毛细管离子电泳分离间接紫外光度法测定镍矿石中镍钴铜

研究了以咪唑为背景吸收电解质,α羟基异丁酸为络合剂,毛细管离子电泳分离,间接紫外光度法测定镍矿石中Ｎｉ、Ｃｏ、Ｃｕ含量。考察了背景电解质的ｐＨ值、α羟基异丁酸（αＨＩＢＡ）和咪唑浓度对Ｆｅ３＋、Ｃｏ２＋、Ｎｉ２＋、Ｚｎ２＋、Ｃｕ２＋分离的影响。在优化的条件下,几种离子在８ｍｉｎ内完成分离,检测限低至０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ。以Ｚｎ作内标,改善了方法的精密度,对于２０ｍｇ／Ｌ各离子峰面积的相对标准偏差（ＲＳＤ,ｎ＝９）＜６．５％。采用内标标准曲线法对镍矿样中Ｎｉ、Ｃｏ、Ｃｕ的含量进行了测定,线性范围分别在０．５～８０ｍｇ／ＬＮｉ２＋和Ｃｏ２＋,５～８０ｍｇ／ＬＣｕ２＋,结果与其它方法一致。     

重金属离子与石英表面反应的实验研究

石英对Ｃｕ＾２＋,Ｐｂ６２＋,Ｚｎ＾２＋,Ｃｄ＾２＋,和Ｎｉ６２＋等二价重金属离子的吸附等温线研究表明,石英对重金属离子的吸附反应可用Ｆｒｅｕｄｌｉｃｈ方程很好地进行描述,拟合曲线相关系数〉０．９６,吸附反应以形成金属离子单配位形态为主,只是Ｃｕ＾２＋,Ｚｎ＾２＋和Ｎｉ＾２＋等三种离子有一部分双配位形态生成。同时,利用表面配位理论模式对实验结果进行拟合,其结果为表观表面配位常数ｌｇＫＭ＝２．２－３     

锌与meso—四（2—磺酸萘基）卟啉显色反应研究

研究了新合成的显色剂ｍｅｓｏ－四（２－磺酸萘基）卟啉与Ｚｎ＾２＋的显色反应。在ｐＨ９．４０的Ｎａ２Ｂ４Ｏ７－ＮａＯＨ缓冲体系中,以Ｈｇ６２＋及咪唑共同催化,在室温下８ｍｉｎ即反应完全。配合物最大吸收波长为４３４ｎｍ,表观摩尔吸光系数为４．２６×１０＾５Ｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｃｍ＾－１,Ｚｎ＾２＋浓度在０－０．１４μｇ／ｍｌ范围内符合比尔定律。配合物组成为ＴＮＰＳ４：Ｚｎ＾２＋＝２：１。利用ＭＩＢＫ萃取     

邻羟基苯基重氮氨基偶氮苯与铜显色反应的研究及应用

研究了邻羟基苯基重氮氨基偶氮苯与Ｃｕ＾２＋的显色反应。在乳化剂ＯＰ存在下及ＰＨ１０．０－１２．０的Ｎａ２Ｂ４Ｏ７－ＮａＯＨ缓冲介质中，Ｃｕ＾２＋和ｏ－ＨＤＡＡ形成１“３的红色配合物，其最大吸收波长为５４６ｎｍ，表观摩尔吸光系数４．２０＊１０＾４Ｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－３．ｃｍ＾－１。     

离子交换分离——离子色谱法测定造币镀液及其废液中氯离子及硫酸根

提出了用７３２型阳离子交换树脂分离造币镀镍液中高含量Ｎｉ,离子色谱法测定Ｃｌ＾－及ＳＯ４＾２－的方法。确定了分离条件。样品经分离后,进入离子色谱仪时Ｎｉ的残留浓度≤０．０１２ｍｇ／Ｌ,去除率≥９９．６％。Ｃｌ＾－的相对标准偏差为０．３２％￣１．４５％,回收率９９．０％￣１００．８％;ＳＯ４＾２－的相对标准偏差为０．４５％￣０．８９％（ｎ＝４）,回收率９８．８％￣１０１．２％。同一分离柱经多次测定造     

硫化物吸附金属离子的实验研究：——Ⅱ类型

合成ＰｂＳ、ＺｎＳ对金属离子Ａｇ＾＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｃｄ＾２＋、Ｚｎ＾２＋、Ｆｅ＾２＋、Ｍｎ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋、Ｓｂ＾２＋和Ｂｉ＾３＋的吸附等温线（５０℃）研究表明，其可分为Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ三类：Ａ类，线性型，即吸附量随吸附离子浓度增加而呈线性上升，并表现出百分之百吸附，属于此类的吸附有ＰｂＳ对Ａｇ＾＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋离子吸附和ＺｎＳ对Ａｇ＾＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｃｄ＾２＋离子的吸附；Ｂ类，朗谬尔型，即随吸附离子的     

重金属离子与方解石表面反应的实验研究

本文对重金属离子与方解石表面反应作了系统研究。方解石表面对重金属离子的吸附等温线可分为４种类型：Ａ型,Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ型;Ｂ型,Ｆｒｅｎｄｉｃｈ型;Ｃ型,吸附－沉淀突变型;Ｄ型,吸着线性型。实验研究表明,方解石表面反应多种模式并存。Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｚｎ＾２＋、Ｃｄ＾２＋和Ｎｉ＾２＋在低浓度时表面为离子交换吸附。较高浓度时表现为交换和表面配位吸附并存,而高浓度时则表现为表面沉淀;Ａｇ＾＋Ｐｂ＾２＋、Ｃｒ     

邻羧基苯基重氮氨基—4—苯基—2—噻唑光度法测定微量铜的研究

研究了新试剂邻羧基苯基重氮氨基－４－苯基－２－噻唑与Ｃｕ＾２＋的显色反应,在非离子表面活性剂ＴｎｉｔｏｎＸ－１００存在下,于ＰＨ８．６的Ｎａ２Ｂ４Ｏ７－ＨＣｌ缓冲介质中,Ｃｕ＾２＋与该试剂生成１：１的红色配合物,其配合物的最大吸收波长为５１０ｎｍ,摩尔吸光系数为５．４＊１０＾４Ｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｃｍ＾－１。     

淡—咸水界面切换中矿物表面吸附性变化研究

实验研究表明,当电解质离子浓度从有低上升到极高时,矿物吸附金属离子的普遍下降,例外的仅有石英、水云母、ＣａＣＯ３和三水铝矿对Ｐｂ＾３＋、Ｚｎ＾３＋离子的吸 云母对Ｃｕ＾２＋的吸附和石英对Ｃｒ＾３＋的吸附。理论研究表明,一方面,电解质ＮａＣｌ的加入,使矿物表面Ｓｔｅｎ的层电位发生变化,△ψ（ψ０－ψβ）的绝对值增大,提高了矿物表面吸附离子的能力;另一方面,由于Ｎａ离子的竞争吸附和Ｃｌ离子与深液中金     

层间阳离子对水黑云母层间水赋存状态的影响

水黑云是云母－蛭石的１：１规则间层矿物。本文通过阳郭了交换方法得到多种单离子型（Ｎａ＾＋、Ｋ＾＋、Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋、Ｂａ＾２＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｚｎ＾２＋、Ｃｏ＾２＋和Ａｌ＾３＋）水黑云母。利用Ｘ射线衍射分析和热分析,探讨了层间阳郭了类型对水黑云母间水赋存状态的影响。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.