根据空间大地测量结果建立的中国地壳构造块体的运动模型

本文利用空间大地测量的结果初步建立了中国地壳各构造块体的运动模型,该模型与由地质资料建立的地质学模型相比呈现较好的一致性,反映了中国及邻近地区的板块、亚板块和活动构造块体的水平运动特征和趋势。     

MORVEL构造板块的转动张量（英文）

NNR-MORVEL56板块运动模型描述了全球56个构造板块在无整体旋转参考架下的角速度运动参数。这些板块可以近似描述为单位球上的无重叠球面多边形区域。用ITRF速度场计算这56个板块相对于无整体旋转参考架下的绝对运动时,板块的几何参数起着至关重要的作用。详细给出了计算板块几何参数的方法并且编写了FORTRAN90程序以供参考,使得计算单位球上板块的面积和转动惯性张量得以实现。文中的计算方法和程序主要采用球面三角算法和自适应辛普森双积分算法,并对全球56个板块的几何参数进行了计算,得到了较为可靠的计算结果。     

印、澳板块边界分布与GPS资料用于对2004年Sumatra-Andaman岛地壳破裂测地学机制的再讨论

基于作者此前对印度尼西亚苏门答腊-安达曼岛地震测地学机制的讨论，进一步根据McCloskey等人应用的INDI板块与AUST板块之间大致呈SW（≈S5）-NE（≈N2）走向的板块边界划分模型，利用GPS站速度资料，估计了沿整个苏门答腊-尼科巴岛地壳破裂带INDI板块与Burma／SEEURA板块之间的板块聚敛率，并与基于NUVEL-1A模型的INDI、AUST板块边界的分布所估计的AUST板块与Burma／SEEURA板块问聚敛率结果作了比较；根据2004年印尼苏门答腊-安达曼岛地壳破裂特征，对该地壳破裂的测地学机制作了进一步讨论，认为基于NUVEL-1A模型的INDI、AUST板块边界分布条件下地壳破裂的测地学机制讨论和2004年主震由AUST板块运动触发的结论可能更符合2004年地壳破裂事件的观测结论。目前的Burma微板块的欧拉旋转参数可能不适合用于对该次地壳破裂事件的测地学估计和机制的讨论；INDI、AUST板块间的相对运动是这两者板块间造山带的主要动力源。     

亚洲区域构造块体运动模型的建立及其运动学分析

利用中国地壳运动监测网、亚太地球动力学计划(APSG)联测以及IGS速度场建立亚洲构造块体运动模型,分析其板内形变,并求出各构造块体相对欧亚板块运动的欧拉矢量,进而求出各构造块体绝对运动速度,分析各构造块体绝对运动,揭示亚洲区域构造块体的运动规律和特征．     

板块运动修正对站坐标系列比较的影响

本利用七参数转换公式对美国Texas大学Austin空间中心、美国Goddard航天中心及上海天台获得的全球SLR参考坐标系之间作了比较，得到结果如下：在考虑了板块运动的影响之后，两两坐标之间的差异大大缩小，其中主要的SLR站的偏差小于5cm。     

对2004年苏门答腊-安达曼岛地震的测地学机制讨论

采用GPS测地学观测资料,基于NUVEL-1A板块运动模型,分别估计和讨论了INDI板块与Burma微板块之间、AUST板块与Burma/SE EURA板块之间的聚敛率,以及INDI与AUST板块间的相对速率。结果显示,沿苏门答腊-尼科巴群岛和沿安达曼群岛两个阶段的地壳破裂分别与AUST板块和Burma板块间、INDI板块和Burma板块间的聚敛率密切相关,从板块运动学角度提供了解释整个苏门答腊-安达曼群岛地壳破裂带上板块间耦合由南向北递减观测结论的佐证;在NUVEL-1A板块运动模型的背景下,2004年苏门答腊-安达曼岛主震应当为AUST板块相对于Burma/SE EURA板块以近60 mm/a,方向NE 30°～35°的运动所致,而非INDI板块或印-澳(INDI-AUST)板块运动所致;根据2004年苏门答腊-安达曼岛地壳破裂特征并结合其余震的分布,进一步肯定了AUST板块西北边界带的地质位置分布。     

球状星团的形成与演化（Ⅰ）：观测特征

对与球状星团形成与演化有关的观测特征进行了总结，分别从球产太星团的空间分布特征、金属度分布特征、光度函数和质量函数，以及不同星系中球状星团的数量特征等方面介绍了银河系和河外星系中球状星团的最新观测事实。     

球状星团成员星的空间相关性分析

以球状星团NGC (New General Catalogue) 104、NGC 5139、NGC 6121为实验样区, 选取了视差等10个恒星参数, 通过引入地学中的空间分析理论和相应的分析框架为定量描述球状星团成员星的空间分布特征提出了一种基于地学的研究范式. 通过计算全局和局部莫兰(Moran)指数得到球状星团成员星各恒星参数的空间分布特征. 研究结果表明: 球状星团NGC 104、NGC 5139、NGC 6121成员星的各恒星参数在总体上呈现出空间正相关特性, 表现出空间集聚特征, 但不同恒星参数之间存在差异; 局部空间分布也呈现聚集特征, 而不同的成员星呈现出不同的空间分布特性和趋势. 总体而言, 用地学空间相关分析系统地定量化描述球状星团成员星空间分布特征, 能够为球状星团的研究提供新的思路.     

现代板块运动的测量和研究：空间大地测量方法

简要阐述了用空间大地测量方法测量和研究现代板块运动的理论、方法和进展。简单介绍了测定原理和实测现状，以及用实测资料建立板块运动模型的理论和方法；重点讨论了板块运动在最近十几年的研究进展；对目前存在的问题及未来的发展作了简要评述。     

1992—2007全球海平面变化

引起全球海平面变化的因素是复杂多样的，大气压、风、大洋环流以及海水密度的变化，都会引起海平面在时间、空间上的变化，而海水温度的变化是海平面变化的主要原因。该文利用法国Archiving, Validation and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic data（AVISO）的海表面高度异常数据，计算了1992年10月至2007年1月间，全球海平面的平均上升速度，同时详细解算海平面上升速度的全球空间分布，分析全球海平面的变化趋势并将海平面变化同美国国家海洋大气署（NOAA）的Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature （OISST）海表面温度数据进行了比对和相关分析。     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews on all branches of astronomy and astrophysics.Reviews are by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length to 6 printed pages).Authors who submit a paper are expected to be able to certify that the paper is original work,     

Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics CONTENTS

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Alkali and halogen chemistry in volcanic gases on Io

We use chemical equilibrium calculations to model the speciation of alkalis and halogens in volcanic gases emitted on Io. The calculations cover wide temperature (500-2000 K) and pressure (10⁻⁶ to 10⁺¹ bars) ranges, which overlap the nominal conditions at Pele (T=1760 K, P=0.01 bars). About 230 compounds of 11 elements (O, S, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, I) are considered. The elemental abundances for O, S, Na, K, and Cl are based upon observations. CI chondritic elemental abundances relative to sulfur are used for the other alkalis and halogens (as yet unobserved on Io). We predict the major alkali species in Pele-like volcanic gases and the percentage distribution of each alkali are LiCl (73%), LiF (27%); NaCl (81%), Na (16%), NaF (3%); KCl (91%), K (5%), KF (4%); RbCl (93%), Rb (4%), RbF (3%); CsCl (92%), CsF (6%), Cs (2%). Likewise the major halogen species and the percentage distribution of each halogen are NaF (88%), KF (10%), LiF (2%); NaCl (89%), KCl (11%); NaBr (89%), KBr (10%), Br (1%); NaI (61%), I (30%), KI (9%). We predict the major halogen condensates and their condensation temperatures at P=0.01 bar are NaF (1115 K), LiF (970 K); NaCl (1050 K), KCl (950 K); KBr (750 K), RbBr (730 K), CsBr (645 K); and solid I₂ (200 K). We also model disequilibrium chemistry of the alkalis and halogens in the volcanic plume. Based on this work and our prior modeling for Na, K, and Cl in a volcanic plume, we predict the major loss processes for the alkali halide gases are photolysis and/or condensation onto grains. Their estimated photochemical lifetimes range from a few minutes for alkali iodides to a few hours for alkali fluorides. Condensation is apparently the only loss process for elemental iodine. On the basis of elemental abundances and photochemical lifetimes, we recommend searching for gaseous KCl, NaF, LiF, LiCl, RbF, RbCl, CsF, and CsCl around volcanic vents during eruptions. Based on abundance considerations and observations of brown dwarfs we also recommend a search of Io's extended atmosphere and the Io plasma torus for neutral and ionized Li, Cs, Rb, and F.     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews 011 all liranchcs of astronoiriy and astrophysics.Reviews arc by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length     

The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts

Modern-day synoptic-scale eastern Mediterranean climatology provides a useful context to synthesize the diverse late Pleistocene (60–12 ka) paleohydrologic and paleoenvironmental indicators of past climatic conditions in the Levant and the deserts to its south and east. We first critically evaluate, extract, and summarize paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic records. Then, we propose a framework of eastern Mediterranean atmospheric circulation features interacting with the morphology and location of the southeast Mediterranean coast. Together they strongly control the spatial distribution of rainfall and wind pattern. This cyclone–physiography interaction enforces the observed rainfall patterns by hampering rainfall generation south and southeast of the latitude of the north Sinai coast, currently at 31°15′.The proposed framework explains the much-increased rains in Lebanon and northern Israel and Jordan as deduced from pollen, rise and maintenance of Lake Lisan, and speleothem formation in areas currently arid and semiarid. The proposed framework also accounts for the southward and eastward transition into semiarid, arid, and hyperarid deserts as expressed in thick loess accumulation at the deserts' margins, dune migration from west to east in the Sinai and the western Negev, and the formation of hyperarid (< 80 mm yr^− 1) gypsic–salic soils in the southern Negev and Sinai. Our climatic synthesis explains the hyperarid condition in the southern Negev, located only 200–250 km south of the much-increased rains in the north, probably reflecting a steeper rainfall gradient than the present-day gradient from the wetter Levant into its bordering southern and eastern deserts.At present, the rainiest winter seasons in Lebanon and northern and central Israel are associated with more frequent (+ 20%), deeper Cyprus Lows traversing the eastern Mediterranean at approximately the latitude of southern Turkey. Even these wettest years in northern Israel do not yield above average annual rainfall amounts in the hyperarid southern Negev. This region is mainly influenced by the Active Red Sea Troughs that produce only localized rains. The eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows also produce more dust storms and transport higher amounts of suspended dust to the loess area than any other atmospheric pattern. Concurrent rainfall and dust are essential to the late Pleistocene formation of the elongated thick loess zone along the desert northern margin. Even with existing dust storms, the lack of rain and very sparse vegetation account for the absence of late Pleistocene loess sequences from the southern Negev and the formation of hyperarid soils.When the north Sinai coast shifted 30–70 km northwest due to last glacial global sea level lowering, the newly exposed coastal areas supplied the sand and dust to these active eastern Mediterranean cyclones. This enforced the latitude of the northern boundary of the loess zone to be directly due east of the LGM shoreline. This shift of coast to the northwest inhibited rainfall in the southern Levant deserts and maintained their hyperaridity. Concurrently, frequent deep eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows were funneled along the northern Mediterranean increasing (probably doubling) the rains in central and northern Israel, Lebanon, southwestern Syria and northern Jordan. These storms and rains formed lakes, forests, and speleothems only a short distance north of the deserts in the southern Levant.     

Study on the Stressed Mirror Polishing with a Continuous Polishing Machine for Large Aperture Off-axis Aspheric Mirrors

A special stressed annular polishing technique is proposed to mill the off-axis aspheric sub-mirrors of a large segmented mirror with an annular polishing machine. Based on the basic principle of stressed annular polishing technique, a set of special stressing mechanisms are designed to convert milling the aspheric surfaces of sub-mirrors with different off-axis distances into milling the spherical surfaces with identical radii of curvature, so that they can be pol- ished simultaneously on a continuous polishing machine. It took about contin- uous 40 hours to polish a scaled-down mirror of the planning Chinese Future Giant Telescope (CFGT) using this technique. This mirror has the 330 mm di- ameter, 3.6 m off-axis distance, and the 21.6 m radius of curvature, and its max- imum asphericity is 16 micron. The experiment shows that this method has a high effciency, suits batch manufacturing, especially the batch manufacturing of aspheric sub-mirrors of the segmented primary mirror of an extremely large aperture telescope.     

Active hot star shells

Interferometry in the visible provides milliarcsecond spatial resolution and thus has been used for studying the circumstellar environment of active hot stars. In this paper I will illustrate how the visibility modulus and phase can be used to better constrain the physics of Be disks through results from the VLA, the MkII and the GI2T interferometers. I will insist on the importance and the potential of coupling high angular resolution with high spectral resolution to the study of Be shells. Finally I will present a possible study of the circumstellar disk of Be stars using the VLTI. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Fitting X-ray Afterglow Light curves of Gamma-ray Bursts by Using the Magnetar Energy Injection Model

The central compact object for some gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) may be a strongly magnetized millisecond pulsar. It can inject energy to the outer shock of the GRB by through the magnetic dipole radiation, and therefore causes the shallow decay of the early afterglow. Recently, from a large number of GRB X-ray afterglows observed by Swift/XRT(X-ray telescope), it is revealed that many of them exhibit the shallow decay about 10²∼10⁴ s after the burst prompt emission. We have fitted the X-ray afterglow light curves of 11 GRBs by using the energy injection model of a magnetar with the rotation period in the millisecond order of magnitude. The obtained result shows the validity and universality of the magnetar energy injection model in explaining the shallow decay of afterglows, and simultaneously provides some constraints on the magnetic field strength and rotation period of the central magnetar.     

我国新一代VLBI数字基带转换器研制进展

数字化是目前设备研制发展的趋势,介绍了中国科学院上海天文台利用超大规模集成电路结合软件无线电技术,自主研发的我国新一代VLBI数字基带转换器(Chinese Data Acquisition System,简称CDAS).文中描述了设备的工作原理及其组成,并以VLBI观测实验数据证明其可行性.与原有的模拟设备(Anal...