南印度洋海区大风天气高纬低压系统模型研究

本文根据多年的天气图、卫星云图以及1980～1990年的NCEP再分析资料,通过统计分析和合成分析等方法建立了能够在南印度洋特定海区引起12m/s以上大风天气的高纬低压系统概念模型,并对主要的南印度洋西部副高型、南印度洋倒"品"字型作了详细的阐述。该天气概念模型主要发生在南半球的冬、春季。(1)南印度洋西部副高天气过程多由高纬度低压系统发展引起。在这一过程中,副高与高纬低压系统由纬向型向经向型转变,海平面气压槽和850hPa高度槽受到槽后冷平流的驱动不断向东北方向移动,并扫过南印度洋东部。(2)南印度洋倒"品"字天气模型中,低压槽受斜压系统的驱动东移并发展加深,与南印度洋东部的副高中心之间形成大风带。该天气概念模型的建立对南印度洋海区大风的预报可起到一定指导作用。     

一次温带气旋对秦皇岛海区的影响

一、前 言 1988年7月16日～18日,出现了一次河套气旋进入渤海的天气过程。这次锋面气旋的形成主要是因为蒙古气旋向东南方向移动,移到河套地区的锋面扰动加强,并在河套地区形成新的锋面气旋。该气旋在发展和移动过程中,伴有强烈的降水、雷暴、大风等恶劣天气,受其影响,华北部分地区出现降水天气,渤、黄海北部出现了6～7级偏东大风,秦皇岛海区出现了波高达2.1m的中浪和风暴潮。本文利用传真图分析了此次过程及其对秦皇岛海区的影响。 二、气旋的发生、发展及移动情况 1.气旋形成的天气形势 16日08时500hPa高空图上,中西伯利亚地区有一低槽,并有冷气团与之配合。中纬度地区西风环流势力较强,自蒙古到渤海一带有一低槽,也有冷气团配合（见图1）。     

浙江沿海大风的天气气候概况

用嵊泗站和大陈站资料对浙江省沿海大风的天气气候概况进行分析,结果表明浙北沿海平均每3d有1d出现大风,多于浙中南沿海(平均每7d有2d出现大风).浙北沿海以SSW大风最多,N大风次之;其中NNW—NE大风占46%,SSE—SW大风占43%;浙中南沿海以NNE大风最多,NE大风次之;其中N—ENE大风占77%,S—WSW占18%.浙北沿海大风以4月份最多,9月份最少;浙中南沿海大风以1月份最多,5月份最少;浙北沿海大风日数的月变化比浙中南小.浙江沿海大风的季风特征明显.浙江沿海冬半年大风多为冷空气大风,春季及初夏大风多为低压、倒槽引起,夏季大风主要是受热带气旋影响产生.     

南印度洋测控海域大风分析

在辽阔的东南印度洋上的“远望号”测量船为中国卫星和载人飞船执行测控服务。该海域风大浪急,缺乏海洋水文气象资料。本文利用1980~1990年的部分历史资料(包括地面图和卫星云图)进行了分析研究,指出有三类天气系统容易引起测控海域的大风巨浪:冷锋、中纬度气旋和强梯度带。该结论有助于东南印度洋的远洋气象保障。     

青岛沿海主要灾害性天气分析

本文论述了青岛沿海主要灾害性天气暴雨、大风和形成暴雨、大风的各种天气系统。青岛沿海暴雨强度的分布由南向北递减,该区暴雨多起于7月上旬止于8月下旬。暴雨中心在青岛以南,其特点是:暴雨开始早、结束晚、暴雨次数多,强度也大。影响本区暴雨的主要天气系统有:气旋、冷锋、台风、高压后部、静止锋和暖切变。大风是该区最常见的一种重要的灾害性天气,它对渔业、养殖、港工建筑及海上交通运输影响很大。本区大风的分布特点是:由海岛向陆地风力逐渐减小。全年以北向大风日数为多,尤以冬季最盛,南向大风主要出现在春季.引起本区域大风的天气系统主要有寒潮(冷锋)、蒙古(东北)低压、气旋、台风及雷雨。     

西南太平洋天气特征与航天测量船应急机动策略

分析了影响航天测量船在西南太平洋任务海域的主要灾害性天气系统,阐述了热带气旋、温带气旋及冷空气的特征,以及航天测量船采用的数值预报产品,在充分考虑到航天测量船任务的特殊性的同时,根据其历年在该海域规避灾害性天气系统与应急机动情况,探寻出了该海区三种典型灾害性天气系统作用下船舶机动方案,为航天测量船在该任务海区应急机动提供了理论基础。     

气旋波浪的个例分析

一、前言 强烈发展的入海气旋,是产生大风生成大浪的一种重要海上天气系统。特别是春秋季节移入我国北部海区的气旋与南下的冷空气相配合,常造成大风和降水天气,海面常出现大浪与巨浪。1979年11月25日“渤海二号”石油平台翻沉和1983年4月26日“107浮吊船”在渤海翻沉等海难事件,均为这种天气系统所致。 1983年 4月 25日 08时至28日 08时发生的一次强气旋天气过程,使渤海海区出现阵风达 11级和6.7米的巨浪(H_(1/10)=6.7米)。渔船受损,死伤渔民数人,经济损失严重。气旋带来的强风、暴雨、巨浪严重地威胁着人民生命财产的安全。因此,摸清气旋浪的分布规律有着十分重要的实用意义。     

南极长城站大风天气分析和预报

本文使用常规气象观测资料及澳大利亚国家气象局发布的南太平洋天气实况分析图,分析了长城站2005年12月～2006年11月的大风天气。分析认为：长城站的大风天气主要出现在4～10月;气旋是造成长城站大风天气的主要天气系统;存在“单一气旋型”、“北高南低型”、“南高北低型”、“东高西低型”和“西高东南低型”五种大风类型,其主要风向分别是NW／SE,WSW-WNW,ENE-SE,NW-N和SW-WSW,最后给出了长城站冬、夏季节大风天气的预报思路。     

南印度洋热带气旋快速增强事件气候特征及其年际变率

利用美国联合台风预警中心的热带气旋最佳路径数据集、美国国家海洋和大气管理局的扩展重构海表温度数据、全球海洋数据同化系统的温度、盐度数据及美国国家环境预报中心/国家大气研究中心的再分析资料, 分析了1981—2019年南印度洋热带气旋快速增强事件的气候特征和年际变率。结果表明, 南印度洋热带气旋快速增强事件产生频率呈现单峰分布, 主要产生在每年的12月至次年4月。南印度洋热带气旋增强事件的产生位置呈带状分布, 其中3个高值中心分别位于马达加斯加岛东北海域、南印度洋中部海域和澳大利亚西北海域, 这主要是由于热带气旋热潜和垂直风切变两个大尺度环境变量决定的。年际变率方面, 厄尔尼诺-南方涛动对南印度洋热带气旋增强事件产生频率的调制作用是不对称的, 厄尔尼诺年与拉尼娜年南印度洋热带气旋快速增强事件均减少, 但使其减少的物理机制不同。厄尔尼诺年, 热带气旋快速增强事件减少主要是较高的垂直风切变造成的; 拉尼娜年, 热带气旋快速增强事件减少主要是由于热带气旋热潜的降低, 而海表温度、垂直风切变和相对湿度也存在一定贡献。     

长城站极地气旋与暴风雪天气

西南极极地气旋是造成长城站暴风雪的主要天气系统。夏季每月侵入长城站气旋有6～8个,平均3～4d就有气旋侵入南极半岛乔治王岛地区．冬季每月5～7个,且强度比夏季大。极地气旋移动路径在夏季稍有南移,冬季气旋路径向北扩展。西南极极地气旋东移靠近南极半岛,气旋有阻滞现象,气旋受阻气流上升使高空扰动,低压和低压槽强烈斜压发展,在锋区后伴有向北移动极地冷空气入侵,是形成长城站强暴风雪天气重要原因。极地气旋给长城站带来大风降雨降雪天气,长城站95％以上的暴风雪天气是由极地气旋引起的。而长城站暴风雪天气有二种类型：一种由极地气旋前部与锋面影响,吹北风或西北风暴风雪;另一种是由极地气旋南部或高压脊前影响,吹南风或东南风暴风雪天气。而后一种则是风速猛、气温低、危害最大。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.