我国硫酸盐气溶胶气候效应的数值模拟

气溶胶的气候效应近年来备受关注。区域气候模式能够在有限的计算资源下取得更高的分辨率,成为一种研究区域气候的有力工具。本文使用意大利国际理论物理中心(ICTP)开发的区域气候模式(Reg CM3),对2008年12月~2009年11月我国硫酸盐气溶胶的时空分布及其直接气候效应进行了模拟。研究表明受大气环流影响,硫酸盐气溶胶空间分布在夏季分布最广,而其最大平均季度柱浓度出现在四川盆地,达到了27mg·m-2。受特殊地形的影响,四川盆地上空在全年一直维持着高浓度的硫酸盐。硫酸盐气溶胶对直接辐射强迫与其柱浓度的分布有很好的相关性。直接辐射强迫在夏季分布最广,其数值达到了-2.99W·m-2,全年平均为-2.4W·m-2。硫酸盐的直接气候效应造成了地面气温下降,在夏季达到了-0.26℃,全年平均为-0.09℃。直接气候效应对降水总体表现为微弱的抑制作用,但不同区域,不同季节差异较大。     

中国地区黑碳气溶胶的第一间接辐射强迫与气候效应

将区域气候模式（RegCM3）与对流层大气化学模式（TACM）耦合, 建立区域气候化学模拟系统（RegCCMS）, 用以模拟研究中国地区黑碳气溶胶的空间分布、 第一间接辐射强迫及其气候效应。利用RegCCMS模式对2003年1月和7月进行模拟, 结果表明, 我国黑碳气溶胶主要集中在四川、 河北、 山东等地, 1月份浓度最高值中心在四川, 达到4 μg·m-3; 而在7月则出现在华中地区, 高值中心值为3.5 μg·m-3。地面浓度的季节差异不是很明显。1月和7月由黑碳气溶胶所造成的第一间接辐射强迫全国平均值分别为-0.389 W·m-2和-1.18 W·m-2, 局部地区达到-4～-4.5 W·m-2。敏感性试验结果表明, 考虑黑碳气溶胶的第一间接气候效应后, 使得近地面气温下降, 降水减少, 1月变化的平均值分别为-0.025K和-0.0027 mm·d-1, 7月变化的平均值分别为-0.16K和-0.095 mm·d-1, 在不同季节和地区, 气温和降水的变化存在明显差异。     

硫酸盐气溶胶辐射强迫的数值模拟研究

利用IAP/LASG GOALS 4.0海气耦合模式,"显式"考虑了硫酸盐气溶胶的直接作用,并且引入德国马普气象研究所的三维浓度分布资料,模拟计算了硫酸盐气溶胶的辐射强迫.主要结果为:全球气溶胶年平均的辐射强迫为-0.29 W m-2,在IPCC TAR给定的范围内,空间分布上具有明显的地域性,几个大值地区分别为东亚、西欧和北美,它们的中心值均超过-1.5 W m-2,南美、澳大利亚以及非洲南部的辐射强迫介于-0.2～-0.4 W m-2之间,而海洋和偏远的大陆地区,则基本上不受人为硫酸盐气溶胶的影响;计算的东亚地区硫酸盐气溶胶的平均辐射强迫为-0.75 W m-2,约为全球平均的2.5倍,为北半球平均的1.6倍.文中还讨论了全球硫酸盐气溶胶对温室气体辐射强迫的减缓作用.     

RegCM3引入气溶胶间接气候效应模拟效果对比

利用2006年区域气候模式RegCM3和Streets气溶胶排放源清单,在原模式中引入间接气候效应模块,改进云降水方案,对硫酸盐气溶胶的时空分布、辐射强迫效应进行了模拟研究。结果表明：硫酸盐气溶胶辐射强迫有明显季节变化;直接效应使地表温度降低,冬春季大值区出现在四川盆地,夏季大值区出现在华北平原。对降水的影响,主要表现在西南—东北水汽输送带上降水减少;其间接气候效应主要表现在使南方地区温度上升、北方地区温度下降;珠江流域和黄河流域降水减少,长江流域和东北地区降水增加。总的来说,直接效应大于间接效应。     

东亚地区人为硫酸盐的直接辐射强迫

利用三维区域欧拉型硫化物输送模式 ,研究了 90年代中期东亚地区人为硫酸盐柱含量的空间分布。在此基础上 ,利用一个两层多次反射模式估算了东亚地区人为硫酸盐气溶胶直接辐射强迫 ,并分析了辐射强迫的地理分布和季节变化特征。结果表明 ,东亚地区年平均的人为硫酸盐直接辐射强迫约为 - 0 .7W·m-2 。直接辐射强迫空间分布具有明显的季节变化和区域特征 ,辐射强迫的这种变化特征强烈地依赖于人为硫酸盐柱含量的季节变化和区域分布。     

黑碳气溶胶直接辐射强迫及其对中国夏季降水影响的模拟研究

利用NCAR的全球大气模式CAM3分析了黑碳气溶胶在大气顶和地表的直接辐射强迫分布及其季节变化,重点讨论了云对黑碳气溶胶直接辐射强迫的影响,以及黑碳气溶胶对中国夏季降水的影响。结果表明：黑碳气溶胶在大气顶和地表的直接辐射强迫分布范围和强度都具有明显的季节变化。有云条件下,黑碳气溶胶在大气顶产生正的直接辐射强迫,全球年平均强迫值为＋0.33 W·m－2;在地表产生负的直接辐射强迫,全球年平均强迫值为－0.56 W·m－2。晴空条件下,黑碳气溶胶在大气顶和地表的全球年平均辐射强迫值分别为＋0.21 和－0.71 W·m－2。云的存在对黑碳气溶胶的辐射强迫产生了很大的影响,使大气顶的正辐射强迫增加,地表的负辐射强迫减小。黑碳气溶胶导致夏季中国北方30°N～45°N之间区域降水明显增加;而中国长江以南地区除了海南和广西的部分城市外,降水明显减少。模拟结果表明,中国夏季近50年来经常发生的南涝北旱并非由黑碳气溶胶引起。     

基于国际大气化学-气候模式比较计划模式数据评估中国沙尘气溶胶直接辐射强迫

目前气候模式对沙尘气溶胶直接辐射强迫模拟仍有很大不确定性,多模式对比有助于定量评估不确定范围。国际大气化学—气候模式比较计划（Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project,ACCMIP）旨在评估当前模式对短寿命大气成分辐射强迫和气候效应的模拟能力。基于7个ACCMIP模式模拟的中国地区沙尘气溶胶浓度,我们评估了中国区域沙尘气溶胶直接辐射强迫和不确定性范围。结果显示,中国区域沙尘气溶胶年排放总量为215±163 Tg a-1,区域年均地表浓度为41±27 μg m-3,柱浓度为9±4 kg m-2,光学厚度为0.09±0.05。中国区域年均沙尘气溶胶产生的大气顶短波、长波和总辐射强迫分别为-1.3±0.8 W m-2、0.7±0.4 W m-2和-0.5±0.7 W m-2;地表短波、长波和总的辐射强迫值为-1.5±1.0 W m-2、1.8±0.9 W m-2和0.2±0.2 W m-2。沙尘气溶胶长波辐射强迫对沙尘浓度的垂直分布敏感。高层沙尘气溶胶浓度越大,其在大气顶产生更强的正值长波辐射强迫。然而,沙尘气溶胶短波辐射强迫主要受整层沙尘柱浓度控制,对沙尘浓度的垂直分布较不敏感。本文结果可为中国沙尘气溶胶的气候模拟提供参考。     

东亚地区硫酸盐气溶胶间接辐射和气候效应的数值模拟研究

本文利用发展的RIEMS对硫酸盐气溶胶第一间接辐射强迫及其气候效应进行了研究.同卫星观测和其它模式模拟结果对比表明,RIEMS能比较好地模拟云和辐射过程.东亚地区硫酸盐气溶胶的第一间接辐射强迫为负并有明显的季节变化,各季节分别为:冬季-0.88 W/m2,春季-2.27 W/m2,夏季-2.41 W/m2,秋季-1.4...     

中国东部气溶胶在天气尺度上的辐射强迫和对地面气温的影响

本文应用WRF-Chem(Weather Research and Forecasting—Chemistry)模式研究中国东部地区气溶胶及其部分组分(硫酸盐、硝酸盐和黑碳气溶胶)在天气尺度下的辐射强迫和对地面气温的影响。5个无明显降水时间段(2006年8月23～25日、2008年11月10～12日、2008年12月16～18日、2009年1月15～17日和2009年4月27～29日)的模拟显示,气溶胶浓度呈现显著的白天低,夜间高的日变化特征,且北方区域(29.8°～42.6°N,110.2°～120.3°E)平均PM_2.5近地面浓度(40～80 μg m-3)高于南方区域(22.3°～29.9°N,109.7°～120.2°E,30～47 μg m-3)。气溶胶对地面2 m温度(地面气温)有明显的降温效果,在早上08:00(北京时,下同)和下午17:00左右最为显著,最高可降低约0.2～1 K,同时气溶胶的参与改善了模式对地面气温的模拟。本文还通过对2006年8月23～25日一次个例的模拟,定量分析了气溶胶及其部分组分(硫酸盐、硝酸盐和黑碳气溶胶)的总天气效应(直接效应+间接效应)、直接效应和间接效应分别对到达地面的短波辐射和地面气温的影响。北方区域平均气溶胶直接效应所造成的短波辐射强迫要高于南方区域,分别为-11.3 W m-2和-5.8 W m-2,导致地面气温分别降低了0.074 K和0.039 K。南方区域平均气溶胶间接效应所产的短波辐射强迫高于北方区域,分别为-14.4 W m-2和-12.4 W m-2,引起的地面气温的改变分别为-0.094 K和-0.035 K。对于气溶胶组分,硫酸盐气溶胶的直接效应和间接效应的作用相当,其总效应在北方和南方区域平均短波辐射强迫分别为-7.0 W m-2和-10.5 W m-2,对地面气温的影响为-0.062 K和-0.074 K,而硝酸盐气溶胶的作用略小。黑碳气溶胶使得北方和南方区域平均到达地表的太阳短波辐射分别减少了6.5 W m-2和5.8 W m-2,而地表气温则分别增加了0.053 K和0.017 K,相比于间接效应,黑碳气溶胶的直接效应的影响更加显著。     

基于RegCM4.6的中国地区云对地表太阳辐射的影响研究

使用RegCM4.6区域气候模式，选取Emanuel和Mix（Grell+Emanuel）两种积云对流参数化方案，以2016年为例，分别对中国地区云短波辐射强迫及其涉及的物理量进行数值模拟，揭示其时空分布特征，并探究两种积云对流参数方案模拟效果的差异及其原因。结果表明：从季节平均来看，全国地表云短波辐射强迫均为负值，云对地表为冷却效应，冬季最小，春夏季较大。塔里木盆地四季均为辐射强迫低值区，夏季冷却效应最弱，辐射强迫绝对值低于40 W·m-2；全天空地表净短波辐射分布也呈显著季节差异，除夏季外均呈由南向北逐渐递减的分布趋势；晴空地表净短波辐射在横断山脉处和塔里木盆地处均比较低，其中春季最为明显；两个方案所得的季节空间分布特征大致相同，但在数值上存在差异。春季时全国大部分地区全天空地表净短波辐射通量差异最大，在55 W·m-2左右，晴空地表净短波辐射通量在青藏高原处差异在60W·m-2左右。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.