大沽河干流青岛段水环境容量研究

本文根据大沽河的水流特性和水文、水质实测资料 ,利用 QUAL2 E综合水质模型 ,分析确定了大沽河干流丰水期和平水期的水环境容量。又利用水库水环境容量的计算方法 ,确定了大沽河干流枯水期的水环境容量。大沽河干流水环境容量的确定 ,可用于河流的水质模拟和预测 ,为实施大沽河污染物总量控制提供基础资料 ,为大沽河流域水污染控制的管理和决策提供科学依据     

Water mass of the northward throughflow in the Bering Strait in the summer of 2003

1 IntroductionTheBeringStrait, with them aximum depth lessthan 60 m , isthe uniquepassagebetween the ArcticOcean and the North Pacific Ocean, and links twoshelfseas:theBeringSeainthesouthandtheChukchiSea in the north. The background flow field oftheBering…     

Effect of winter meteorological conditions on the formation of the cold bottom water in the eastern Bering Sea shelf

The cold bottom water, formed in the previous winter on the eastern Bering Sea shelf, remains throughout the summer. in order to examine the mechanism for the formation of the cold bottom water, we used minimum water temperature in the cold bottom water observed over the eastern Bering Sea shelf for 30 years. The interannual variation in the minimum water temperature of the cold bottom water was closely related to that of mean air temperature during cooling period at St. Paul Island. The air temperature in previous winter primarily affects the cold bottom water. We estimated decrement of the water temperature due to ice melting with simple box model. It was found with the box model that decreasing of the water temperature and lowering of the salinity depend on ice melting. To investigate the cause of interannual variation in air temperature in winter, we applied EOF analysis to the 500 hPa height. The Pacific/North American pattern (PNA) was related to mean air temperature at St. Paul Island in cooling season and the cold bottom water temperature. These results suggest the connection between ENSO events and warming or cooling in the Bering Sea shelf in winter.     

1998年夏季南海水团分析

根据 1 998年夏季“南海季风试验 ( SCSMEX)”期间所获的 CTD资料 ,使用系统聚类、Fuzzy模式聚类、Bayes判别分析和 Fuzzy分析等水团分析方法 ,对南海水体的结构和水团配置状况等进行了分析 ,划出了南海存在的 9个主要水团 ,并对各水团的温、盐度特征进行了初析。在调查期间 ,南海本地水 (南海水 )几乎控制了整个调查海区 ,而黑潮水仅出现在台湾岛的西南海域 ;海水强烈混合发生在吕宋海峡附近 ;在中南半岛以东和吕宋岛以西海域 ,表层水明显下沉 ;在南海东南部可能有来自苏禄海的海水 ,其温、盐度特征类似于吕宋海峡中的黑潮水     

Southward intrusion of the intermediate Oyashio water along the east coast of the Boso Peninsula I. Coastal salinity-minimum-layer water off the Boso Peninsula

Index species of zooplankton of the Oyashio water are found in and beneath the salinity minimum layer in Sagami Bay. In order to clarify the intrusion path of the intermediate Oyashio Water (or the water of the Mixed Water Region), the oceanographic conditions off the Boso Peninsula are studied by using available hydrographic data obtained mainly by Japan Meteorological Agency. The cross-sectional salinity distribution along KJ line which extends southeastward from off the tip of the peninsula always indicates the existence of a low salinity patch just off the coast in the salinity minimum layer. This water is well separated from the offshore low salinity water which is considered as the water in the western margin of the so-called North Pacific Intermediate Water. We refer to the former water as the coastal salinity-minimum-layer (SML) water and to the latter as the offshore SML water. The coastal SML water is usually bounded by the current zone of the Kuroshio. The existence of the coastal SML water seems to indicate the possible pathway of the intermediate Oyashio water along the Boso Peninsula into Sagami Bay. The detailed water type analysis is made in T-S plane, S-_st plane, and O₂-_st plane. There is no significant difference in distribution ranges of the water types between the coastal SML water and the offshore SML water. However, the water types of the coastal SML water is not uniformly distributed, and the water can be classified into two groups: group A with relatively high oxygen content and relatively low salinity value and group B with relatively low oxygen content and relatively high salinity value. Group A is thought to be associated with strong event-like intrusions, the details of which will be discussed in Part II.     

2008年夏季加拿大海盆永久冰区的淡水累积现象

A combination of δ~(18)O and salinity data was employed to explore the freshwater balance in the Canada Basin in summer 2008.The Arctic river water and Pacific river water were quantitatively distinguished by using different saline end-members.The fractions of total river water,including the Arctic and Pacific river water,were high in the upper 50 m and decreased with depth as well as increasing latitude.In contrast,the fraction of Pacific river water increased gradually with depth but decreased toward north.The inventory of total river water in the Canada Basin was higher than other arctic seas,indicating that Canada Basin was a main storage region for river water in the Arctic Ocean.The fraction of Arctic river water was higher than Pacific river water in the upper 50 m while the opposite was true below 50 m.As a result,the inventories of Pacific river water were higher than those of Arctic river water,demonstrating that the Pacific inflow through the Bering Strait is the main source of freshwater in the Canada Basin.Both the river water and sea-ice melted water in the permanent ice zone were more abundant than those in the region with sea-ice just melted.The fractions of total river water,Arctic river water,Pacific river water increased northward to the north of 82°N,indicating an additional source of river water in the permanent ice zone of the northern Canada Basin.A possible reason for the extra river water in the permanent ice zone is the lateral advection of shelf waters by the Trans-Polar Drift.The penetration depth of sea-ice melted waters was less than 30 m in the southern Canada Basin,while it extended to 125 m in the northern Canada Basin.The inventory of seaice melted water suggested that sea-ice melted waters were also accumulated in the permanent ice zone,attributing to the trap of earlier melted waters in the permanent ice zone via the Beaufort Gyre.     

On the origin of the Tsushima Warm Current Water

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东海PN断面水团分布的季节变化

利用PN断面的高分辨率CTD温度、盐度和密度资料,采用曲线族拟合的水团分析方法分析发现,PN断面处的水团有明显的陆架水和黑潮水的交汇特征,且随着季节的变化PN断面处的水团特征也发生明显的变化.夏季,黑潮水核心离陆架的距离最远且深度较深,陆架水与黑潮的混合水浮置于黑潮水本体之上且向深海拓展的最远,隶属度在PN断面上200 m的分布几乎呈水平状;秋季,黑潮水主体离陆架的距离最近,并将陆架混合水向陆架压迫,使得隶属度等值线由夏季的平直状态向陆地弯曲;冬季,黑潮水团的核心占据了深海区域的整个表层和次表层,且位置相对于秋季更向深海移动,黑潮水与陆架水的交汇处也由秋季的陆架移向陆坡;春季,是唯一可以清楚地看到陆架混合水隶属度分布的季节,此时陆架混合水充满整个陆架海域,而黑潮水的核心进一步远离陆架.海面风场和净热通量场通过改变混合层的深度影响PN断面处黑潮水和陆架水之间的混合,而海面降水对于PN断面上的水团分布特征没有显著影响.     

Hydrographic structure of the Kuroshio large meander-cold water mass region down to the deeper layers of the ocean

The hydrographic structure of the region of large meander of the Kuroshio and the large cold water mass, which were formed in 1975, was observed down to the ocean bottom, during three cruises of the R/VHakuho Maru in September 1975, September 1976, and December 1977. The analysis of observed data indicates the following common features: the horizontal gradient of the specific volume anomaly exists down to a 3,500 db surface, corresponding to the existence of baroclinic geostrophic current down to this depth. These facts demonstrate that the current of the Kuroshio is not confined to the upper layer during periods of existence of the large meander. On a T-S diagram, the Kuroshio water and the water in the large cold water mass can be discriminated down to a 5°C surface, but there is evidence of mixing due to conspicuous interleaving between the two water masses, near the thermocline. Below the thermocline, water types defined by points on the T-S diagram can be traced from a deeper level in the Kuroshio water to a shallower level in the cold water mass, indicating that in the deeper layers the Kuroshio water continues to be uplifted toward the center of the cold water mass. The same inference is also obtained from the distribution of dissolved oxygen.     

A Lagrangian study of the near-surface intrusion of Pacific water into the South China Sea

Satellite-tracked Lagrangian drifters are used to investigate the transport pathways of near-surface water around the Luzon Strait. Particular attention is paid to the intrusion of Pacific water into the South China Sea(SCS).Results from drifter observations suggest that except for the Kuroshio water, other Pacific water that carried by zonal jets, Ekman currents or eddies, can also intrude into the SCS. Motivated by this origin problem of the intrusion water, numerous simulated trajectories are constructed by altimeter-based velocities. Quantitative estimates from simulated trajectories suggest that the contribution of other Pacific water to the total intrusion flux in the Luzon Strait is approximately 13% on average, much smaller than that of Kuroshio water. Even so, over multiple years and many individual intrusion events, the contribution from other Pacific water is quite considerable. The interannual signal in the intrusion flux of these Pacific water might be closely related to variations in a wintertime westward current and eddy activities east of the Luzon Strait. We also found that Ekman drift could significantly contribute to the intrusion of Pacific water and could affect the spreading of intrusion water in the SCS. A case study of an eddy-related intrusion is presented to show the detailed processes of the intrusion of Pacific water and the eddy-Kuroshio interaction.     

1989年东海陆架水团及高密水环流的季节变化

本文利用１９８９年的观测资料，分析了水团及高密水环流的季节演变特征。结果表明：东海高密水在陆架上存在一个季节性的变化过程，核心区有一个气旋型的密度环流；这个环流秋、冬季较弱，春、夏季较强；在该环流的产生过程中，它可以影响邻近水团的分布；在春季，邻近水团在东海高密水周围形成一个环状分布     

南海暖水季节和年际变化的初步研究

南海暖水具有明显的季节和年际变化。利用气候平均的COADS资料和NCEP大气资料分析了南海暖水的季节变化及其与海面净热通量的关系,以及由此引起的南海地区大气环流的变化。发现海面净热通量在南海暖水的季节变化过程中起到了主要的作用;冬季无暖水存在时,最大上升气流位于赤道及以南地区的印尼群岛附近,夏季最大上升气流北移到了南海暖水上空,南海暖水上空对流强烈,成为大气的对流活动中心。利用50年逐月的SODA海温资料进行垂直方向的3次样条插值,定义并计算南海暖水的强度指数,分析南海暖水的年际变化,并对南海暖水的几个异常暖年份作了合成分析,探讨了暖水年际变化的形成因素。     

台湾以北黑潮水与陆架水的混合与交换

本文根据日本气象厅在台湾以北获得的调查资料及近几年国家海洋局在该海域获得的调查资料,结合卫星图片,分析了夏季和冬季台湾以北海域陆架水与黑潮水的混合与交换过程以及涡旋在水交换过程中所起的作用。结果表明,夏季陆架水从表层向外海方向扩展,与黑潮水进行混合与交换;在陆架底部,黑潮次表层水涌升陆架后与陆架底层水进行混合。冬季由于黑潮表层水大举入侵陆架,低温的陆架水只能沿陆架向南流动,并在台湾西北部转向东沿台湾北岸向东流动,该海域存在的涡旋就象一个旋转泵,在陆架水与黑潮水的混合与交换过程中起了重要的作用。最后,文中还对陆架水与黑潮水的交换量进行了估算。     

东海黑潮及其上游硝酸盐输送年际变化的模拟研究

利用一个太平洋区域分辨率为12.5 km的ROMS-CoSiNE海洋物理-生态耦合模式1997-2016年的积分结果,对东海黑潮硝酸盐输送的年际变化进行分析。结果显示:东海黑潮的硝酸盐输送存在约3 a与7 a的年际变化周期,且在100~400 m深的次表层与400~800 m深的中层水中变化较为显著。东海黑潮上游海水中,南海水及直接汇入东海黑潮的西太平洋海水对黑潮硝酸盐的年际输送变化具有重要影响。其中,南海水主要影响东海黑潮中层水的硝酸盐输送,而西太平洋海水对东海黑潮次表层水硝酸盐的输送影响较为显著。     

Spectral classification of water masses under the influence of the Amazon River plume

The large amount of dissolved and particulate material discharged by the Amazon River into the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean cause distinct spectral response of its waters as compared to the nearby ocean waters. This paper shows the application of K-means clustering algorithm for classifying water masses in the region under the Amazon River plume influence according to their spectral behavior. Salinity and temperature data from 67 oceanographic stations were related to Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) remote sensing reflectances values and the following bio-optical products:(i) chlorophyll-a concentration, (ii) water attenuation coefficient and (iii) absorption coefficient for dissolved and detrital material. Four different water masses were identified such as:(1) oceanic water, (2) intermediate oceanic water, (3) intermediate river plume water and (4) Amazon River plume water. The spectral behavior of these water masses allowed concluding that the main active optical component of the waters in the region is the colored dissolved organic matter originated mostly from the Amazon River.     

秋季南黄海西部营养盐的分布及其与环流场的关系

重点分析和研究了秋季南黄海西部营养盐的分布状况和水文特征,并在此基础上探讨了营养盐分布及其运移规律与该海域环流场的关系.结果表明:长江冲淡水、苏北沿岸水以及鲁北沿岸水所引起的物质输入是导致南黄海西部近岸海域三个营养盐含量高值区形成的主要因素;由于跃层阻隔以及底层有机物的氧化分解,调查海域中部底层水体也存在较大面积的营养...     

Chemical evidence for the origin of the cold water belt along the northeastern coast of Hokkaido

In the southwestern Okhotsk Sea, the cold water belt (CWB) is frequently observed on satellite images offshore of the Soya Warm Current flowing along the northeastern coast of Hokkaido, Japan, during summertime. It has been speculated that the CWB is upwelling cold water that originates from either subsurface water of the Japan Sea off Sakhalin or bottom water of the Okhotsk Sea. Hydrographic and chemical observations (nutrients, humic-type fluorescence intensity, and iron) were conducted in the northern Japan Sea and southwestern Okhotsk Sea in early summer 2011 to clarify the origin of the CWB. Temperature–salinity relationships, vertical distributions of chemical components, profiles of chemical components against density, and the (NO₃ + NO₂)/PO₄ relationship confirm that water in the CWB predominantly originates from Japan Sea subsurface water.     

水团相互作用与东海高密水环流的演变

本文利用水文和海流观测资料，从水团相互作用去研究东海高密水及其环流的演变。获得如下一些结果：东海高密水冬季形成于东海中部陆架混合水中，入春以后水团挤压，高密水显得更为突出，入秋后高密水变性，东海中部陆架混合水重新形成；东海高密水核心区可形成气旋环流，从冬到秋经历了一个弱—强—弱的演变过程。海流观测结果证实这个环流是存在的；在东海高密水南侧存在较明显的密度锋，从冬到秋它也经历了一个弱—强—弱的演变过程；水团分析发现，各种与主体分离的混合水从春到夏可在高密水核心周围组合成一个环，从而进一步印证了这个高密水环流的存在     

控制用水需求增长实现水资源可持续利用

分析了中国水资源的特点、缺水现状以及造成缺水的原因，提出了通过控制城市用水需求增长，达到以有限的水资源维持可持续发展的目的，着重结合青岛实际论述了控制城市用水需求增长的具体措施。     

胶州湾水体重金属Hg的质量浓度和分布

根据1982-04、06、07和10月胶州湾水域调查资料,探讨和研究胶州湾重金属Hg的水质、平面分布、垂直分布、季节变化以及来源.结果表明：Hg在胶州湾水体中的质量浓度范围为：0.006～0.049 μg/L,在胶州湾整个水域,没有受到Hg的污染.在胶州湾西南沿岸水域,地表径流直接输送Hg入海,其质量浓度都非常低;在胶州湾东部沿岸水域,河流输送Hg入海,其质量浓度相对较高.Hg的表、底层水平分布证实了Hg的水域迁移过程和水域迁移机制.Hg质量浓度的垂直分布展示了胶州湾表层水质受到陆地地表径流输送Hg的影响,而胶州湾底层水质受到累计沉降的效应.通过胶州湾Hg的时空分布,发现控制Hg的排放得到实施,输入胶州湾水域的Hg大为减少.