苏北盆地高邮凹陷热史恢复与成藏期判识

在镜质体反射率、磷灰石裂变径迹和包裹体均一温度系统测试分析的基础上,对高邮凹陷主要构造带进行古地温梯度计算和热史恢复。确定了高邮凹陷主要构造单元古地温梯度:镜质体反射率计算出深凹带古地温梯度为35.6℃/km,北斜坡西为43.9℃/km,北斜坡东为33.2℃/km;磷灰石裂变径迹计算出深凹带古地温梯度为31.4℃/km,北斜坡西为39.3℃/km,北斜坡东为50℃/km;包裹体均一温度计算出深凹带古地温梯度为29℃/km,北斜坡西为42.5℃/km,北斜坡东为32.3℃/km。对比分析现今地温梯度得出:深凹带古地温梯度高于现今0～7℃/km;北斜坡西古地温梯度高于现今10～15℃/km;北斜坡东古地温梯度高于现今4～21℃/km,今古地温梯度变化规律为深凹带变化小,斜坡带变化大。将典型单井埋藏史-热史与包裹体均一温度综合分析,判识高邮凹陷深凹带成藏期介于46～37Ma,北斜坡成藏期介于40.9～37.5Ma,具有深凹带早于北斜坡的规律,判定出三垛期为苏北盆地高邮凹陷主要成藏时期。     

磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学研究的进展与展望

综述了磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学研究在退火模型及模拟方法、造山带及造山后剥露历史、构造热成像及地形演变和成矿作用等方面的一些理论和应用成果,分析了目前在磷灰石裂变径迹退火机理、数据解释和应用等方面研究中存在的主要问题,指出了磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学研究今后会朝着深层次退火机理、新的应用领域、自动化技术和可操作性等方向发展.     

Sinian-Ordovician hydrocarbon-source rock correlation and hydrocarbon-generation evolution in central and southeastern Sichuan,China

Geology, stratigraphy, drilling, logging, biomarker studies and apatite fission tracks were used to study Sinian- Ordovician mudstone and reservoir bitumen extracted from exploration wells located in central and southeastern Sichuan. This analysis confirms the source rocks were located in a reducing sedimentary environment, with organic matter such as bacteria and algae. The bitumen found in Sinian-Ordovician reservoirs in central Sichuan and Sinian reservoirs in southeastern Sichuan were mostly derived from Cambrian mudstones. The reservoir bitumen found in Cambrian rocks in southeastern Sichuan are from a mixed Cambrian-Silurian source. The apatite fission track combined with the Easy% Ro model were used to reconstruct the hydrocarbon-generation history of Cambrian source rocks in the Dingshan 1 well in southeastern Sichuan. The comparison between the Gaoke 1 well located in central Sichuan and the Dingshan 1 well demonstrates the maturation time and oil and gas generation stage from Cambrian source rocks in southeastern Sichuan is younger than the source rocks from central Sichuan. The source rock formations underwent tectonic uplift and reburial for secondary hydrocarbon-generation. The research methods provided can assist in oil exploration of deep and old hydrocarbon-bearing strata with a multi-stage evolution and tectonically superimposed features in the Chinese Qinghai-Tibet plateau basin, or similar basins worldwide.     

新疆库鲁克塔格地区盆山构造热演化史

利用磷灰石构造热年代学年龄、有机质成熟度指标、磷灰石裂变径迹热史模拟和单井EASY%Ro反演等方法,对新疆库鲁克塔格地区盆山系统开展盆山构造热演化史研究。结果表明,磷灰石年龄记录了早白垩世（99~1244 Ma）、晚白垩世（66~87 Ma）和古近纪（284~63 Ma）3次抬升过程;有机质成熟度指标和磷灰石裂变径迹热史模拟反映出海西期构造抬升过程。单井热史模拟表明,孔雀河斜坡下古生界烃源岩在志留纪末-早泥盆世到达最大热演化程度,模拟最大古地温梯度为356 ℃/100 m,侏罗纪末古地温梯度为31 ℃/100 m,焉耆盆地南部凹陷侏罗纪晚期模拟最大古地温梯度达415 ℃/100 m。海西期剧烈的造山运动使孔雀河斜坡由沉积转入剥蚀演化阶段,对油气成藏具有重要意义,晚白垩世隆升使孔雀河斜坡及焉耆盆地侏罗纪烃源岩热演化停止。     

川中-川东南地区震旦系-下古生界沥青来源及成烃演化

据实测实验数据分析了川中及川东南地区典型构造上勘探井震旦系—下古生界泥岩及沥青样品的生物标志化合物的特征,证实源岩的沉积环境主要为具有一定盐度的还原环境,生物多来自于低等水生生物的菌藻类。川中震旦系—下古生界和川东南震旦系储层沥青主要来自寒武系泥岩;川东南下古生界储层沥青则为寒武系和志留系的混合来源。利用Karweil方法分析了川中地区高科1井寒武系烃源岩的成烃史;采用磷灰石裂变径迹技术与Easy%Ro模型联合模拟恢复了川东南地区丁山1井的生烃史;对比分析表明,川东南寒武系烃源岩成熟时间、主生油及主生气期均早于川中寒武系烃源岩。     

大民屯凹陷古今地温场特征及其成藏意义

利用系统测温资料和试油资料研究了大民屯凹陷现今地温特征,利用磷灰石裂变径迹、流体包裹体均一温度恢复了古地温,利用EasyRo模型反演热史变化,并与东西部凹陷热史进行了对比。研究认为:(1)大民屯凹陷现今地温梯度较低,平均为2.9℃/100m。(2)磷灰石裂变径迹恢复古地温揭示大民屯凹陷古地温梯度较高,其中安福屯洼陷和荣胜堡洼陷分别4.07和3.6℃/100m,皆高于东部凹陷(平均为3.3℃/100m)。从而解释了其较低的生烃门限。(3)流体包裹体均一温度研究结果认为地质历史时期研究区热流体活动较强烈。以高凝油为主的安福屯洼陷油气充注为幕式快速运聚成藏,而以正常稀油为主的荣胜堡洼陷油气运聚为在异常高压下的快速运移和浮力作用下的缓慢运移相结合。(4)大民屯凹陷的热史演化特征明显不同于东部凹陷,与西部凹陷也有差异,整个热史演化程度较低,有利于高凝油油藏的保存。     

滇西金满铜矿床成矿年龄测定

采用石英流体包裹体Rb Sr等时线法和磷灰石裂变径迹法对滇西金满铜矿床的成矿时代进行测定。研究结果表明燕山晚期为金满矿床的初始成矿期 ,喜山期是主要成矿时期 ;流体包裹体的Rb Sr法和裂变径迹法测定热液矿床的成矿年龄具有一定的意义 ,但需进一步探讨 ;锶同位素数据为成矿流体来源提供了进一步的证据     

宁武盆地中-新生代构造演化的裂变径迹证据

为深入研究宁武盆地中-新生代的构造演化及煤层气资源的赋存条件,采集样品进行裂变径迹测试。锆石裂变径迹年龄为156～139 Ma,磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为97～47 Ma。宁武盆地中-新生代的构造演化历史可分为3个阶段。晚侏罗世(156 Ma),盆地两翼的岩体开始缓慢隆升,核部坳陷沉积,到早白垩世晚期(100 Ma),宁武盆地古地温达到最高,烃源岩达到了生气高峰期。白垩世晚期-古新世(79～59 Ma),快速抬升剥蚀。之后,虽有短暂埋藏,但总体处于隆升状态。渐新世晚期(40～30 Ma)以来快速抬升到现今位置。宁武盆地抬升剥蚀具有空间上的不均衡性。北东部抬升剥蚀早于南部,周缘岩体隆升剥蚀速率大于核部。宁武盆地是在中生代山西地块上形成一系列雁行状排列的复背斜和复向斜的构造背景下,新生代受印度洋板块挤压欧亚大陆,两翼山体强烈抬升推挤作用形成,属于华北克拉通区域构造事件的响应。     

区域构造热事件对高煤阶煤层气富集的控制

中国高煤阶含煤盆地经历了多期构造活动影响,使高煤阶煤层气藏具有其独特的复杂性。通过对沁水盆地高煤阶煤层气藏的实例进行剖析,从煤层的热演化程度,煤系地层的方解石脉、石英脉体中的包裹体温度和压力,磷灰石、锆石的裂变径迹古地温分析,中生代火成岩的同位素年龄,岩浆活动产生的大地热流值方面证明了构造热事件的存在。结合煤岩的热解实验分析发现,构造热事件过程中产生的高温、高压的环境促使煤层的生烃,提高了煤层的吸附能力,使沁水盆地煤层的含气量比美国同期形成的黑勇士盆地煤层含气量高5~13m3/t,岩浆侵入产生的温度变化是沁水盆地煤层气含气量欠饱和的原因之一,高温高压的地层环境改善了煤层的物性。     

Apatite fission‐track analysis of Cretaceous alkaline rocks of Ponta Grossa and Alto Paranaíba Arches,Brazil

This work presents fission‐track ages and thermal history modelling of apatite samples from two Brazilian alkaline formations: Alto Paranaíba and Ponta Grossa Arches. The apatite fission‐track ages obtained for Alto Paranaíba Arch agree with those determined by other radiometric dating methods presenting higher closure temperatures. The ages given by the fission‐track thermochronometer suggest that no strong tectonic event has occurred after Alto Paranaíba Formation during Upper Cretaceous. This event is also supported by thermal history modelling of this arch, which is characterized by fast cooling followed by residence at lower temperatures. On the other hand, apatite fission‐track ages from Ponta Grossa Arch are systematically lower than other radiometric ages, suggesting that at least one tectonic event occurred after Ponta Grossa Formation, around 130 Ma. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用磷灰石裂变径迹对断层摩擦生热探测或测量的初步探讨

以青藏高原东北缘断裂带为研究对像,对利用磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学对地震断层滑动摩擦生热的探测或测量进行了初步探讨。其基本思路是利用磷灰石裂变径迹热年代计的热敏感,通过对横跨断层垂直方向断层岩和围岩的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄及围限径迹长度分布的对比分析,对断层滑动摩擦生热进行探测。本次研究对来自3个断层剖面的13个样品进行了磷灰石裂变径迹分析,样品包括断层主滑动面上的断层泥、碎裂岩和断层围岩,分析结果并没有获得断层摩擦生热的证据,表明这些断层在地震滑动过程中的摩擦增温非常有限,没有达到磷灰石裂变径迹热年代计体系可加载热信息的温度－时间要求。结合前人已有的相关研究,对利用磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学对地震断层滑动摩擦生热进行探测或测量存在的主要问题及可行性进行了初步总结和探讨,认为只适应于对震级大、断层滑动距离和速率大,摩擦强度强,位于一定深度有大量摩擦热生成,并使断层附近增温达到或超过磷灰石裂变径迹部分或完全退火温度的断层进行滑动摩擦生热的探测或测量,将是一种潜在的能对地震断层滑动摩擦生热或增温进行测量的“热量计或温度计”。     

川中安岳构造寒武系龙王庙组油气成藏史

本文从岩芯和薄片观察入手,利用阴极发光分析、流体包裹体分析、激光拉曼分析、充填物的稳定同位素分析、磷灰石裂变径迹年代学分析等技术手段,确定了龙王庙组储层的胶结充填序列、油气成藏历史。龙王庙组储层中可以识别出7个期次的胶结充填序列:海底环境纤维状白云石胶结→浅埋藏环境粒状白云石胶结→表生成岩环境渗流粉砂白云石充填→再次浅埋藏-中埋藏环境白云石充填→深埋藏环境白云石充填→深埋藏环境方解石充填→抬升埋藏环境石英充填,通过所识别出的胶结充填物的流体包裹体特征以及和沥青之间的关系,认为龙王庙组存在至少5期油气成藏。第Ⅳ期白云石-第Ⅶ期石英中捕获的流体包裹体的相态也从液烃包裹体→气液两相烃类包裹体→气相烃类包裹体演化,反映了龙王庙组经历了古油藏形成、古油藏破坏、再次形成古油藏、油裂解为天然气、古气藏形成和喜马拉雅期构造隆升期气藏调整定型的过程;磷灰石裂变径迹分析表明,安岳构造喜马拉雅期的隆升幅度约1865~2030m,为龙王庙组气藏的调整和定型期,这一成藏事件被晚期充填的第Ⅶ期石英所记录。龙王庙组储层中第Ⅳ期白云石充填物的87Sr/86Sr、δ13C、δ18O同位素比值反映了该期白云石与围岩基质的重溶沉淀有关,且是在相对温度较高的埋藏条件下沉淀的。晚期孔洞缝中充填石英的87Sr/86Sr、δ30Si、δ18O同位素表明其主要源于含硅质的成岩流体,与深部幔源热液流体活动无关,龙王庙组油气成藏过程中未见外来破坏性流体的参与。     

川中安平店-高石梯构造震旦系灯影组流体充注特征及油气成藏过程

川中地区震旦系灯影组储层时代老、埋藏深,经历了多期构造运动和成藏历史。岩芯观察和显微薄片观察结果表明,震旦系灯影组储层经历了六期流体充注,分别是第一世代沥青→第二世代白云石→第三世代粗晶-巨晶白云石→第四世代粗晶-巨晶白云石→第五世代沥青→第六世代方解石/石英,每期矿物中对应的流体包裹体特征记录了震旦系从早期形成的古油藏被破坏→古油气藏再形成→油裂解气和古气藏形成→水溶气形成→现今气藏形成的成藏事件和完整的成藏过程。第二世代-第四世代矿物形成于深埋过程中,是古油气藏形成期的产物,矿物的Sr、C、O稳定同位素表明向震旦系灯影组充注的流体主要是外源流体,具有从深部向浅部流动运移的特征;第六世代矿物所记录的水溶气的形成,也是震旦系最重要的成藏事件;现今的震旦系灯影组气藏主要是晚白垩世以来的构造隆升导致的水溶气脱溶聚集以及油气藏调整和改造的结果。     

西秦岭阳山金矿带成矿热年代学:锆石和磷灰石裂变径迹研究

阳山金矿带因其独特的构造位置、超大型金资源量以及成矿后区域发生大规模隆升剥蚀事件,成为矿床学领域研究热年代学的理想选区。本文针对金矿带成矿后热历史演化开展锆石和磷灰石裂变径迹研究,获得如下成果：（1）锆石裂变径迹年龄值分布范围为(287.0±21)～(101±3) Ma(1σ),且不同岩性的年龄值各有特征,砂板岩锆石裂变径迹年龄值跨度最大(287～107 Ma),千枚岩锆石裂变径迹值分布范围为177～101 Ma,斜长花岗斑岩中锆石裂变径迹年龄值为193～185 Ma;（2）磷灰石裂变径迹年龄值分布范围为(69±7)～(46±14) Ma(1σ),径迹长度及其分布特征显示金矿带在晚白垩世—古新世的地层冷却表现为单调且缓慢地通过磷灰石裂变径迹的封闭温度。根据金矿带热历史演化分析,结合研究区古地温梯度、成矿深度数据,得出泥山矿段先于葛条湾矿段剥蚀,阳山金矿带自白垩纪以来地层总剥蚀厚度约为12.24 km,矿体剥蚀厚度上限约为880 m,推测阳山金矿带北部地层剥蚀少的矿段有较大的找矿潜力。     

Regional thermal history of the Lennard shelf,Canning Basin,from apatite fission track analysis: Implications for the formation of Pb‐Zn ore deposits

Zinc mineralization in Devonian carbonates of the Lennard Shelf, northern Canning Basin is similar in many respects to that of the Mississippi Valley‐type including estimated minimum temperatures of sulphide precipitation between 70 and 110°C. Apparent apatite fission track ages for Precambrian granitic basement and for detrital apatites in Devonian carbonates in and near Pb‐Zn mineralization generally range between 260 and 340 Ma, with Precambrian samples tending to have slightly older apatite fission track ages than the Devonian carbonates. These apparent ages are younger than the stratigraphic age of the material analysed, indicating that appreciable annealing of fission tracks in apatite has occurred in post‐Devonian times. Mean horizontal confined track lengths are 12–13 μm for most samples and preclude attaching any ‘event’ significance to the fission track ages. Studies of well sequences (Grevillea 1 and Kennedia 1) indicate a period of rapid uplift in the area during the Late Triassic/Early Jurassic. Assuming a constant geothermal gradient of 30°C/km, approximately 1.5 km of uplift and erosion is estimated. Immediate thermal effects related to Miocene lamproite intrusion into Precambrian basement appear to be restricted to within 200 m of the contact zone.

For outcropping Devonian carbonates, a thermal history is proposed involving burial in the Late Palaeozoic/Early Mesozoic, followed by uplift and cooling from peak temperatures around 70–80°C in mid‐Mesozoic times. With reference to this period of burial, Pb‐Zn occurrences represent thermal anomalies when reported fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures are compared with the estimated peak temperatures. However the possibility of a phase of higher temperatures during the Late Devonian/ Early Carboniferous is suggested by the apatite fission track results, in which case sulphide mineralization may reflect ambient regional temperatures if it formed at that time. The absence of enhanced annealing effects in detrital apatites proximal to Pb‐Zn deposits suggests that either sulphide mineralization preceded or accompanied peak regional temperatures suspected during the Late Devonian/Early Carboniferous, or that the mineralizing episodes were of too short a duration to significantly anneal fission tracks in apatite.     

喜马拉雅造山带晚新生代构造隆升的裂变径迹证据

喜马拉雅造山带的隆升,在地质学研究中是一个非常让人感兴趣的问题,为了对其进行定量研究,揭示隆升历史及幅度等相关问题,运用磷灰石、锆石裂变径迹法对研究区淡色花岗岩进行了分析,所取样品的裂变径迹年龄位于17.0~5.7 Ma之间,小于其地层时代或侵入年龄(40~17 Ma),表明研究区喜马拉雅造山带的强烈隆升开始于晚新生代.用磷灰石裂变径迹年龄来计算可知,研究区内花岗岩5.7 Ma以来的冷却速率和剥蚀速率分别为18.421 ℃/Ma和0.526 mm/a.5.7~9.2 Ma间的相对抬升与剥蚀速率为0.229 mm/a,9.2~17.0 Ma间的相对抬升与剥蚀速率为0.032 mm/a.用锆石裂变径迹年龄来计算知,研究区内花岗岩16.2 Ma以来的冷却速率和剥蚀速率分别为12.963 ℃/Ma和0.370 mm/a,冷却速率和剥蚀速率均小于用磷灰石计算的结果.因此说喜马拉雅造山带从9.2 Ma到现在隆升和剥蚀的速率是处于加快的状态.      

裂变径迹技术及其地质应用

裂变径迹技术以样品用量少、封闭温度低以及测年范围广等优势,被广泛应用于地质学研究中。完全退火或部分退火样品可有效记录岩体的冷却-剥露历史,限制构造活动起始时间,探讨上覆岩石的风化剥蚀历史与矿床保存变化之间的关系,定量化矿床隆升剥蚀量,实现找矿预测; 锆石裂变径迹封闭温度对应天然气生成温度区间,可运用于油气勘探研究计算中; 近年来结合元素含量分析的裂变径迹技术还可进行物源分析,LA-ICP-MS技术的引进为测量低U含量矿物的径迹带来了曙光。系统总结了磷灰石与锆石裂变径迹退火特性的研究成果,以及温度、化学成分、结晶各向异性及D_par值等因素对磷灰石径迹退火特性数据解释可能产生的影响,锆石径迹热稳定性的降低主要受制于辐射损伤效应。实验室退火特性研究为了解繁杂的径迹退火化学动力机制提供了重要的理论参考,但在实际的数据解释中需结合地质背景,以获得更为清晰的地质热事件演化研究时间格架。结合径迹测年在矿床、山体隆升剥蚀、盆地热史等研究的典型案例分析,以期为裂变径迹应用的相关研究提供参考。     

东大别地区磷灰石裂变径迹年龄的构造意义初析

东大别山地区磷灰石裂变径迹年龄值为59.4±3.4～105.6±9.8Ma,具跨度较大,空间分布不均匀,沿主要断裂走向及倾向均不连续的特点。磷灰石裂变径迹年龄的这些特点暗示的构造意义可能是:自燕山运动以来研究区的构造抬升为缓慢且不均匀格局;晓天—磨子潭断裂中段在第三纪时可能有逆冲活动;由磷灰石封闭径迹长度及单颗粒磷灰石年龄进行的初步热历史模拟分析显示,距今约45～55Ma,郯庐断裂和晓天—磨子潭断裂曾再次活动,前者活动规模较后者大;断裂活动可能是该区不均匀构造抬升的主要控制因素之一。     

滇西石鼓杂岩南部早白垩世以来剥露隆升的锆石和磷灰石裂变径迹证据

石鼓杂岩位于青藏高原东南缘经历了多期变质变形作用叠加。为了揭示杂岩体的低温热演化与浅部剥露历史,采集了石鼓杂岩南段石鼓镇-拉巴支村剖面变质岩中的锆石和磷灰石,开展裂变径迹分析。结果表明,石鼓杂岩从早白垩世(133~145Ma)到渐新世(31Ma)经历了一次缓慢的剥露(1.08℃/Ma),而从渐新世开始,其南部经历了较快速的剥露过程(3.23℃/Ma)。磷灰石热史模拟也反映出第二阶段较为快速的冷却过程。结合区域构造分析认为,拉萨与羌塘板块碰撞的远程效应影响早白垩世以来藏东地区地壳结构的调整,导致石鼓杂岩南部出现了第一阶段的剥露作用;而印度与欧亚板块碰撞与后碰撞过程对于石鼓杂岩的新生代剥露具有重要影响。     

Meso-Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Talas-Fergana region of the Kyrgyz Tien Shan revealed by low-temperature basement and detrital thermochronology

This study provides new low-temperature thermochronometric data, mainly apatite fission track data on the basement rocks in and adjacent to the Talas-Fergana Fault, in the Kyrgyz Tien Shan in the first place.In the second place, we also present new detrital apatite fission track data on the Meso-Cenozoic sediments from fault related basins and surrounding intramontane basins. Our results confirm multistaged Meso-Cenozoic tectonic activity, possibly induced by the accretion of the so-called Cimmerian blocks to the Eurasian margin. New evidence for this multi-staged thermo-tectonic activity is found in the data of both basement and Meso-Cenozoic sediment samples in or close to the Talas-Fergana Fault.Zircon(U-Th)/He and apatite fission track data constrain rapid Late TriassiceE arly Jurassic and Late JurassiceE arly Cretaceous basement cooling in the Kyrgyz Tien Shan around 200 Ma and 130 -100 Ma respectively. Detrital apatite fission track results indicate a different burial history on both sides of the Talas-Fergana Fault. The apatite fission track system of the Jurassic sediments in the Middle Tien Shan unit east of the Talas-Fergana Fault is not reset, while the Jurassic sediments in the Fergana Basin and Yarkand-Fergana Basin, west of the fault zone, are partially and in some cases even totally reset. The totally reset samples exhibit Oligocene and Miocene ages and evidence the Cenozoic reactivation of the western Kyrgyz Tien Shan as a consequence of the India-Eurasia convergence.