Principles of Probabilistic Regional Mineral Resource Estimation

Five principal sources of uncertainty in quantitative mineral resource estimation are listed and illustrated by means of a simple example (mosaic model) and a case history study for large copper deposits in the Abitibi area of the Canadian Shield. Abitibi copper potential originally was estimated on the basis of 1968 estimates of production and reserves totalling 3.12 Mt Cu. This prognostication now could be evaluated on the basis of 2008 copper production and reserves totalling 9.50 Mt Cu. An earlier hindsight study performed on the basis of 1977 data (totalling 5.23 Mt Cu) showed seven new discoveries occurring either in the immediate vicinities of known deposits or on broad regional copper anomalies predicted from the 1968 inputs. By 1977, the global geographic distribution pattern of large copper deposits in the Abitibi area had stabilized. During the next 30 years, new copper was essentially found close to existing deposits, much of it deeper down in the Earth's crust. In this paper, uncertainties associated with copper ore tonnage are analyzed by comparison of 2008 data with 1968 data using (a) log-log plots of size versus rank, and (b) lognormal QQ-plots. Straight lines fitted by least squares on these plots show that 1968 slopes provide good estimates of 2008 slopes but 1968 intercepts are much less than 2008 intercepts. In each linear log-weight versus log-rank plot, the slope is related to fractal dimension of a Pareto frequency distribution, and in a lognormal QQ-plot it is determined by logarithmic variance. The difference between 2008 and 1968 intercepts represents the increase in copper ore production and reserves from 1968 to 2008. The Pareto model fits actual copper and massive sulphides increase over the past 40 years better than the lognormal frequency distribution model for 10 km×10 km cells on favorable environments in the Abitibi area.      

一批地质标准物质通过部级鉴定

一批地质标准物质通过部级鉴定１９９４年５月２０日～２１日全国地质矿产标准化技术委员会岩矿测试标准样品及方法分技术委员会在北京举行会议,组织评审了一批地质标准物质,通过了“黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿４种矿物标准物质的研制”、“铅锌、铅锌铜、镍钴、钨...     

藏东八宿怒江桥—邦达一带嘉玉桥群研究的新进展

在西藏八宿怒江桥—邦达一带嘉玉桥群中发现较丰富的化石,其中腕足类有：Ｎｅｏｓｐｉｒｉｆｅｒ,Ｓｙｒｉｎｇｏｔｈｙｒｉｓ？Ａｓｙｒｉｎｘｉａ,Ｓｐｉｒｉｆｅｒ;牙形石：Ｐａｌｍａｔｏｄｅｌａｄｅｌｉｃｕｔｕｌａ,Ｐａｌｍａｔｏｌｅｐｉｓｇｒａｃｉｌｉｓｓｉｇ ｍｏｉｄａｌｉｓ,Ｓｐａｔｈｏｇｎａｔｈｏｄｕｓｃｆ．Ｓｔａｂｉｌｉｓ,Ｐｏｌｙｇｎａｔｈｕｓｐｕｒｕｓ;孢子：Ｌｅｉｇａｔｏｓｐｏｒｉｔｉｓｖｕｌｇａｒｉｓ,Ｃｒａｓｉｓｐｏｒａｔｒｙｃｈｅｒａ,Ｓｕｌｃａｔｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓｏｖａｔｕｓ,Ｌｉｍｉｔｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ,Ｌｅｉｏｔｒｉｌｅｔｅｓ等。据此对嘉玉桥群的划分和时代进行了重新厘定。     

河南禹州与山西太原石炭—二叠纪多重地层划分与对比

河南禹州的本溪组、太原组与山西太原的岩性相似,唯厚度较小;禹州的石盒子组与太原的岩性和厚度差异大,而且太原的煤层厚、层位低,禹州的煤层薄、层位高。由本溪组至山西组呈向南穿时,石盒子组为向北穿时,显示海水先向南侵后又向北回泛的变化趋势。沉积环境由下而上由陆表海经三角洲向大陆体系演化,并向南迁移,反映了该区总体上北部是陆地,南部是海洋的古地理格局。     

豫西南晚白垩世红层时代厘定及其意义

研究区位于豫、鄂、陕三省相邻地带,在秦岭造山带后造山阶段构造体制转换过程中,形成了李官桥、滔河、西峡、夏馆、五里川、召北等一系列近于平行的断陷盆地,盆地内分别沉积了１０００～４０００ｍ的陆相碎屑沉积。根据恐龙蛋、轮藻、孢粉、介形类及一定数量的恐龙骨骼化石、同位素年龄等,将盆地内红层的时代归属为晚白垩世,并对每一盆地红层进一步作了详细划分。     

金和铜矿床分类研究的过去、现状和未来

<正>1问题提出在自然科学研究中,为了阐明无数单独个体的共性和个性,对其开展分类研究极为重要,它可以使十分复杂的结构得以简化进而获取有规律性的结果.有鉴于此,与其他自然科学的分类研究一样,金和铜矿床类型的划分不仅是成矿理论研究的永恒主题之一,     

郯庐断裂中段鲁中基底韧性变形带的形成时代

郯庐断裂中段鲁中基底的韧性变形带可分为两类：（１）北东向韧性变形带,以发育中深层次的构造片麻岩为特征,形成于早中元古代花岗质岩体（２４８８Ｍａ）侵位之前;（２）北北东向韧性变形带,以中浅层次糜棱岩为特征,形成于晋宁期（９４１Ｍａ）。文中对以上两类韧性变形带的形成机制和时代进行了初步讨论。     

Geology and mineralization of the Tiegelongnan supergiant porphyry-epithermal Cu (Au,Ag) deposit (10 Mt) in western Tibet,China: A review

The Tiegelongnan Cu(Au,Ag)deposit in central Tibet contains more than 10 Mt of copper ranking 29 th in the world.It is characterized by typical porphyry-epithermal alteration and mineralization.In order to improve the understanding of porphyry-epithermal copper deposit in Tibet,new zircon U-Pb age and sulfur isotope data along with published data in the Tiegelongnan are presented to investigate the formation and preservation mechanism.Ore-related intrusive rocks in the Tiegelongnan including Early Cretaceous(about 120 Ma)granodiorite porphyry and diorite porphyry are closely related to the northward subduction of Bangongco-Nujiang ocean.Sulfur mainly comes from deep magma,and ore-forming fluid is affected by both magmatic and meteoric water.The metallogenic setting of Tiegelongnan is consistent with those of Andean porphyry copper deposits in South America.The cover of the Meiriqiecuo Formation volcanic rocks,Lhasa-Qiangtang collision and India-Eurasian collision have significance in the preservation and uplift of the deposit.The formation,preservation and discovery of Tiegelongnan play an important role in exploration of ancient porphyry-epithermal deposits in Tibet.     

Carbon cycle variability in tropical Atlantic across two Early Eocene hyperthermals

Early Eocene hyperthermals are geologically short-lived global warming events and represent fundamental perturbations to the global carbon cycle and the Earth’s ecosystem due to massive additions of isotopically light carbon to the ocean-atmosphere system.They serve as ancient analogs for understanding how the oceanic carbonate system and surface-ocean ecosystem would respond to ongoing and future climate change.Here,we present a continuous carbonate record across the Eocene Thermal Maximum 2(ETM2 or H1,ca.54.1 Ma)and H2(ca.54 Ma)events from an expanded section at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1258 in tropical Atlantic.The abundant calcareous nannofossils and moderate carbonate content throughout the studied interval suggest this record was deposited above the calcite compensation depth(CCD),but below the lysocline and under the influence of terrestrial dilution.An Earth system model cGENIE is used to simulate the carbon cycle dynamics across the ETM2 and H2 to offer insights on the mechanism of the rapid warming and subsequent recovery in climate and ecosystem.The model suggests moderate changes in ocean pH(0.1–0.2 unit)for the two scenarios,biogenic methane from a rechargeable methane capacitor and organic matter oxidation from thawing of the permafrost.These pH changes are consistent with a recent independent pH estimate across the ETM2 using boron isotopes.The carbon emission flux during the ETM2 is at least an order of magnitude smaller than that during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum(PETM)(0.015–0.05 Pg C yr^-1vs.0.3–1.7 Pg C yr^-1).The comparable pre-and post-event carbonate contents suggest the lysocline did not over deepen following the ETM2 at this tropical Atlantic site,indicating spatial heterogeneity in the carbonate system due to strong dilution influence from terrestrial weathering and riverine discharge at Site 1258.     

湘西喜眉山逆冲—推覆构造的特征与变形环境

论述了雪峰山西北部喜眉山逆冲—推覆构造的几何学、运动学特征,并用方解石ｅ双晶求得逆冲—推覆构造断层岩形成时的差异应力为１００～１２５ＭＰａ,变形温度为１５０～２００℃,逆冲作用主要发生于燕山运动时期。     

综采一次采全高顶板导水裂缝带发育高度的计算公式及适用性分析

确定煤层顶板导水裂缝带高度可为顶板防治水、采掘工程布置、防水煤柱留设以及瓦斯抽采设计提供依据。采用井下仰孔注水测渗漏法,实测山西西山煤田镇城底矿8煤导水裂缝带高度为57.98 m,其中冒落带高度16.72 m,裂隙带高度41.26 m。依据实测结果并收集了8个矿综采一次采全高中硬覆岩下导水裂缝带高度数据,利用数理统计回归分析的方法,得出了适用于综采一次采全高中硬覆岩下导水裂缝带高度计算的经验公式,并与《煤矿安全规程》中相应经验公式进行对比分析,结果表明,该公式适用性好,而《煤矿安全规程》中有关公式应用于中厚煤层综采一次采全高开采条件预测,其误差较大。     

基于微震监测的深埋煤层顶板导水裂隙带发育特征

导水裂隙带发育高度是矿井水害预测的重要技术参数之一。以彬长矿区文家坡煤矿4103工作面为研究对象,利用井-地联合微震监测技术对顶板导水裂隙带发育特征进行研究。研究结果表明：深埋煤层开采时,微震事件超前工作面回采位置发育,超前影响角最大为35°,最小为28°;断层的存在降低了覆岩稳定性,相较于正常基岩,更易在回采影响下发生应力集中和破坏;断层加大了微震事件发生的超前距,而采空区则使微震事件的高密度区向其所在部位发生偏移,加剧覆岩破坏程度,增大导水裂隙带发育高度;垂向上,4103工作面监测区内的微震事件高密度区域主要集中在高程+400~+520 m,结合微震事件数量和能量分布特征,判定4103工作面垮落带发育高度为50 m,垮采比13.16,导水裂隙带发育高度为117 m,裂采比为30.79。该成果可为彬长矿区类似煤矿深埋煤层顶板导水裂隙带发育高度研究及顶板水防治提供重要依据。移动阅读     

基于顶板水预疏放的首采工作面涌水规律

为了建立符合蒙陕接壤区煤炭开采防治水技术体系,以纳林河二号矿井首采工作面为例,开展了覆岩破坏规律、水文地质条件、涌水量预计、顶板水预疏放等研究,结果表明：应用钻探取心、钻孔冲洗液漏失量观测和钻孔彩色电视探测手段,实测得到首采工作面导水裂缝带高度为103.23 m,裂高（导水裂缝带高度）采厚比为18.8,导水裂缝带可沟通3段含水层,其中直罗组底部含水层钻孔涌水量92.0~136.0 m³/h、水压4.0~5.6 MPa,呈\     

大采高综放开采覆岩破坏特征和裂隙演化规律

工作面回采过程中,覆岩破坏特征对于煤矿水灾害和瓦斯防治具有重要意义,为了进一步研究综放开采覆岩破坏特征。以山西某矿5.82m大采高工作面为试验面,采用分段注水、钻孔电视、地质雷达、微震监测探测覆岩破坏高度,对破坏过程进行了数值模拟研究,并对裂隙演化进行了相似模拟试验,同时对传统经验公式进行了修正,研究结果表明:综放开采垮落带发育高度为43.1m,断裂带发育高度为86.7m;垮落带、断裂带、导水断裂带各测试方法之间相差分别小于4.5%、7.1%、9.0%;工作面采动前,裂隙发育度低,而采动后,裂隙数量明显增多,发育度增加;近煤壁区域为裂隙聚集区,密度曲线呈“蛇”型分布;得到新的适合该矿地质条件下的覆岩导水断裂带发育高度经验公式。     

煤层开采覆岩预裂–注浆改性失水控制方法探讨

陕北榆神矿区煤层开采面临顶板水害防治与水资源协同保护技术需求,根据材料力学、断裂力学相关理论,以及不同覆岩类型的采动裂隙带统计成果,提出基于预裂–注浆改性(P-G)的煤层顶板失水控制技术思路,其基本原理为通过压裂工艺将连续性好的基岩层压裂成非连续性岩层,削弱采动导水裂隙在坚硬岩层中向上扩展的“尖端效应”,抑制导水裂隙发育高度。再采用黏土类软弱注浆材料将岩层改性为相对软弱的岩层,起到抑制导水裂隙带向上发育与降低上覆岩层导水能力的双重作用,从而实现煤层顶板含水层失水控制。本文以陕北能源基地榆神矿区为对象,提出以采煤工作面地质与水文地质条件分析,采煤工作面顶板含水层涌(失)水模式识别,P-G模式、层位与时间确定,顶板岩层水平孔水力压裂与注浆改性为主要思路,对榆神矿区采煤工作面顶板含水层失水控制方法进行了探讨,为我国陕北能源基地榆神矿区顶板水害防治和水资源协同保护技术实践提供一定的借鉴。     

潜埋煤层开采整体结构覆岩导水裂缝带高度特征

针对榆神府矿区侏罗系煤层开采导水裂缝带发育高度与传统预计结果存在明显差异的问题,以榆阳煤矿为实际研究背景,在分析水文工程地质条件的基础上,利用原位测试、理论分析与计算机数值模拟等方法,研究了整体结构覆岩下导水裂缝带高度发育特征。研究结果表明：侏罗纪覆岩中砂岩的含量百分数为85%左右,较石炭-二叠纪煤田覆岩中砂岩含量高,侏罗纪煤层顶板覆岩沉积面不明显且纵向裂隙不发育;导致导高发育异常主要原因为顶板覆岩结构的整体性与岩性特征;离散元数值计算结果中覆岩中结构面发育与结构面不发育的情况下导水裂隙带高度分别为60m与95m,验证了覆岩结构整体性是导致导水裂隙带高度异常的主要因素之一。     

上覆硬厚岩层破断运动及断顶控制

硬厚覆岩的破断与结构将发生显著的变化。针对汝箕沟煤矿二2煤层上覆厚层石英砂岩条件,采用现场实测、数值模拟、理论分析及现场试验等方法,研究了硬厚覆岩裂隙发育特征、破断运动、矿压显现特征及断顶控制技术,为硬厚覆岩工作面灾害防治提供了依据。研究表明,硬厚石英砂岩的微观结构致密完整,呈现大面积悬空、大步距破断运动,引起强烈的支架动载,甚至导致工作面风流逆转、沟通上部采空区隐形火区;硬厚岩层破断运移后产生明显的离层空间,并在开切眼上部和工作面上部及采空区中部形成覆岩主裂隙带,且发育高度大于经验计算数值,甚至与上方采空区沟通诱发灾害;实施开切眼深孔断顶爆破及降低工作面采高,有效缩短了硬厚岩层的初次破断步距,降低了支架动载及主裂隙带高度。     

蒙陕深埋矿区工作面涌水量全生命周期演化规律

蒙陕深埋矿区属于新开发矿区,煤炭开采扰动下水文地质特征仍不清楚,基建和生产过程中发生了多种类型的水害问题,其中工作面回采过程中和回采结束后的涌水变化特征研究处于空白,给井下排水系统设置和防治水工作开展增加了难度。为查清工作面回采前后的全生命周期涌水量演化规律,开展顶板含水层分布、导水裂隙带发育、涌水量变化等方面的实测研究。结果表明：煤层顶板地层均属于河流/河湖相沉积,空间上呈含隔水层互层状展布,隔水层的主要岩性为泥岩、砂质泥岩;受控于鄂尔多斯盆地伊陕斜坡的单斜构造,含煤地层高程在蒙陕接壤区最低,其顶板侏罗纪煤系含水层属于区域性地下水滞流区。煤层顶板地层在中生代沉积旋回作用下,发育了3层直接充水含水层,其中直罗组七里镇砂岩(Ⅰ号含水层)距离3-1煤层顶板77.4～109.4 m,呈富水强、水压高的特点;导水裂隙带实测高度为103.4 m,裂采比18.8,工作面回采过程中导水裂隙带将发育至Ⅰ号含水层。工作面回采前期,随着导水裂隙带向上发育沟通不同含水层,采空区涌水量呈阶段性增加,工作面回采至300 m左右,采空区涌水出现第一个峰值;工作面回采中后期,导水裂隙带持续周期性发育,导致顶板含水层...     

河南省庇山矿二_1-11091采面带压开采论证及防治水措施

二1-11091采面位于二煤首采区东翼,采面承受的最大水压为0.65MPa,属带压开采工作面。在分析采面充水因素的基础上,发现对采面回采有影响的充水水源为石炭系太原组L7灰岩岩溶裂隙水和寒武系灰岩岩溶裂隙水。经计算,采面回采后的冒落带高度为39.36m,采动破坏带高度为16.35m,而L7灰岩上距二1煤距离仅为10m,存在突水的可能。采面开采安全评价认为,尽管L7灰岩水基本处于采动破坏带内,也有水压,但该含水层在矿区内无充沛的补给水源,因而不会发生大规模的突水事故;寒武系灰岩岩溶裂隙水在各钻场附近的底板突水系数均小于0.06MPa/m,突水危险性相对较小,按照临界突水系数反算底板隔水层承受水压值,均大于现在采面机巷最大水压0.65MPa,所以在回采过程中也不会发生大规模的突水事故。最后对回采期间的排水工程,F59断层的探测工程和下部掘进面的疏放水工程等防治水工程和防治水效果进行了说明。     

Application of an Improved Flow-Stress-Damage Model to the Criticality Assessment of Water Inrush in a Mine: a Case Study

This paper presents a case study of water inrush on a mine working face from roof strata. The flow-rock failure process analysis (F-RFPA^2D) code with an improved flow-stress-damage (FSD) model was adopted to perform the failure and coupling analysis. The improved FSD model was used to represent the permeability variation at the four stages (elastic, damaged, cracked, and crack closure) of the rock failure process. The fracture initiation, propagation, and coalescence in the stressed strata and the seepage field evolution in the stress field are represented visually during the whole process of water inrush. The failure zone with high permeability induced by mining disturbance becomes the water-conducting zone after full excavation of the coal seam. The height of the water-conducting zone obtained in this study is in reasonable accordance with that predicted by an empirical formula. It is definitely clarified that the water inrush from the roof strata is induced by the failure zone full of vertical coalesced mine fractures. It is unlikely that roof accidents resulting in water inrush would occur if the water-conducting zone does not grow upwards into the aquifer. The main task for mine extraction under a confined aquifer is to locate the aquifer and find the maximum height of the water-conducting zone, which is very important for mine construction and support design.