并考虑土体水平渗透系数变化,得到了相应的解析解。对于土体水平渗透系数的3种变化模式,分别给出了各种模式下的特殊解。在此基础上,分析了3种模式下3个主要的无量纲参数对地基固结性状的影响,并比较了计算结果和现有理论结果。分析结果表明,影响区和涂抹扰动区范围越大,固结越慢;土体的最大与最小水平渗透系数之比越小,固结越快;在相同条件下,考虑扰动区渗透系数线性变化的模式2固结最快,而假定扰动区渗透系数不变的模式1的解与现有理论解相当接近,验证了现有竖向排水井地基固结解析理论中对影响区采用圆形等效假定的合理性     

P-V-T equation of state of lawsonite

A pressure-volume-temperature data set has been obtained for lawsonite [CaAl₂Si₂O₇(OH)₂.H₂O], using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and an externally heated diamond anvil cell. Unit-cell volumes were measured to 9.4 GPa and 767 K by angle dispersive X-ray diffraction using imaging plates. Phase changes were not observed within this pressure-temperature range, and lawsonite compressed almost isotropically at constant temperature. The P-V-T data have been analyzed using a Birch- Murnaghan equation of state and a linear equation of state expressed as β=–1/V₀ (∂V/∂P) _T . At room temperature, the derived equation of state parameters are: K ₀=124.1 (18) GPa K'₀ set to 4) and β^–1=142.0(24) GPa, respectively. Our results are intermediate between previously reported measurements. The high-temperature data show that the incompressibility of lawsonite decreases with increasing temperature to ∼500 K and then increases above. Hence, the second order temperature derivative of the bulk modulus is taken into account in the equation of state; a fit of the volume data yields K ₀=123.9(18) GPa, (∂K/∂T)_P=–0.111(3) GPa K^–1, (∂² K/∂T ²)_P=0.28(6) 10^–3 GPa K^–2, α₀=3.1(2) 10^–5 K^–1, assuming K'₀=4. Received: 2 June 1998 / Revised, accepted: 12 Ocotber 1998     

Geochemistry of Thermal Waters of Continental Margin of Far East of Russia

Studied waters belong to warm(T=30-50℃),alkaline(pH=8.9-9.3),low mineralized(TDS235 mg/1)Na-HCO_3 or Na-SO_4-HCO_3 thermal waters with high content of SiO_2(up to 81 mg/l)and F(up to 3.9 mg/1),occur on modern volcano-tectonic rejuvenated areas of Eastern Sikhote-Alin orogenic belt.Low~3He concentration as well as N_2/O_2 and N_2/Ar ratios exclude influence of deep mantle fluid.New rare earth element data constrain our understandmg of water-rock interaction occurring in the water source region.Meteoric origin of waters is proved by stable isotope values varying from-71‰to-136.1‰and from-10.8‰to-18.8‰forδ~2U andδ~(18)O respectively.REE patterns reflect high pH,resultfing from water-rock interaction and oxidative conditions.Calculations of deep aquifer temperature using Na-K and quartz geothermometers show 116.8-131.1°C and 82.2-125.8℃respectively.Presence of deep faults both with abnormal thermal gradient(~45-50 K/km)define unique geochemical shape of thermal waters of Sikhote-Alin,area,where no present volcanic activity is registered.     

Chemistry of rainwaters in the south Pacific area of Russia

On the south-eastern edge of Russia, the chemical composition of rainwater is controlled by sea salts, terrestrial material, as well as volcanic (Kuril islands volcanic area) and anthropogenic emissions, mostly in the southern part of the area. The predominant major ions of the Primorye, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands rainwaters were respectively HCO₃⁻–SO₄²⁻, Ca–Na, and of Cl–Na. Concentration of trace elements changes within 1–2 orders of magnitude but some difference in the distribution of the elements between continental and island rainwater is found. The concentration of the chemical elements in the particulate fraction varies from < 10% to 90% of the total concentration (dissolved + particulate) with the following distribution: Tl, Na, Ca, Sr, Zn, Cd (< 10%)–Be, Th, Bi, Rb, U, K, Sc (10–20%)–Cu, Mn, Mg, Mo, Se, Ba, Ni, As, Ag, Cs, Co, Y, Ga, V (20–50%)–Sb, Pb, Ge, Cr, Fe, Al (50–90%).The concentration of elements of the particulate fraction of the rainwater usually is significantly different from concentrations in the crust, including both higher and lower concentrations. The terrestrial contribution to dissolved elements was evaluated and follows the decreasing order: Fe > K, Mg, Ca > Ba, Sr > Na (65–1%). Close order was found for total (dissolved and solid) concentrations. Sea salt contribution to dissolved element concentration in the rainwater decrease in the following order: Cl, Mg > K, SO₄ > Ca > HCO₃⁻, Ba, Fe (78–0.1%). Calculation of anthropogenic and volcanic inputs for two ions (Cl⁻ and SO₄²⁻) shows that anthropogenic inputs for the Vladivostok and Yuzno-Sakhalinsk cities can be evaluated as 15–20% of Cl⁻ and up to 80–90% of SO₄²⁻. Volcanic components in the Kuril Islands, where anthropogenic inputs are absent, can reach up to 76% of SO₄²⁻ and 36% of Cl⁻.     

The Equation of State of Lakes

In recent years, a number of workers have studied the stability of deep lakes such as Lake Tanganyika, Lake Baikal and Lake Malawi. In this paper, the methods that can be used to determine the effect that the components of lakes have on the equation of state are examined. The PVT properties of Lakes have been determined by using apparent molal volume data for the major ionic components of the lake. The estimated PVT properties (densities, expansibility and compressibilities) of the lakes are found to be in good agreement with the PVT properties (P) of seawater diluted to the same salinity. This is similar to earlier work that showed that the PVT properties of rivers and estuarine waters could also be estimated from the properties of seawater.The measured densities of Lake Tanganyika were found to be in good agreement (± 2 × 10^-6 g cm^-3) with the values estimated from partial molal properties and the values of seawater at the same total salinity (S_T = 0.568). The increase in the densities of Lake Tanganyika waters increased due to changes in the composition of the waters. The measured increase in the measured density (45 × 10^-6 g cm^-3) is in good agreement (46 × 10^-6 g cm^-3) with the values calculated for the increase in Na⁺, HCO₃ ^-, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Si(OH)₄.Methods are described that can be used to determine the conductivity salinity of lakes using the equations developed for seawater. By combining these relationships with apparent molal volume data, one can relate the PVT properties of the lake to those of seawater.     

Distribution and enrichment of trace metals in marine sediments of Bay of Bengal,off Ennore,south-east coast of India

In order to avoid the pollution of trace metals in marine environment, it is necessary to establish the data and understand the mechanisms influencing the distribution of trace metals in marine environment. The concentration of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Co and Cd) were studied in sediments of Ennore shelf, to understand the metal contamination due to heavily industrialized area of Ennore, south-east coast of India. Concentration of metals shows significant variability and range from 1.7 to 3.7% for Fe, 284–460 μg g⁻¹ for Mn, 148.6–243.2 μg g⁻¹ for Cr, 385–657 μg g⁻¹ for Cu, 19.8–53.4 μg g⁻¹ for Ni, 5.8–11.8 μg g⁻¹ for Co, 24.9–40 μg g⁻¹ for Pb, 71.3–201 μg g⁻¹ for Zn and 4.6–7.5 μg g⁻¹ for Cd. For various metals the contamination factor (CF) and geoaccumulation index (I _geo) has been calculated to assess the degree of pollution in sediments. The geoaccumulation index shows that Cd, Cr and Cu moderately to extremely pollute the sediments. This study shows that the major sources of metal contamination in the Ennore shelf are land-based anthropogenic ones, such as discharge of industrial wastewater, municipal sewage and run-off through the Ennore estuary. The intermetallic relationship revealed the identical behavior of metals during its transport in the marine environment.     

Calculation of reflectance values for two models of texture of carbon materials

This paper presents two models of texture of carbon materials possessing porosity. For both models, R_MAX, R_INT and R_MIN values of reflectance have been calculated by modified Ting's 3A method [Ting, F.T.C., 1978. Petrographic techniques in coal analysis. In: C. Karr (Ed.), Analytical Methods for Coal and Coal Products, Vol. 1. Academic Press, New York, 1978, pp. 3–25]. It has been found that the reflectance indicating surface (RIS) for the studied models of texture changes from a biaxial negative up to a biaxial positive one (the type A texture) depending on the shape and size of pores. In particular case, for the type B texture and the isometry of pores, a uniaxial negative RIS is merely obtained.     

Kinetics of dehydration of Ca-montmorillonite

Isothermal thermogravimetric experiments have been carried out to determine the reaction kinetics of the dehydration processes in fuller's earth, a natural Ca-montmorillonite. Dehydration in swelling clays is a complex reaction, and analysis of the thermogravimetric data using empirical rate equations and time-transformation analysis reveals that the nature of the rate controlling mechanism is dependent upon both the temperature regime of the sample as well as the extent of reaction. For fuller's earth, we find that the dehydration kinetics are dominated by a nucleation and growth mechanism at low temperatures and fractions transformed (stage I), but above 90 °C the last stages of the reaction are diffusion controlled (stage II). The activation energy for dehydration during stage I is around 35 kJ · mol⁻¹, whereas the removal of water during stage II requires an activation energy of around 50 kJ · mol⁻¹. These two stages of dehydration are associated with primary collapse of the interlayer (stage I) and movement of water that is hydrated to cations within the interlayer (stage II). Received: 28 August 1998 / Revised, accepted: 27 January 1999     

Numerical investigation of the effect of volatilization and the supercritical state of pore water on maturation of organic matter in the vicinity of igneous intrusions

This study presents a numerical investigation of the effect of volatilization and the supercritical state of pore water on maturation of organic matter in host rocks based on the heat flow models assuming the instantaneous and finite-time intrusion mechanisms of magma. A 15 m thick, well-dated basic sill in the DSDP 41-368 hole near Cape Verde Rise, eastern Atlantic is selected as an example due to the sufficient thermophysical parameters of rocks and the definite burial and thermal history of the shale host rocks. Results indicate: (1) The effect of the temperature-dependent thermal properties of pore water at a hydrostatic pressure of 414 bar on the predicted vitrinite reflectance (Rr) is less than 0.1% no matter which intrusion mechanism of magma is assumed and can hence be ignored reasonably; (2) The consideration of volatilization of pore water can reduce the predicted Rr of host rocks significantly. In case of the instantaneous intrusion mechanism, the maximum deviation of the predicted Rr caused by pore-water volatilization reaches 1.3% at the location of half the sill thickness away from the contact (i.e. X/D = 0.5), and the deviation above 0.5% can occur in the region from 0.3 to 1.0 in the form of X/D. In case of the finite-time intrusion mechanism, the maximum deviation of the predicted Rr due to pore-water volatilization attains 1.15% at X/D = 0.25, and the region where the deviation is larger than 0.5% lies between 0.15 and 0.6 in the form of X/D; (3) If hydrothermal convection in the host rocks is allowed for, the predicted Rr of the overlying host rocks is less than that of the underlying host rocks at the same X/D in the inner region of the contact aureole of igneous intrusions, whereas the phenomenon is converse in the outer region. In contrast, the measured Rr profile shows that at the same X/D, Rr of the overlying host rocks is totally higher than that of the underlying host rocks. Thus, it is not the hydrothermal convection in the overlying host rocks that resulted in the asymmetry of the current Rr profiles below and above the sill; (4) The predicted Rr based on the heat conduction model assuming the finite-time intrusion mechanism and pore-water volatilization matches well with the measured one out of the region where the Rr geothermometer is unreliable due to the effect of volatilization of pore water. This demonstrates that the finite-time intrusion mechanism of magma, together with pore-water volatilization, possibly represents natural conditions.     

南极普通球粒陨石风化等级的重新厘定

在南极格罗夫山普通球粒陨石的风化等级划分中出现了和Wlotzka(1993)标准矛盾的现象。部分普通球粒陨石的金属和陨硫铁氧化不足20%,然而硅酸盐却发生了蚀变。如果考虑金属的氧化量,这种风化程度应为W1,如果考虑硅酸盐的蚀变,这种风化程度应为W5。对于存在如此大的差异本文给出了折衷的解决办法——对金属和硅酸盐同时进行风化等级划分。金属的风化等级划分为W_m0-W_m4五个,硅酸盐风化等级划分为W_s0-W_s3四个。依据新方案,GRV 021588、021636、021772和021957等4块无法用Wlotzka(1993)标准来确定风化等级的陨石的风化等级均为W_m1-W_s1。而陨石GRV 023312的风化等级为W_m3-W_s0,其相当于Wlotzka(1993)标准中的W3。     

Remote sensing of spectral signatures of tropospheric aerosols

With the launch of the German Aerospace Agency's (DLR) Modular Opto-electronic Scanner (MOS) sensor on board the Indian Remote Sensing satellite (IRS-P3) launched by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in March 1996, 13 channel multi-spectral data in the range of 408 to 1010 nm at high radiometric resolution, precision, and with narrow spectral bands have been available for a variety of land, atmospheric and oceanic studies. We found that these data are best for validation of radiative transfer model and the corresponding code developed by one of the authors at Space Applications Centre, and called ATMRAD (abbreviated for ATMospheric RADiation). Once this model/code is validated, it can be used for retrieving information on tropospheric aerosols over ocean or land. This paper deals with two clear objectives, viz.,