可液化场地桩基震后水平变形预测模型研究

近海海域实测数据显示,风机主要承受大幅值、长历时的水平向环境荷载。在服役周期内,位于高烈度区域内的近海风机遭受地震作用的概率极大。这些持续性的、量值巨大的初始水平环境荷载对风机的地震响应所产生的影响尚不清晰,目前相关研究多基于数值模拟方法。以福建海域某拟建近海风电场为对象,利用ZJU-400超重力振动台,开展了嵌岩桩单桩基础在砂土中的超重力物理模型试验,揭示了初始水平荷载与地震动荷载耦合作用下的桩身弯矩和位移响应。此外,引入超孔压参数来表征耦合荷载作用下的桩-土弱化效应,建立了能反映不同超孔压比下的大直径单桩基础桩身土反力-桩-土水平位移曲线模型。结合非线性Winkler地基梁理论框架,所构建的预测模型可以较有效地预测近海风机嵌岩单桩在初始水平荷载作用下的震后弯矩及位移分布。     

水平荷载作用下风电机桩基础的离心模型试验研究

桩基础是近海风机经常采用的基础形式。由于风电机组对基础的承载力和变形有着严格的要求,而水平荷载常常是控制荷载,因此,研究水平荷载作用下风机桩基础的应力、变形特性具有重要意义。针对风机单桩基础,选取典型的黏土地基,进行了水平加载条件下的离心模型试验,重点分析了桩身的响应及桩周围土体的变形特点。试验结果表明,在水平荷载作用下,桩顶的水平位移随着水平力的增加而增加,位移的增加速率在临界荷载之后增长较快;桩身弯矩分别在埋深1/5和3/5处附近分别出现极大值和极小值,且桩底具有一定弯矩值;桩周围土体的变形随着离桩距离的增加而减小,可分为主动区和被动区。桩对土体变形的影响区域随着水平力的增加而不断扩展,最后基本稳定在2倍桩径范围内。     

砂土地基中受水流影响的竖向力-水平力联合受荷桩承载特性模型试验研究

海上风机大直径单桩基础除承受竖向荷载V与水平荷载H外,同时还受水流冲刷、扰动。基于Swipe加载法,在室内水槽模型中设计完成了砂土中的V-H联合受荷桩测试,获得了静、动水流状态及不同竖向力大小条件下的荷载-位移曲线及桩身弯矩分布;经无量纲化处理与拟合,得到了考虑水流影响的V-H联合受荷桩承载力包络线及其简化计算公式。结果表明:水流冲刷降低了总的桩侧摩阻力,导致竖向荷载-位移曲线初始刚度降低;桩身水平位移和弯矩在仅受水流作用时较小,但同时受水流、水平荷载作用相比于单一水平受力时则明显增大;增加桩顶竖向荷载在水平位移较小时有助于提高桩身水平承载力,但随水平位移增大且竖向荷载接近竖向极限承载力V_u时,可能会因重力二阶(P-Δ)效应而削弱桩身水平承载力;桩身最大弯矩位置不会随水流状态与竖向荷载大小的改变而明显变化,基本保持在泥面以下2～3倍桩径处。     

水平循环荷载下风电机桩基础离心模型试验研究

在近海风力发电工程中桩基是常用的基础型式,海上风力发电机桩基础一般建立于复杂软土地基、承受着海上风浪、潮流等近似水平向的循环荷载作用,而风力发电机组运行对基础的承载力和变形有严格的要求。因此,研究水平循环荷载下桩土系统变形规律和相互作用机制具有重要的意义。针对典型的近海风机单桩基础,选取典型的饱和砂性土地基,通过离心模型试验的方法研究了水平循环荷载下的风机桩基础的受力变形规律。试验结果表明,水平向循环作用下,桩周围土体中变形主要呈现为挤压或塌陷产生的沉降和水平向变形,变形主要集中在桩周围较小的范围内;变形呈现逐渐累积特性,其大小随着循环次数的增加而增加;桩身弯矩峰值出现在埋深上1/3处,多次循环后的弯矩大小和分布变化不大;桩周围土体中不同位置产生不同的超静孔隙水压力,孔隙水压力发展对土体变形有一定影响     

粉质黏土中沉箱-桩复合基础水平向承载性能试验研究

为进一步研究沉箱-桩复合基础的水平向承载性能,开展粉质黏土中单桩、沉箱-桩复合基础在水平向荷载和竖向及水平向组合荷载作用下的系列试验,对沉箱-桩复合基础的水平荷载与位移关系、桩身弯矩、位移及土抗力分布规律及群桩效应等进行了研究。结果表明,在水平荷载作用下沉箱对桩顶的约束使桩身弯矩分布较桩顶自由情况要更均匀,并能有效地降低桩身弯矩、位移及土抗力,提高了基础水平承载能力;在同时作用有竖向和水平向组合荷载时,沉箱底摩擦力参与抵抗水平力作用、桩顶竖向力也有利于进一步提高基础水平承载力;试验获得了不同桩数、桩顶约束、荷载作用条件下的沉箱-桩复合基础群桩效应系数,对于桩距为6倍桩径的情况,桩与桩之间的相互影响很小。     

深厚场地大型桥梁桩基础随机地震反应及可靠性分析

以苏通长江大桥主墩特大型群桩基础为研究背景,考虑地震动的不确定性,将地震激励作为平稳随机过程,采用随机地震反应分析方法,对深厚场地上群桩基础受上部桥墩荷载下的地震反应进行研究。土体动力非线性性能采用等效线性化方法考虑。由于桥墩惯性作用以及软土土层对桩身位移的约束作用,地震激励下桩身位移呈三角形分布。土体位移与土体和基础间距离有关,桥墩-桩-土相互作用对基础两侧1.5倍基础宽度的土体位移有较大影响。桩体内力反应结果表明,桩顶及桩身上部剪力及弯矩均较大,边桩剪力显著大于中间桩剪力。此外,基于强度破坏准则,对以桩身屈服剪力作为控制指标的群桩基础动力可靠性进行了分析。     

水平荷载作用下PCC桩复合地基工作性状

利用河海大学岩土所自行研制开发的大型试验模型槽进行PCC桩水平承载足尺试验,实测得到了水平荷载作用下桩身弯矩分布。利用三维弹塑性有限元方法,研究了PCC单桩与等截面实心圆桩、PCC桩复合地基与等截面实心圆桩复合地基在水平荷载作用下的工作性状,对其桩身弯矩和水平位移的分布规律进行了比较,分析了竖向荷载、褥垫层厚度、基础埋深和置换率对PCC桩复合地基桩身性状的影响。研究表明,PCC桩复合地基在水平荷载作用下,随着竖向荷载、褥垫层厚度、基础埋深和置换率的增加,其桩身弯矩和水平位移随之减小。因此,在PCC桩复合地基设计时可以通过适度调整这些影响参数来减小水平荷载作用下的桩身弯矩和水平位移,确保桩身的安全。     

基于拉格朗日乘数法的大弯矩水平受荷桩研究

水平受荷单桩常用于海上风机基础,该条件下单桩受到巨大的倾覆力矩。通过引入力和弯矩平衡的拉格朗日乘子,将桩身挠曲线泛函极值问题转化为非线性方程组。方程组求解采用牛顿法,以Matlab矩阵运算实现。所提方法适用于任意非线性或分段形式的p-y(水平抗力-水平位移)曲线,计算迅速,可模拟荷载和桩身参数的变化。与试桩资料的对比表明,所提方法计算准确。算例研究表明,加载高度与桩长相仿时,绝大部分桩基变形是由桩顶弯矩导致,水平承载力校核失去意义。通过计算不同设计参数下的桩基变形曲线,研究了海上风机单桩基础的设计问题。研究表明,单桩基础存在明显的有效桩长。设计桩径是由水平位移限值决定的,更小的桩径就能满足规范中的转角限值。     

离心场中风力电机桩基复杂加载测试设备的研制

桩基础是近海风力发电中经常采用的基础形式,承受着包括低频风循环荷载在内的复杂荷载组合。为了采用离心模型试验来研究风机桩基础特性,研制了离心场中风机桩基础复杂加载测试设备。该套设备除了可以施加水平向和竖向静力荷载外,还实现了离心场中长时间低频率的水平循环加载,并能够实现多种荷载同时或者先后施加。通过一系列测试试验,验证了该套设备的有效性,满足离心模型试验中对模拟风机桩基础的复杂荷载要求。初步试验结果表明,桩顶水平位移随着水平荷载循环周数的增加而增大,但增长速率逐渐减小,至一定周数后,桩顶位移趋于稳定,土体变形主要集中在桩周一定区域内     

长桩基础偏位时单桩承载力分析与讨论

结合湘潭某钢结构厂房钻孔灌注桩施工偏位实例,探讨单桩基础(长桩)在大偏位情况下能否满足承载力的要求,通过借鉴现行规范对于单桩水平承载力的计算,以及现有的桩在荷载作用下桩身各处内力及位移分布情况的研究,根据桩身配筋率的大小进行分类,对按桩身强度控制的桩和按桩顶位移控制的桩这两类情况分别推导其在偏心轴向荷载作用下的极限弯矩...     

Prediction of load displacement response of single piles under uplift load

Load displacement response and ultimate resistance of piles in sand under uplift load are predicted by load transfer approach. The pile is divided into number of segments and assigned geometrical and material properties according to actual soil pile situation. The shaft resistance is obtained analytically in accordance with existing studies. The proposed method takes into account the length, diameter and relevant surface characteristics of pile and soil properties. The load displacement characteristics and the value of uplift capacity of vertical piles from field test have been predicted. Reasonable agreement has been found out between predicted and observed values of uplift capacity. Load transfer mechanism is capable of predicting the nonlinear variation of load-displacement response of piles.     

Ice behaviour under load

Ice is a component of frozen grounds that determines their rheological properties. Deformation and failure of ice under load are regarded by the authors as a single process due to the kinetics of defect development in the crystalline structure of ice.

Results of experimental investigations into the regularities of ice strain and failure under the conditions of short-time creep are given in this paper. The experiments were to test ice for creep under a uniaxial compressive stress, using the emission—acoustic method of recording the microcrack formation.

It is shown experimentally that the ultimate strength of ice signifying a maximum stress after which ice deforms plastically, without passing into the stage of accelerated flow, is consistent with the stress under which the process of microcrack formation begins. It has been found that this limit is independent of temperature.

As a result of the study, an analytical relationship has been determined between defect number, stress and time, and an equation of ice strain has been deduced on the basis of statistical methods. This equation estimates temporal creep strain development, depending on stress, structural characteristics of ice and its temperature.     

Experimental study of particle migration under cyclic loading: effects of load frequency and load magnitude

The study of particle migration in porous media under cyclic loading is the key to understand the mechanism of mud pumping hazard in railway embankments. This paper presents a series of particle migration tests, in which soil particles migrate into an overlying gravel layer under cyclic loading. The results show that the increase in loading frequency and load magnitude leads to more particle migration upwards at a greater rate, implying that the train speed and axle loads affect the extent of mud pumping. The slurry turbidity in the gravel layer increases to a steady state value with time. Soil particles smaller than 5 μm have the potential to diffuse into the entire gravel layer, and larger particles tend to aggregate in the bottom layer of the gravel. The backward erosion gradually develops deeper into the soil layer, and there is a maximum erosion depth associated with each load frequency and load magnitude. As for the mechanism, the pore water pressure oscillates because of liquid sloshing. Its amplitude is much larger in the gravel layer than that in the soil layer due to their difference in permeability. The axial hydraulic gradient acts as a pumping effect to stimulate the migration of soil particles. Increasing load frequency is conducive to the generation of a stronger pumping effect at the gravel–soil interface. Increasing load magnitude does impact not only the extent of pumping effect, but also the development of an interlayer which plays an important role in promoting particle migration.

     

渗流边界上推移质输沙率

天然河道边界上常由于地下水和地表水的水位不同而产生渗流,引起水流的非静水压力分布,进而影响推移质输移规律,也使得常用的推移质输沙率公式不再适用.利用水槽试验测定沙波的尺寸及运动速度与床面渗流水力梯度的关系,结果表明沙波的高度及运动速度随着向下渗流强度的加大而增加,随着向上渗流强度的加大而减少;进而结合理论分析,利用沙波运动特点估算推移质输沙率,并推导出推移质输沙率随床面渗流的引入而变化的计算公式,分析渗流引起非静水压力分布下推移质输沙率的变化.     

Dynamic interaction factor considering axial load

Using the dynamic differential equation of beam and considering the surrounding soil as dynamic Winkler foundation, the simplified dynamic interaction factors of group piles are analyzed with axial load under horizontal harmonic load and horizontal seismic affection. When the axial load was replaced by zero, the expression of dynamic interaction factor would be the same as that deduced by Markris and Gazetas (1992, Earthquake Eng Struct Dyn 21(2):145–162). And under special situation analysis, there would be obvious effect on dynamic interaction factor when the axial load was large. The differences are obvious when considering axial load, and the relative errors would be 14% or greater, so it’s proper to consider axial load when the dynamic interaction factor are calculated.     

Inclined load capacity of suction caissons

A simplified method of analysis for estimating lateral load capacity of suction caisson anchors based on an upper bound plasticity formulation is presented. The simplification restricts the analysis to caissons in uniform and linearly varying undrained strength profiles; nevertheless, its computational efficiency permits quick evaluation of a number of parameters affecting load capacity. The validity and limitations of the simplified formulation are demonstrated through comparisons to more rigorous finite element solutions. A series of sensitivity studies demonstrate the effects of various soil conditions and loading parameters. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

软弱夹层的极限荷载分析

岩土体中的软弱夹层是一种广泛存在的地质体,由于其力学性质较差,容易给工程建设带来安全隐患,对其稳定性的研究逐步引起重视。根据塑性极限平衡分析方法,针对软弱夹层的承载稳定问题,将软弱夹层上下土层当作准刚性层,基于修正Prandtl挤压理论解答对软弱夹层的极限荷载进行了计算。分析过程中认为,准刚性层间的软弱夹层在极限状态下发生塑性挤出破坏,考虑到Prandtl挤压理论的剪应力解答在x方向上的不足,结合不同的边界应力条件,对软弱夹层中的应力分量和夹层表面的极限荷载进行了重新求解。推导的极限荷载实用计算式能综合考虑软弱夹层面的摩擦条件、土层自重及夹层周围的受力状态等因素,并与其他理论计算式的结果进行了对比分析。计算结果分析表明,不考虑土重时,该方法计算的夹层极限荷载随厚度变化规律与Prandtl方法基本一致;考虑土重影响时,该方法计算结果与规范法相似,但在夹层较厚时能更明确地反映宽度对极限荷载的影响。此外,夹层上下边界的摩擦条件对极限荷载的影响程度随夹层宽厚比的不同而变化,对于一定厚度的夹层存在几乎不受摩擦条件影响的临界宽度。其研究结果可为软弱夹层的承载稳定分析提供参考。     

Modelling of concrete response to fluctuating load

An elastoplastic constitutive model for concrete subjected to cyclic loading conditions is presented. The model is an extension of a recently proposed constitutive concept.⁷ An initial active loading process is described, using the conventional framework of the rate independent theory of plasticity. An appropriate hardening/softening parameter is introduced which allows one to model the sensitivity of material characteristics to varying confining pressure, including a smooth transition from stable to unstable response. For stress histories that include stress reversals, the formulation invokes a set of neutral loading loci defining the conditions of the neutral state.⁸ The field of hardening moduli is specified through an appropriate interpolation rule which enables one to simulate adequately the effect of cyclic degradation of the material. The performance of the model is verified for some typical cyclic loading histories, and the results are compared with existing experimental data.     

风荷载在地质灾害中的作用

采用效果测度分析方法，分析风荷载在长白山天池地区地质灾害中的作用及其影响因素的排序。计算表明，天池地区地质灾害形成的11个影响因素中，风荷载列首位，说明风荷载因素对地质灾害的影响是不可忽视的；天池地区山高坡陡，有利于风荷载发挥破坏作用。环天池分布的崩塌崖地势高，相对高差大，风荷载在岩体迎风面上产生压力，岩体背风面上则产生吸力。天池地区变化不定的风向，使岩体常年处于气流压力与吸力交替变换作用下，更易使岩体发生破坏。