Seismic images under 60 hotspots: Search for mantle plumes

The mantle plume hypothesis is now widely known to explain hotspot volcanoes, but direct evidence for actual plumes is weak, and seismic images are available for only a few hotspots. In this work, we present whole-mantle tomographic images under 60 major hotspots on Earth. The lateral resolution of the tomographic images is about 300 km under the continental hotspots and 400–600 under the oceanic hotspots. Twelve plume-like, continuous low-velocity (low-V) anomalies in both the upper and lower mantle are visible under Hawaii, Tahiti, Louisville, Iceland, Cape Verde, Reunion, Kerguelen, Amsterdam, Afar, Eifel, Hainan, and Cobb hotspots, suggesting that they may be 12 whole-mantle plumes originating from the core–mantle boundary (CMB). Clear upper-mantle low-V anomalies are visible under Easter, Azores, Vema, East Australia, and Erebus hotspots, which may be 5 upper-mantle plumes. A mid-mantle plume may exist under the San Felix hotspot. The active intra-plate volcanoes in Northeast Asia (e.g., Changbai, Wudalianchi, etc.) are related to the stagnant Pacific slab in the mantle transition zone. The Tengchong volcano in Southwest China is related to the subduction of the Burma microplate under the Eurasian plate. Although low-V anomalies are generally visible in some depth range in the mantle under other hotspots, their plume features are not clear, and their origins are still unknown. The 12 whole-mantle plumes show tilted images, suggesting that plumes are not fixed in the mantle but can be deflected by the mantle flow. In most cases, the seismic images under the hotspots are complex, particularly around the mantle transition zone. A thin low-V layer is visible right beneath the 660-km discontinuity under some hotspots, while under a few other hotspots, low-V anomalies spread laterally just above the 660-km discontinuity. These may reflect ponding of plume materials in the top part of the lower mantle or the bottom of the upper mantle. The variety of behaviors of the low-V anomalies under hotspots reflects strong lateral variations in temperature and viscosity of the mantle, which control the generation and ascending of mantle plumes as well as the flow pattern of mantle convection.     

中国南方新生代地幔柱活动的地球化学证据

中国南海海盆、海南岛、雷琼和龙海—明溪地区新生代玄武岩的总体相当于洋岛玄武岩（OIB）,富集高场强元素（HFSE）,尤其是富集Nb、Ta、U、Ti。南海海盆新生代玄武岩是玻利尼西亚型（Polynesian）、夏威夷型（Hawaii）和MORB型共存,可能是在扩张洋脊上面形成的OIB,下地幔成因的超地幔柱上升致使上地幔物质加入,海南岛和雷琼地区玄武岩具有与南海海盆玄武岩大致相似的成因。大陆板内同时代的龙海—明溪地区玄武岩具特别高的Nb/Zr和Nb/Y值,均表现为地幔柱成因的玻利尼西亚型玄武岩,其形成既可能有古老俯冲洋壳熔融后榴辉岩质残余下沉至下地幔成因,也可能有包括下地壳在内的岩石圈物质的贡献。     

金宝山岩体铂族元素特征及成因意义

金宝山岩体是西南暗色岩系中的一个典型铂族元素矿化岩体，本文通过对岩体铂族元素地球化学特征的分析，探讨了岩体的成因属性。研究表明，金宝山岩体铂族元素特征与西南暗色岩区大部分铜镍硫化物型铂族元素含矿岩体基本相同，类似于典型地慢柱源的冰岛玄武岩及俄罗斯诺里尔斯克岩体，是地幔柱活动类OIB源部分熔融作用产物，成因上与峨眉山地幔柱活动相联系。     

Melting of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle by the Emeishan mantle plume; evidence from the basal alkaline basalts in Dongchuan, Yunnan, Southwestern China

The Emeishan continental flood basalt (ECFB) sequence in Dongchuan, SW China comprises a basal tephrite unit overlain by an upper tholeiitic basalt unit. The upper basalts have high TiO₂ contents (3.2–5.2 wt.%), relatively high rare-earth element (REE) concentrations (40 to 60 ppm La, 12.5 to 16.5 ppm Sm, and 3 to 4 ppm Yb), moderate Zr/Nb and Nb/La ratios (9.3–10.2 and 0.6–0.9, respectively) and relatively high _{Nd (t)} values, ranging from − 0.94 to 2.3, and are comparable to the high-Ti ECFB elsewhere. The tephrites have relatively high P₂O₅ (1.3–2.0 wt.%), low REE concentrations (e.g., 17 to 23 ppm La, 4 to 5.3 ppm Sm, and 2 to 3 ppm Yb), high Nb/La (2.0–3.9) ratios, low Zr/Nb ratios (2.3–4.2), and extremely low _{Nd (t)} values (mostly ranging from − 10.6 to − 11.1). The distinct compositional differences between the tephrites and the overlying tholeiitic basalts cannot be explained by either fractional crystallization or crustal contamination of a common parental magma. The tholeiitic basalts formed by partial melting of the Emeishan plume head at a depth where garnet was stable, perhaps > 80 km. We propose that the tephrites were derived from magmas formed when the base of the previously metasomatized, volatile-mineral bearing subcontinental lithospheric mantle was heated by the upwelling mantle plume.     

Geochemical Evidence for Slab Melting in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt

Geochemical studies of Plio-Quaternary volcanic rocks from theValle de Bravo–Zitácuaro volcanic field (VBZ) incentral Mexico indicate that slab melting plays a key role inthe petrogenesis of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Rocks fromthe VBZ are typical arc-related high-Mg andesites, but two differentrock suites with distinct trace element patterns and isotopiccompositions erupted concurrently in the area, with a traceelement character that is also distinct from that of other Mexicanvolcanoes. The geochemical differences between the VBZ suitescannot be explained by simple crystal fractionation and/or crustalassimilation of a common primitive magma, but can be reconciledby the participation of different proportions of melts derivedfrom the subducted basalt and sediments interacting with themantle wedge. Sr/Y and Sr/Pb ratios of the VBZ rocks correlateinversely with Pb and Sr isotopic compositions, indicating thatthe Sr and Pb budgets are strongly controlled by melt additionsfrom the subducted slab. In contrast, an inverse correlationbetween Pb(Th)/Nd and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios, which extend to lowerisotopic values than those for Pacific mid-ocean ridge basalts,indicates the participation of an enriched mantle wedge thatis similar to the source of Mexican intraplate basalts. In addition,a systematic decrease in middle and heavy rare earth concentrationsand Nb/Ta ratios with increasing SiO₂ contents in the VBZ rocksis best explained if these elements are mobilized to some extentin the subduction flux, and suggests that slab partial fusionoccurred under garnet amphibolite-facies conditions. KEY WORDS: arcs; mantle; Mexico; sediment melting; slab melting     

云南施甸晚志留世－早泥盆世孢子和疑源类（ACRITARCHS）

本文首次报道在滇西施甸向阳寺剖面晚志留世－早泥盆世地层中发现孢子和疑源类，根据孢子特征及其在地层中的分布和演化规律，自下而上可划分出３个孢子带：１．Ａｐｉｃｕｌｉｒｅｔｕｓｉｓｐｏｒａｓｐｉｃｕｌａ－Ｅｍｐｈａｎｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓｎｅｇｌｅｃｔｕｓ（ＳＮ）带；２．Ｓｙｎｏｒｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓｖｅｒｒｕｃａｔｒｓ－Ｓｔｒｅｅｌｉｓｐｏｒａ（ＶＮ）带；３．Ｂｒｅｃｏｎｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓｂｒｅｃｏｎｅｎｓｉｓ－Ｃｙｍｂｏｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓｄｉｔｔｏｎｅｎｓｉ（ＢＤ）带。滇西施甸晚志留世－早泥盆世孢子带可与滇东曲靖     

滇西亲冈瓦纳微古植物的发现及其地质意义

本文首次报道滇西保山丁家寨组孢子花粉４０属５５种,其中新种Ｐｌｉｃａｔｉｐｏｌｅｎｉｔｅｓｂａｏｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ１个。丁家寨组的孢子花粉组合是一个以冈瓦纳植物地理区分子为主,兼有少量华夏植物地理区和其它植物地理区分子。丁家寨组的Ｐａｒａｓａｃｉｔｅｓｄｉｓｔｉｎｃｔｕｓ－Ｍｉｃｒｏｂａｃｕｌｉｓｐｏｒａｆｅｎｔｕｌａ（ＤＦ）孢子带可与冈瓦纳植物地理区Ｐａｒａｓａｃｉｔｅｓ孢子带比较,时代为阿舍尔阶（Ａｓｅｌｉａｎ）萨克马尔阶（Ｓａｋｍａｒｉａｎ）。丁家寨组的微古植物研究不仅有重要的地层学和古生物学意义,而且对研究冈瓦纳大陆与欧亚大陆之间的关系有着十分重要的意义。     

浙江新昌石榴石二辉橄榄岩包体的流变特征及其地质意义

浙江新昌的石榴石二辉橄榄岩包体以残斑结构为主,并有向粒状变晶结构过渡的趋势。橄榄石组构以［０１０］呈点极密型式,而［１００］和［００１］呈大圆环带为特征。橄榄石的位错亚构造以反映高温位错蠕变的位错壁、亚晶粒构造和滑动位错环为主要特征。利用新的地质温压计计算的平衡温度和压力分别为１１５０℃～１２１０℃和２．１～２．４ＧＰａ。利用显微构造应力计计算流动应力为２２～３０ＭＰａ,利用橄榄岩高温流变律计算的应变速率和等效粘滞度分别为１０－１４～１０－１３ｓ－１和１０１９～１０２０Ｐａ·ｓ,上述数据均已达到软流圈的数值。结合其流变特征认为该区的石榴石二辉橄榄岩代表软流圈的物质,其来源深度为６８～７８ｋｍ。它反映在新生代时期本区存在有软流圈的底辟,它可能控制了该区新生代大地构造的特征及地质演化。     

滇西吉岔阿拉斯加型辉长岩SHRIMP测年：早二叠世俯冲事件的证据

阿拉斯加型镁铁-超镁铁岩形成于会聚板块边缘的构造背景,是岛弧环境下高地壳层位的产物。本文应用SHRIMP方法对滇西吉岔阿拉斯加型辉长岩进行了U-Pb年龄测定,表明吉岔辉长岩形成于280±6Ma(2σ)。这一年龄记录了滇西地区与古特提斯俯冲有关的岛弧岩浆活动的时代,说明滇西存在早二叠世的古特提斯俯冲事件。     

滇西地区稀有金属宝石矿床成矿系列成矿规律与找矿方向

本文按矿床成矿系列理论研究方法, 初步厘定了滇西地区与燕山期—喜马拉雅期伟晶岩有关的稀有金属宝石矿床成矿系列及亚系列, 与第四纪表生作用有关的稀有金属矿床成矿系列及亚系列, 研究结果表明本地区在燕山期—喜马拉雅期发生了大规模的中-酸性岩浆侵入活动, 并形成众多的伟晶岩, 发生了重要的岩浆-热液成矿事件, 稀有金属铍、铌、钽、锂、铷、铯等矿产成矿主要与其有关, 构成了特定的稀有金属矿产矿床成矿系列。本文初步总结了滇西地区稀有金属矿产资源及其特征、矿床成矿系列及成矿规律, 分析了找矿潜力, 划分出找矿远景区, 深化了该区稀有金属矿产成矿规律认识。     

Fractal Modeling of Sphalerite Banding in Jinding Pb-Zn Deposit, Yunnan, Southwestern China

Sphalerite banding is a common texture in Jinding (金顶) Pb-Zn deposit, Yunnan (云南), southwestern China. The frequency distribution and irregularity of sphalerite grains observed in the bandings are characterized quantitatively by fractal models. Fractal dimensions calculated by several fractal models including box-counting model, perimeter-area (P-A) model, and number-area (N-A) model show the gradual change from outer banding to inner banding, indicating a decrease in area percentage, in irregularity, in shape and in grain size, and an increase in the numbers of grains. These results may imply an inward growth of sphalerite during mineralization, and self-organization properties are involved in the nonlinear process of mineralization.     

滇西南早泥盆世地层研究新进展

滇西南西盟里拉、孟连回库腊垒组发现早泥盆世Ｍｏｎｏｇｒａｐｔｕｓｈｅｒｃｙｎｉｃｕｓ、Ｍ．ｆａｌｃａｒｉｕｓ等７个笔石种,从下到上识别出Ｍ．ｕｎｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ带、Ｍ．ｈｅｒｃｙｎｉｃｕｓ带和Ｍ．ｆａｌｃａｒｉｕｓ带３个笔石带,分别属于洛赫科夫期早期、晚期和布拉格期早期,并与国内外其他地区的笔石带进行了对比。对该时期笔石的生物地理分析表明,洛赫科夫期的笔石具有全球性,而布拉格期的笔石则显示出一定程度的地区性。     

东天山卡拉塔格钠质火山岩岩石学、地球化学及成因

东天山卡拉塔格早泥盆世卡拉塔格组火山岩主要岩性为海相富钠质的安山岩、流纹岩和英安岩，夹少量的钠质玄武安山岩和钠质玄武岩以及正常系列的玄武安山岩。钠质火山岩的特征是：Na2O=1．69～6．38％，Na2O／K，O〉1，多在2～100间：无论是斑晶还是基质，斜长石均为富钠长石；酸性岩石斑晶主要是钠长石和石英，中基性岩石斑晶主要是钠长石（少量更长石）：酸性岩以斑状结构、霏细结构、球粒结构为主，而中基性岩以交织结构、玻晶交织结构为主。各类岩石全岩化学分析计算结果均含标准矿物Q、Hy、Hm，一部分含Di或C，在TAS图上全都投于亚碱性区；∑REE=25、96-96．11ppm，LaN／YbN=1．68-5．32，Eu／E^＊=0．46-1．25，LaN／SmN=1．01-2．95；强不相容元素适度富集，Nb和Ta强烈亏损，部分样品Cs、Rb、K、Zr和Hf适度亏损。这些特征表明，该区钠质火山岩的原始岩浆可能来自富钠俯冲洋壳熔体与地幔楔岩石反应的产物部分熔融。这样的岩浆形成机制与前人有关卡拉塔格是早泥盆世岛弧的认识相一致。     

A New Basal Sauropod Dinosaur from the Lufeng Basin,Yunnan Province, Southwestern China

<正>A new dinosaur Chuxiongosaurus lufengensis gen.et sp.nov.is erected based on a nearly complete skull.The taxon is characterized by the lacrimal perpendicular to the ventral margin of the upper jaw,which is similar to that of Thecodontosaurus;a depression present on the dorsal profile of the snout behind the naris;the rostral profile of the maxilla slopes continuously towards the rostral tip;and the presence of 25 dentary teeth.It also displays prosauropod characters such as a relatively long skull,the slope of the maxillary rostral profile,and teeth that do not have basically constricted crowns.The new specimen is more basal than Anchisaurus and represents the first basal sauropod dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of China.     

滇中星云湖地区200年来的环境演化

在对星云湖的近现代沉积物进行粒度、稳定同位素等测试分析的基础上,综合对比了多项环境指标,并从自然变化和人为影响2个方面揭示湖泊环境演化的动态过程和动力学机制以及各环境要素的内在联系.研究表明该地区近200 a来环境及生态演化具有以下区域性特点:19世纪初期气候较为温暖干旱,之后向温凉湿润转变,20世纪80年代开始,湖泊出现富营养化,1998年以来气温处于回升状态,现在正处于暖干气候阶段,人类活动正在日益深刻地影响着湖泊的环境演化.     

华北中、新生代岩石圈地幔的交代作用：含金云母地幔岩提供的证据

本文对华北克拉通三个不同地区（河北汉诺坝、内蒙古集宁三义堂、河南鹤壁）新发现的含金云母尖晶石二辉橄榄岩和尖晶石橄榄单斜辉石岩捕虏体进行了详细的矿物组成、单斜辉石的微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素研究.通过与相同地区不含金云母尖晶石二辉橄榄岩捕虏体的系统对比发现通常含金云母的地幔橄榄岩比不含金云母的地幔橄榄岩岩富Al2O3、CaO、NaO、K2O、TiO2,但相对贫镁;其单斜辉石的LREE更为富集,但Sr、Nd同位素组成则相对亏损.这说明地幔交代作用不仅能够造成地幔橄榄岩的玄武质组分和稀土元素的富集,而且亦能够造成全岩和橄榄石Mg#的降低和同位素组成的相对亏损.捕虏体的Rb-Sr等时线年龄暗示地幔交代作用发生在中、新生代;其交代熔体来源于软流圈.同时说明华北新生代岩石圈地幔普遍存在的主、微量元素和同位素组成类似于“大洋型”岩石圈地幔的特征很可能是岩石圈地幔橄榄岩与软流圈来源的熔体的大规模反应的结果,而非真正意义上的新增生的岩石圈地幔.     

滇西南古特提斯石炭纪海山碳酸盐台地的层序地层学研究

应用露头层序地层学原理和方法，首次对滇西古特提斯（昌宁－孟连带）中海山碳酸盐台地的石炭系进行了研究。识别出６个三级层序，其中早石炭世晚期１个、威宁期３个、鱼塘寨组３个，顶部一个归属二叠纪。三级层序和相应的海平面变化旋回可以和黔南对比，但副层序厚度较大（黔南副层序小于１０ｍ，鱼塘寨１０～５０ｍ），碳、氧同位素普遍偏轻以及存在麦粒蜓带厚度变薄事件，造成这种现象的主要原因是两者之间经历了同样的冰川型全球海平面变化，但具有不同的大地构造背景.     

滇西南晚古生代火山岩与裂谷作用及区域构造演化

特提斯构造东南带的滇西南地区发育三个系列的晚古生代火山岩:碱性橄榄玄武岩系列,大陆拉斑玄武岩系列和类似MORB拉斑玄武岩系列。地质、地球化学特征反映它们可能是保山—掸邦地块东缘昌宁—孟连晚古生代裂谷(局部向初始洋盆转化),而不大可能是宽阔洋底和洋岛的火山作用产物。逐渐增强的前进式裂谷作用伴随陆壳的减薄(局部分离,洋壳诞生)和软流圈顶面的抬升,可能导致不同深度地幔产生不同程度熔融作用,形成本区三个系列岩浆。地幔对流可能引导陆缘裂谷、洋壳扩张、俯冲、微陆块碰撞以及岩石圈深部剪切作用,制约区域晚古生代至中生代早期的构造岩浆演化。     

峨眉地幔柱轴部的榴辉岩-地幔岩源区:主元素、痕量元素及Sr、Nd、Pb同位素证据

峨眉山大陆溢流玄武岩(ECFB)的西南部以丽江、大理和攀枝花三角区为中心的苦橄岩分布区,面积约5×10 4 km2 ,为峨眉地幔柱的轴部区。Sr、Nd、Pb同位素和痕量元素研究表明,大部分火山岩样品落在洋岛火山岩成分范围内,并存在类似FOZO、HIMU和EM - 的三个端元。这说明它们是在地幔柱轴部,由地幔岩和榴辉岩(古玄武质洋壳)组成的源区产生的岩浆形成的。岩浆源区再循环玄武质洋壳的存在可能是该区超大型钒钛磁铁矿床形成的根本原因。少部分分布在洋岛火山岩成分范围之外的样品,一部分属于地幔柱岩浆与地壳混染产物,另一部分低Ti岩石可能与岩石圈反应有关。地幔端元的地球化学特征如下:FOZO端元以白林山苦橄玄武岩(YB-0 1)为代表,低87Sr/86 Sr(0 .70 36 ) ,高1 43Nd/1 44 Nd(0 .5 12 7) ,中等2 0 6 Pb/2 0 7Pb(18.5 6 93) ;Nb/U =36 .6 7,Th/Nb =0 .0 82 ,L a/Nb=0 .91,Zr/Nb=6 .2 3。HIMU端元以丽江苦橄岩(JL - 2 9)为代表,高2 0 6 Pb/2 0 4 Pb(2 0 .6 4 12 )和2 0 7Pb/2 0 4 Pb(15 .74 89) ,低87Sr/86 Sr(0 .70 4 8)。EM - 端元包括两部分:1以二滩苦橄岩-玄武岩(R- 1、3、5、8)为代表,高87Sr/86 Sr(0 .70 73) ,低1 43Nd/1 44 Nd(0 .5 12 3) ,低2 0 6 Pb/2 0 4 Pb(17.996 8)和2 0 8Pb/2 0 4 Pb(37.94 5 0 )     

Contents of Fixed-Ammonium (NH_4~+) in Lamprophyres in the Zhenyuan Gold Orefield, Yunnan Province, China: Implications for Its Characteristics of the Source Region

This paper determined the fixed-ammonium (NH 4) contents of lamprophyres in the Zhenyuan gold orefield, Yunnan Province, China. The results show that the NH 4 contents of minettes in the orefield range from 120×10 -6 to 469×10 -6 and those of kersantites from 74.3 ×10 -6 to 136×10 -6 . These values are higher than those of other mantle-derived rocks (less than 50×10 -6 ), but lower than those of carbonaceous wall rocks in the orefield (from 1200×10 -6 to 1343×10 -6 ). Combining with the Sr isotopic composition, this paper suggested that lamprophyres in the orefield with high NH 4 contents relative to other mantle-derived rocks would not have resulted from the primary magma contaminated by crustal materials in the process of rising or in the magma chamber, but from mantle metasomatism.