Early diagenesis in Pleistocene coral reefs, southern Sinai, Egypt: response to tectonics, sea-level and climate

The uplifted Pleistocene terraces along the coast of southern Sinai exhibit a well developed reef system formed during isotope stage 9, and a younger one formed during isotope stage 5. An intermediate reef corresponding to isotope stage 7 occurs only as an erosional relic in the study area. The sediments comprise reefal framestones, peri-reefal facies, coral rubble, and siliciclastic-dominated beach and aeolian facies. The compositional and textural complexity of the sediments leads to a highly variable spatial distribution of diagenetic features. However, the geometric relationships and elemental analyses allow a reconstruction of the general diagenetic evolution: during the major eustatic sea-level highstand of isotope stage 9, the Older Reef was constructed and cemented with aragonite and high-Mg calcite. Climate was probably semiarid with some rainy periods which permitted the installation of ephemeral freshwater lenses, especially during the minor sea-level lowstand within isotope stage 9. In these lenses, and during the subsequent major sea-level lowstand, some freshwater dissolution occurred. The highstand during isotope stage 7 led to the construction of the Intermediate Reef. In the Older Reef, some high-Mg calcite precipitated at that time. Dolomite cement formed either in marine interstitial waters modified by some freshwater input, or in a hypersaline context. Phreatic-meteoric low-Mg calcite cement covers, and partly replaces, previous marine cements and dolomite, but is still attributed to the major highstand of isotope stage 7 when freshwater lenses could develop during minor sea-level lowstands. The subsequent major sea-level lowstand was dominated by an arid climate, and only a little freshwater corrosion occurred. The Younger Reef formed during the major highstand of isotope stage 5. Aragonite and high-Mg calcite cements, as well as some dolomite, are common within the reef, whereas freshwater cements are limited to beach and aeolian facies. Due to tectonic uplift, only the lower part of the Older Reef was reflooded during isotope stage 5, and only some aragonite crystals precipitated on top of dolomite or low-Mg calcite. The interrelationships between tectonics, sea-level variations of different orders, and climatic changes thus had a profound impact on the diagenetic history of these reef systems.     

巴布亚新几内亚合恩半岛晚第四纪上升珊瑚礁造礁珊瑚的成岩历史

更新世以来,剧烈的构造运动已将巴布亚新几内亚合恩半岛东北海岸的晚第四纪珊瑚礁阶地抬升上千米.阶地中造礁珊瑚的成岩变化和成岩产物的组构特征反映了该礁的成岩历史,充分体现该区快速构造上升的影响.海水潜流带和淡水渗流带为上升礁的主要成岩环境.生物钻孔、生物碎屑填隙、珊瑚文石针粗化、珊瑚骨骼的溶解和新生变形转化,以及其不同矿物成分和组构的种种胶结物的胶结作用是造礁珊瑚经历的主要成岩作用.地球化学资料表明其成岩变化发生于开放的化学体系之中.     

Reef Fabrics, biotic crusts and syndepositional cements of the Latemar reef margin (Middle Triassic), northern Italy

The Latemar reef buildup of the central Dolomites (northern Italy) provides a rare opportunity to examine an in-place Middle Triassic (Upper Anisian to Lower Ladinian) platform margin that is not strongly deformed or dolomitized. The margin lies between the flat lying platform interior and steeply dipping foreslope clinoforms. Across this transition, the depositional profile relates directly to a consistent lateral facies pattern: (1) restricted-biota grainstone of the platform interior, (2) ‘Tubiphytes’-rich boundstone and (3) diverse-biota grainstone that grades into (4) foreslope breccia beds. The boundstone and diverse-biota grainstone facies comprise the platform margin. The boundstone facies consists of a framework of small (< 10 cm) skeletal remains (< 10% by volume) with associated biotic crusts, internal sediments and syndepositional cements. Crusts and cements constitute most of the rock volume and created the boundstone fabric. Biotic crusts exhibit gravity-defying geometries and range from a light grey, ‘structure grumeleuse’ rind to dark grey, micritic laminae. Both cements and biotic crusts occur as redeposited talus in the foreslope talus deposits, indicating a syndepositional origin. The diverse-biota grainstone facies primarily consists of skeletal-peloidal grainstone with a diverse open marine biotic assemblage, in contrast to the restricted biota grainstones of the platform interior that have a low diversity, restricted marine biota. Metre scale hexacoral boundstone and centimetre-scale sponge boundstone and microbial boundstone occur as isolated patches (tens to hundreds of metres apart) within the diverse-biota grainstone facies. The depositional profile, facies zonation and biotic constituents all indicate that the Latemar buildup had a shallow water reef margin, in contrast to previous interpretations that these were upper slope reefs. The syndepositional biotic crusts and inorganic cementation played key roles in stabilizing the boundstone fabric to form a wave-resistant reef fabric.     

海南岛全新世碳酸盐沉积及成岩作用

三亚湾珊瑚可以分为５个微相：生物骨架岩、生物屑、礁岩屑、珊瑚碎块，强烈改造的生物质，成岩作用包括同生沉积作用、胶结、藻缠结、细粒物充填，机械和化学侵蚀。排浦更新世白云岩与掘穴生物的钻孔有关，粉至中晶结构为混合水成因，峨曼更新世灰岩为砂质灰岩、角砾状灰岩，豆状灰岩。生物屑经重结晶，Ｘ（ＭｇＣＯ３）小于２％，贫铁，三亚湾潮间带海滩岩胶结物为文石和高镁方解石，见悬挂式胶结和渗滤砂。     

川东卧龙河-洋渡溪区带长兴组台内礁滩沉积格局及有利储集体展布

随着川东碳酸盐岩礁滩储层勘探的大力推进,台内礁滩储层成为该区关注的重点之一,但其研究程度较低。本文以岩芯、野外剖面、薄片鉴定资料为基础,确定研究区长兴组早期发育碳酸盐岩缓坡沉积体系;中-晚期发育碳酸盐岩台地沉积体系,开阔台地相构成该区主要沉积类型。层序地层研究表明:长兴组划分为两个三级层序,台内礁滩主要发育于Sq1和Sq2的高位体系域,横向上分布不连续,纵向上发育期次有变化,其中西部构造区带主要发育于Sq2-HST,而在东部Sq1和Sq2高位体系域均有分布,且以Sq1-HST更为发育。物性分析资料表明颗粒白云岩、粉晶白云岩为主要的储集岩类,台内礁滩沉积为主要储集相带,台内礁滩的沉积格局控制着有利储集体的分布,而台内地貌高地对于控制礁滩分布具有关键作用。地质和地震预测结果表明研究区有利台内礁滩储集体的发育主要沿遂宁和广安两个台内高地展布,卧龙河构造带是已经揭示的有利储层发育带,南部高带可能是该区未来台内礁滩储集体勘探的重要方向。     

贵州紫云扁平村石炭纪珊瑚礁剖面微相分析与沉积相

扁平村生物礁产于马平组Triticites带内,Fomitchevella骨架构成生物礁主体。扁平村的这种以珊瑚为主要造礁生物的石炭纪生物礁在全球也是不多见的。本文以实测剖面微相分析为主要手段,观察、分析珊瑚礁的生长、沉积环境,对该珊瑚礁的剖面进行详细的微相分析。我们总结了6个微相;划分出5个沉积相:在剖面上由下至上,相1较浅的受保护的台地相,相2搅动水中的浅滩相,相3较深的开阔台地相,相4浪基面以上斜坡相,珊瑚礁在这个相上发育起来,就是相5珊瑚礁相,再向上为相3,相1;进一步总结出了与圆丘礁缓坡类型相似的局部相模式;并分析了珊瑚礁生长、沉积环境。总体上剖面沉积环境为潮下开阔台地环境。     

渤海湾西北岸埋藏牡蛎礁礁顶上下沉积物中硅藻对“礁泥转换”古沉积环境的重建

渤海湾西北岸大吴庄牡蛎礁是近年来研究程度最高的礁体,天津空港物流中心牡蛎礁则是近年来新发现的礁体。该两处礁体上部的牡蛎个体内部充填的泥、个体之间的泥以及礁体上覆沉积泥层中的硅藻研究表明,礁顶上下（即礁体的上部-顶部和上覆沉积泥层的下部）均富含潮间带环境指示种的Auliscus caelatus,表明礁体发育后期和上覆沉积泥层的初期,均为潮间带环境。尽管如此,从礁顶向上覆沉积泥层转换方式在两处礁体却不相同:（1）大吴庄:Auliscus caelatus种向上逐渐减少,暗示着大吴庄剖面由礁体上部的潮间带中上部、直至上覆沉积泥层下部的潮间带上部、进一步向上覆沉积泥层上部的潮上带转化的趋势。（2）空港:牡蛎礁上覆沉积泥层出现了比例达6%~23%的河口咸水-半咸水种Achnanches brevipes,而下伏礁体内则未见该种,暗示此处泥层受河口作用显著影响。此种不同揭示了礁体停止发育的原因有所不同:在5 520cal BP时,大吴庄礁顶进入潮间带中上部,礁体经常脱离海水而发育停止;在约4 000 cal BP时,空港礁体所在位置因河流作用突然增强,在时间上看很可能是黄河改道在天津入海,古黄河携带大量泥砂入海,掩盖了潮间带的牡蛎礁而导致牡蛎礁发育停止。     

Platform margins, reef facies, and microbial carbonates; a comparison of Devonian reef complexes in the Canning Basin, Western Australia, and the Guilin region, South China

Devonian reef complexes were well developed in Western Australia and South China, but no detailed direct comparison has been made between reef building in the two regions. The regions differ in several respects, including tectonic, stratigraphic and palaeoceanographic–palaeogeographic settings, and the reef building styles reflect minor differences in reef builders and reef facies. Similarities and differences between the two reef complexes provide insights into the characteristics of platform margins, reef facies and microbial carbonates of both regions. Here we present a comparison of platform margin types from different stratigraphic positions in the Late Devonian reef complex of the Canning Basin, Western Australia and Middle and Late Devonian margin to marginal slope successions in Guilin, South China. Comparisons are integrated into a review of the reefal stratigraphy of both regions. Reef facies, reef complex architecture, temporal reef builder associations, 2nd order stratigraphy and platform cyclicity in the two regions were generally similar where the successions overlap temporally. However, carbonate deposition began earlier in South China. Carbonate complexes were also more widespread in South China and represent a thicker succession overall. Platforms in the Canning Basin grew directly on Precambrian crystalline basement or early Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks, but in South China, carbonate complexes developed conformably on older Devonian siliciclastic strata. Pre-Frasnian reef facies in South China had more abundant skeletal frameworks than in Canning Basin reefs of equivalent age, and Famennian shoaling margins containing various microbial reefs may have been more common and probably more diverse in South China. However, Late Devonian platform margin types have been documented more completely in the Canning Basin. Deep intra-platform troughs (deep depressions containing non-carbonate pelagic sediments — Nandan-type successions) that developed along syndepositional faults characterize Devonian carbonate platforms in South China, but have no equivalent on the Lennard Shelf, Canning Basin where inter-reef areas were more shallow. The South China platform-to-depression pattern was generally continuous from the Lower to Upper Devonian, indicating that many pre-Devonian tectonic features continued to exercise considerable effect through deposition. Localized, fault-controlled subsidence was an important factor in both regions, but similarities in 2nd order aggradation–progradation cycles suggest that eustasy was also an important control on the larger scale stratigraphic development of both regions.     

贵州紫云上石炭统叶状藻礁灰岩的成岩作用

贵州紫云县猴场镇扁平村的上石炭统中的叶状藻礁及其周边灰岩中发育强烈的成岩作用和胶结物,这些胶结物在猴场研究区内是显著的和有代表性的。通过观察、分析野外露头、光片、薄片、薄片的阴极发光和染色,来研究礁体岩石的成岩作用,确定了成岩作用序列、成岩环境、成岩阶段。成岩作用类型主要有泥晶化、溶蚀、胶结、新生变形、机械压实、剪切或...     

印度尼西亚萨拉瓦提盆地第三系Kais组碳酸盐岩生物礁圈闭特征

萨拉瓦提盆地位于东印度尼西亚巴布亚岛的鸟头部分,萨拉瓦提盆地中新世发育的Kais组碳酸盐岩是东南亚第三系碳酸盐岩的主要勘探对象之一。Kais组生物礁是盆地的主要储层和产层。在前人对Kais组碳酸盐岩的基本石油地质特征,特别是沉积特征的研究基础上,结合近年勘探的新资料,进一步探讨萨拉瓦提盆地中新世泻湖相沉积特点,对Kais组生物礁类型、圈闭类型及其储集性进行了较为系统的研究,认为萨拉瓦提盆地Kais组碳酸盐岩具有4种生物礁类型、3种圈闭类型。Kais组碳酸盐岩总体上为二元结构,在Kais组碳酸盐岩下部的滩礁层分布稳定,可作为区域油气运载层。正确认识和把握该盆地生物礁圈闭的特征对指导下一步油气勘探有重要意义。     

Growth of rigid high-relief patch reefs, Mid-Silurian, Gotland, Sweden

Patch reefs up to 35 m thick and generally 100–150 m wide, separated by bedded inter-reef sediment, dominate the Högklint Formation (Lower Wenlock) of north-west Gotland. The spacing between adjacent patch reefs is variable, but is commonly 150–350 m. The Högklint is a shallowing sequence, and the patch reefs exhibit a well-developed vertical succession: (1) Axelsro-type patch reefs developed in the underlying Visby Formation; (2) halysitid tabulates capped by laminar stromatoporoids; (3) domical and bulbous stromatoporoids and red algae; (4) cyanobacterial–algal reef crest. The patch reefs expand upwards from an initial bioherm phase with a small base to a laterally extensive biostrome phase. This gives them a thumb-tack appearance. In stage 2 of the bioherm phase, rigid framework development and high reef relief resulted in breakage of angular blocks up to 15 m long, which were incorporated into the reefs or fell into adjacent sediments. Poorly sorted talus haloes (Millingsklint Member) also developed adjacent to stage 2 of the bioherm phase. These include angular blocks and exhibit depositional slopes up to 40° away from the reefs. Stage 3 biostrome development was mainly non-rigid cluster reef, which shed skeletal debris (Domkyrka Member) but few lithified blocks. Stage 4 biostrome development was a reef crest with open to closed frame structure. Storm breakage and overturning produced large blocks with complex cavity fill sequences including double geopetals. Relief during the bioherm phase, indicated by fallen blocks and talus slopes, was up to at least 15 m; during the biostrome phase, it was up to 10 m.     

贵州紫云晚石炭世叶状藻礁灰岩微相特征与沉积环境的研究

紫云晚石炭世叶状藻礁发育在碳酸盐岩台地边缘内。研究以碳酸盐岩微相分析为主要手段,对叶状藻礁剖面中岩石的微相特征和沉积环境研究。主要总结出6个微相类型,为生物碎屑粒泥灰岩、生物碎屑泥粒灰岩、球粒生屑泥粒灰岩、叶状藻粒泥灰岩—叶状藻泥粒灰岩、腕足泥粒灰岩、生物碎屑颗粒灰岩。总结了一个在开阔台地与台地边缘过渡带上的局部相模式,由较深水的开阔台地相、叶状藻礁相、台内斜坡相和台内较浅水的斜坡相、较浅水的开阔台地相、台内浅滩相过渡,分析总结了叶状藻礁的沉积环境。微相组合及其在剖面纵向分布规律显示,剖面的总体沉积环境为潮下带浅水开阔台地环境。      

贵州南部晚石炭世一种新的生物礁类型

黔南晚石炭世普遍发育了一套台地相的碳酸盐岩地层,其中多种底栖生物十分繁盛,为深入开展石炭纪生物礁研究提供了有利条件。近几年,随着研究的不断深入,笔者等陆续发现了一些新型的造礁生物,其中一种重要的造礁生物是一种类似藻类的生物。通过大量的野外观察和室内工作,笔者等发现：这种生物是黔南晚石炭世的重要造礁生物类型之一,它在台地边缘生物碎屑滩上以多种生长方式构建礁体。该生物具有两种生长形式：一种是生物体呈波状延续生长,弯曲环绕,层层叠置形成不同类型的纹层或席状;另一种是生物体在纵向和横向上相互交叉,构成规则或不规则的网格状形态。这种礁体的发现,丰富了石炭纪生物礁的类型。     

Reef facies,dolomitization and stratified mineralization

The particularly well developed reef-type cyclical sedimentation seen in the Givetian stage of the Dinant synclinorium (Belgium), is discussed in detail with respect to the various facies, their faunal and physicochemical characteristics and their sequence. More recent (Upper Aptian) reef phenomena in the Province of Santander in northern Spain are similar to the Givetian complex (except for their more marked dolomitization) in that they have the same sequence of identical facies and, generally speaking, the same cyclical sedimentation. A comparative study underscores the similarity of environment between the two stages. This environment, during the Upper Aptian, facilitated the deposition of lead-zinc ores at Reocin, which are limited to certain dolomitized reef levels. A close relationship thus emerges between reefs, the process of dolomitization and stratiform ore deposits.     

二维沉积层序计算机模拟研究

本项研究建立了综合性的二维沉积层序模拟系统SSMS。该模拟系统由盆地的沉降过程模拟与盆地充填过程模拟两个子系统构成。盆地的沉降模拟结合了反演的沉降回剥和盆地形成的正演模型;盆地充填过程模拟综合考虑了盆地沉降、重力均衡作用、海（湖）平面升降、沉积物供给、侵蚀作用、沉积物分布和压实等因素。结合实例分析表明,该模拟系统可用于定量分析盆地构造、海（湖）平面、沉积物供给等变化对沉积层序的形成过程、几何形态及其沉积体系分布的控制作用,检验地质模型和进行预测。     

Post-glacial seismic stratigraphy, central Great Barrier Reef, Australia

A regional programme of continuous seismic (boomer) profiling in the central Great Barrier Reef Province has identified a widespread shallow seismic discontinuity (reflector A) which is interpreted as the pre-Holocene surface. Nine seismic facies units are distinguished primarily on the basis of the seismic records, but also with the aid of additional criteria such as location and surface sediment types. Two units underlie reflector A and are pre-Holocene. These units are interpreted as: (a) Permo-Carboniferous bedrock, and (b) Pleistocene/? Tertiary sediments, consisting of both shelf-wide terrigenous units, and carbonate mounds and platforms under present reefs. Seven units are post-glacial and overlie reflector A. These units are interpreted as: (c) fluvial/estuarine channel fill, (d) relict delta-front deposits, (e) relict transgressive veneer, (f) coastal coarse and (g) fine deposits, (h) modern reef and (i) reef talus. In general post-glacial sediment cover is very thin and in many places on the mid-shelf the pre-Holocene units crop out. Substantial post-glacial accumulations are limited to protected coastal embayments and to offshore reef masses.     

华北中元古代陆表海氧化还原条件

文石海底沉淀是地球早期大气高CO2浓度、海洋贫氧条件下,CaCO3过饱和而直接沉淀于海底所形成的自生碳酸盐,可反映古海洋贫氧状态.对华北中元古界雾迷山组(ca 1.50～1.45 Ga)碳酸盐岩的研究发现:潮下带下部黑色纹层石由针状文石假晶等厚层与微生物席层交互堆叠而成;潮下带中部凝块石白云岩(A单元)主要由针状文石假...     

海南岛排浦珊瑚礁区的现代沉积体系及其演化过程

海南岛排浦礁区由珊瑚岸礁和堤礁及其间水域组成。因堤礁的障壁作用和丰富的陆源物质供应,研究区内形成清水和浑水两类沉积环境,产出清水碳酸盐和浑水碳酸盐两列沉积体系,并形成礁源沉积、陆源沉积和混合沉积三类沉积物。文中详细论述了各类沉积的特征,讨论了沉积体系的演化过程:全新世早期是单一的陆源碎屑沉积体系,全新世中期海侵,气温转暖,形成早期排浦岸礁与大铲堤礁的雏型,全新世晚期堤礁进入成熟阶段,其障壁作用加强,最终形成清水与浑水两种沉积环境和两列沉积体系。     

湖南晚二叠世生物礁成岩作用的碳,氧同位素研究

本文通过对湖南晚二叠世生物礁中的有关胶结物及岩石的碳、氧稳定同位素研究,并结合薄片观察、探针成分分析、包裹体测温等,探讨了该地区生物礁成岩作用中的有关成岩特征。研究认为：①湖南晚二叠世生物礁中胶结物从早期到晚期δ＾１３Ｃ和δ＾１８Ｏ值总体上均有变轻的趋势,反映了礁体为一连续埋藏的成岩过程;②生物礁中所见白云石化现象主要属埋藏压实成因,礁休基本未受早期淡水或混合水影响;③礁中粗晶方解石胶结物形成于深     

Significance of shallow core transects for reef models and sea‐level curves,Heron Reef,Great Barrier Reef

A sequence of shallow reef cores from Heron Reef, Great Barrier Reef, provides new insights into Holocene reef growth models. Isochron analysis of a leeward core transect suggests that the north‐western end of Heron Reef reached current sea‐level by ca 6·5 kyr bp and then prograded leeward at a rate of ca 19·6 m/kyr between 5·1 kyr and 4·1 kyr bp (pre‐1950) to the present reef margin. A single short core on the opposing margin of the reef is consistent with greater and more recent progradation there. Further to the east, one windward core reached modern sea‐level by ca 6·3 kyr bp , suggesting near ‘keep‐up’ behaviour at that location, but the opposing leeward margin behind the lagoon reached sea‐level much more recently. Hence, Heron Reef exhibited significantly different reef growth behaviour on different parts of the same margin. Mean reef accretion rates calculated from within 20 m of one another in the leeward core transect varied between ca 2·9 m and 4·7 m/kyr depending on relative position in the prograding wedge. These cores serve as a warning regarding the use of isolated cores to inform reef growth rates because apparent aggradation at any given location on a reef varies depending on its location relative to a prograding margin. Only transects of closely spaced cores can document reef behaviour adequately so as to inform reef growth models and sea‐level curves. The cores also emphasize potential problems in U‐series dates for corals within a shallow (ca 1·5 m) zone beneath the reef flat. Apparent age inversions restricted to that active diagenetic zone may reflect remobilization and concentration of Th in irregularly distributed microbialites or biofilms that were missed during sample vetting. Importantly, the Th‐containing contaminant causes ages to appear too old, rather than too young, as would be expected from younger cement.