Implementation of displacement-dependent Barton-Bandis rock joint model into discontinuous deformation analysis

Discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) has been widely applied in analyzing various rock engineering problems. As the joint strength play a vital role in the stability of jointed rock mass, this paper makes an attempt to implement the Barton-Bandis rock joint model into the DDA code to replace the original Mohr-Coulomb joint model. The developed Barton-Bandis joint model which is characterized by displacement-dependent shear strength is verified by experimental direct shear tests. An example of a block sliding on an inclined plane is used to demonstrate the capacity of the DDA-BB model in predicting the dynamic motion behavior of sliding blocks.     

Anisotropic Deformation of a Circular Tunnel Excavated in a Rock Mass Containing Sets of Ubiquitous Joints: Theory Analysis and Numerical Modeling

Determining anisotropic deformation surrounding underground excavations for tunnels is an intuitional task that involves many difficulties due to the inherent anisotropies in the strength and deformability of natural rocks. This study investigates joint-induced anisotropic deformation surrounding a tunnel via a numerical simulation that accounts for the mechanical behavior of intact rock, the orientations of joint sets, and the mechanical behavior of joint planes; this numerical simulation can model the complete stress–strain relationship with anisotropic rock mass characteristics. Simulation results demonstrate that the well-known excavation-induced stress variation–decrease in the radial component and increase in the tangential component–decrease shear strength and increase shear stress for the joint plane tangential to the tunnel wall, resulting in joint sliding failure and considerable shear deformation. This joint sliding failure and significant shear deformation account for the joint-induced anisotropic deformation surrounding a tunnel. When a rock mass has two joint sets with unfavorable joint orientations, the area with joint sliding failure can deteriorate mutually, resulting in large anisotropic deformation. Additionally, for a rock mass containing three joint sets with well-distributed orientations, joint sliding in various joint sets and associated stress variations can counter balance each other, resulting in less anisotropic deformation than those of rock masses containing one or two joint sets.     

多节理岩体裂纹扩展及变形破坏试验研究

为了研究不同倾角下多节理岩体力学行为,采用10 MN微机控制电液伺服大型多功能动静力三轴仪,开展包含较多预制非贯通节理类岩石试件的单轴压缩试验,研究了多节理岩体裂纹的特征、贯通模式、破坏模式、应力-应变特征等与节理倾角之间的关系。试验结果表明,（1）多节理岩体的裂纹类型主要有翼裂纹和次生共面裂纹,翼裂纹的扩展路径与单个节理情况下的扩展路径差异较大,翼裂纹起裂后沿起裂方向存在较长的扩展长度,直接与相邻节理或翼裂纹形成贯通,并且裂纹的贯通表现出四种不同的模式;（2）多节理岩体的破坏模式归纳为3种类型：平面破坏、块体转动式破坏和台阶式破坏;（3）根据多节理岩体的应力-应变曲线在应变软化阶段所表现出的不同非线性变形行为特征,可以将曲线归纳为4种类型;（4）多节理岩体的强度和变形各向异性特征非常显著,强度和弹性模量均在节理倾角30°时最小,90°时最大。     

Application of DDA to simulate characteristics of the Tsaoling landslide

This study simulates the kinematic behavior of sliding blocks of rock in the earthquake-induced Tsaoling landslide using seismic discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA). We assume sliding rocks are elastic blocks. Detailed joint shear strength parameters are set in DDA in a manner compatible with what is known about the Tsaoling landslide mechanisms. Landslide run-out distance, information from survivors, and the post-failure topography are used to constrain the computational results. Calculations demonstrate that sliding rocks from the ground surface decoupled from those near the basal shear surface during the landslide. Local residents survived because surficial rocks were never deeply buried during the landslide. Additionally, shear strength parameters of material in the deposition area strongly govern final deposit topography. Computational results correlate well with actual post-failure topography.     

模拟应变软化岩石三轴试验过程曲线

在经典弹塑性理论框架下,认为岩石材料在应变软化过程中遵守摩尔-库仑强度准则,塑性变形服从非关联流动法则。对两组岩石在三轴试验中呈现的应变软化行为进行了分析,获取了峰值前后强度参数的大小。采用应变软化模拟方法,将应力-应变曲线峰后应变软化阶段简化为一系列应力跌落和塑性流动的脆塑性过程,在给定的强度参数演化规律基础上,得到了岩石的应力-应变曲线、侧向应变-轴向应变曲线、体应变-轴向应变曲线和塑性体应变-轴向塑性应变曲线。模拟得到的应力-应变曲线与试验结果吻合较好,其他曲线与相关试验测试规律基本一致。研究成果对确定岩石强度参数与认识岩石峰后强度演化规律有一定的指导意义。     

综合考虑宏微观复合损伤的节理岩体本构模型

针对目前节理岩体损伤本构模型中仅考虑节理等宏观缺陷造成的损伤,而没有考虑岩块中微裂纹等微观损伤的不足,提出了综合考虑宏微观损伤的节理岩体本构模型。其中微观损伤模型采用基于应变强度理论和岩石微元强度服从Weibull分布假定的统计损伤模型,把其应用于被节理切割而成的岩块。而宏观损伤模型主要基于连续介质力学原理,把节理对岩体性质的劣化作为损伤来考虑。在考虑节理传压及传剪系数的基础上,提出了综合考虑宏微观复合损伤的节理岩体本构模型。算例表明宏观节理的存在大大削弱了岩体的强度,降低了其刚度,增大了其柔性。所提出的模型能够较好地反映宏微观两类损伤对岩体应力-应变关系及强度的影响,较为合理。      

Post failure behaviour of a rock mass under the influence of triaxial and true triaxial confinement

In this paper results of triaxial and true triaxial testing conducted on physical models of a rock mass are used to describe its post failure behaviour. The specimens comprised of three continuous joint sets and were prepared from blocks of sand lime model material. The testing was performed using a True Triaxial System (TTS) developed by the authors. The results show strain hardening, strain softening and plastic behaviour in the simulated rock mass specimens depending upon joint geometry and stress state. Expressions are suggested to estimate post peak modulus in triaxial and true triaxial stress conditions. Finally, a zonation table is proposed to assess the strain hardening, softening and plasticity behaviour of a rock mass material with the help of joint geometry and confining stress conditions at site.     

基于裂隙岩样的多组贯穿裂隙岩体峰后应力-应变曲线研究

在岩土工程中,裂隙岩体经常处于峰后变形状态,研究裂隙岩体的峰后应力-应变关系对预测结构的稳定性有重要意义。基于峰后软化阶段强度参数的逐渐演化行为,首先提出一个求岩石峰后应力-应变关系和裂隙峰后应力-切向位移关系的一般方法。然后采用摩尔-库仑强度准则,以岩石的最大主应变和裂隙的切向位移作为软化参数,假设强度参数为软化参数的分段线性函数,分岩体沿裂隙滑移破坏和沿岩石剪切破坏两种情况,提出多组贯穿裂隙岩体峰后应力-应变关系式的求法。最后,在算例中,分岩体沿裂隙滑移破坏和沿岩石剪切破坏两种情况给出了裂隙岩体的峰后应力-应变曲线,讨论了裂隙的平均间距、法向刚度和剪切刚度对峰后应变的影响。结果表明,裂隙的平均间距、法向刚度和剪切刚度越小,裂隙岩体的轴向应变越大。     

A discontinuous numerical model to simulate rock failure process

Due to the difficulty of the classical fracture mechanics in dealing with multicrack coalescence, the simulation of jointed rock failure has remained a worldwide problem since the middle of the last century. Through a nearly 10-year effort, we have developed a novel but simple discontinuum-based approach, namely DDARF (discontinuous deformation analysis for rock failure), to simulate the progressive failure process of jointed rock mass. In the proposed method, by adopting the FE adaptive mesh generation technique—the advanced front method, the computational model of triangular DDA block system is automatically established. Also, the randomly distributed mechanical parameters statistically satisfying Weibull’s law are assigned to the blocks to simulate the heterogeneity of rock mass. In the generating process of the block system, numerous artificial joints come into being. These artificial joints provide the potential paths along which the cracks generate and propagate. The two blocks beside an artificial joint are glued together through adhesive algorithm, and if the glue is invalid, the artificial joint will break and turn into a real crack. In this way, the rock fragmentation process can be simulated. The results of several verification examples indicate that the DDARF method can simulate the whole process of rock fragmentation, and is suitable for cases of intact rock, rock mass with non-penetrative joints, and even blocky rock.