几种褐藻中褐藻多糖硫酸酯的分离及分析

分别从３种马尾藻及３份不同产地的海带中提取出褐藻多糖酸酯，并比较了它们的得率和化学组分。得率最高的在大连产海带，为５．５％。马尾藻褐藻多糖硫酸酯组成都很复杂，硫酸根含量都比较低。     

褐藻多糖硫酸酯的结构与生物活性研究

褐藻多糖硫酸酯（fucoidan,FPS）是所有褐藻中所固有的细胞间多糖,存在于细胞壁基质中。生长于潮间带、长时间与空气接触的褐藻种类中,如多年生的墨角藻（Fucus vesiculosus）类,其褐藻多糖硫酸酯的含量可高达20%;生长在较深处的海带（Saccharina japonica）类中含量较低,约为1%~2%。褐藻多糖硫酸酯是一类独特的结合有硫酸基的水溶性杂聚糖,其化学组成和结构非常复杂,以岩藻糖和硫酸基为主,随着褐藻的种类不同还含有半乳糖、木糖、糖醛酸等其他成分。褐藻多糖硫酸酯具有多种生物活性,目前针对墨角藻、泡叶藻（Ascophyllum nodosum）、鼠尾藻（Sargassum thunbergii）等褐藻中的褐藻多糖硫酸酯研究较多,发现其具有免疫调节、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、抗凝血、抗氧化等生物活性。本文主要就褐藻多糖硫酸酯的提取、纯化、结构及生物活性等方面研究进行综述。     

转录组和蛋白组分析海带褐藻多糖硫酸酯对RAW 264.7细胞的免疫调节作用

海带(Saccharinajaponica)是我国的主要经济褐藻,从海带中制备的褐藻多糖硫酸酯具有免疫调节等多种生物活性,但鲜有基于组学的研究报道。本文采用RNA高通量测序(RNA-sequencing,RNA-seq)转录组学技术以及平行反应监测(ParallelReactionMonitoring,PRM)靶向定量蛋白组学方法,探究海带褐藻多糖硫酸酯作用于小鼠巨噬细胞RAW 264.7后对巨噬细胞功能和通路的影响。结果表明,褐藻多糖硫酸酯(100μg/mL)作用于RAW 264.7细胞后,差异表达基因主要富集在免疫反应、先天性免疫应答等生物过程以及TNF、NF-κB、Toll样受体等信号通路,也可促进RAW 264.7细胞膜蛋白A类清道夫受体(SR-A)中SCARA3和Toll样受体中TLR4的表达。采用流式细胞仪对褐藻多糖硫酸酯作用后SR-A和TLR4的表达量进行蛋白水平的验证, SR-A和TLR4的表达量均有升高,证实了组学结果的可靠性。本研究结果为利用褐藻多糖硫酸酯开发具有免疫调节作用的功能食品或药物提供依据。     

褐藻多糖硫酸酯的结构与生物活性研究

褐藻多糖硫酸酯(fucoidan,FPS)是所有褐藻中所固有的细胞间多糖,存在于细胞壁基质中。生长于潮间带、长时间与空气接触的褐藻种类中,如多年生的墨角藻(Fucus vesiculosus)类,其褐藻多糖硫酸酯的含量可高达20%;生长在较深处的海带(Saccharina japonica)类中含量较低,约为1%~2%。褐藻多糖硫酸酯是一类独特的结合有硫酸基的水溶性杂聚糖,其化学组成和结构非常复杂,以岩藻糖和硫酸基为主,随着褐藻的种类不同还含有半乳糖、木糖、糖醛酸等其他成分。褐藻多糖硫酸酯具有多种生物活性,目前针对墨角藻、泡叶藻(Ascophyllum nodosum)、鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)等褐藻中的褐藻多糖硫酸酯研究较多,发现其具有免疫调节、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、抗凝血、抗氧化等生物活性。本文主要就褐藻多糖硫酸酯的提取、纯化、结构及生物活性等方面研究进行综述。     

褐藻多糖硫酸酯对脂多糖诱导大鼠肾小球系膜细胞NO产生量的影响

慢性肾衰的进程中伴随着肾脏炎症的发生,研究表明褐藻多糖硫酸酯具有抗炎作用,且对于慢性肾衰的早期治疗具有一定的作用。本文通过脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导,建立大鼠肾小球系膜细胞的炎症模型,用来源于海带的高分子质量褐藻多糖硫酸酯F1和低分子质量褐藻多糖硫酸酯F2对细胞进行处理,24 h后MTT法检测各组细胞活力,Griess法检测24 h及48 h后细胞培养液中NO的含量。结果表明,各组间细胞活力无明显差异;脂多糖可以诱导大鼠肾小球系膜细胞NO产量增加,F1和F2均可在一定程度上抑制脂多糖诱导的NO产量的增加,从而减轻细胞炎症反应。剂量为25μg/m L的F1和F2处理细胞48 h后,与模型组相比,F1和F2组细胞培养液中NO含量分别下降22.52%和38.65%,低分子质量褐藻多糖硫酸酯抗炎效果明显高于高分子质量褐藻多糖硫酸酯。     

褐藻多糖的药理作用与制备

阐述了褐藻糖胶的化学组成和结构。从褐藻中提取分离得到的褐藻糖胶具有显著的抗癌、抗凝、降脂、免疫调节和抗衰老作用,既可作为保健食品,也可作为治疗药物。目前,我国制备褐藻糖胶,主要采用60%乙醇沉淀法和CPC沉淀法从海带水碱凝沉物中提取,或用稀酸直接从海带中提取,并用乙醇分级法和色谱法对褐藻糖胶进行纯化。     

几种褐藻多糖硫酸酯的提取、成分分析及抗氧化活性研究

褐藻多糖硫酸酯是一种含有硫酸基的水溶性杂聚糖,其化学组成对抗氧化活性有较大的影响。本文对三种褐藻来源的褐藻多糖硫酸酯及其降解产物化学组成和抗氧化活性进行了研究,阐明了不同来源褐藻多糖硫酸酯体外抗氧化活性的构效关系。实验结果表明:1)分子量对抗氧化活性有较大影响,但是对不同褐藻来源的褐藻多糖硫酸酯的影响趋势并不一致。2)岩藻糖、硫酸基和糖醛酸含量对清除超氧阴离子自由基的影响与分子量有一定的关系。对于低分子量样品,岩藻糖和硫酸基含量与抗氧化活性成正相关。3)岩藻糖和硫酸根的比值对羟基自由基的清除能力有一定影响,比值越大,羟基自由基的清除能力越强。分子量、岩藻糖、硫酸基和糖醛酸的含量对褐藻多糖硫酸酯的抗氧化活性的影响依次减小。本研究为褐藻多糖硫酸酯在抗氧化剂保健品和功能食品中的应用提供了基础数据,也为裙带菜、羊栖菜和铜藻的高值化利用提供了理论依据。     

褐藻配子体培养的应用研究及意义

褐藻纲 (Ｐｈａｅｒｐｈｙｃｅａｅ）中的海藻除墨角藻目 (Ｆｕｃａｌｅｓ)外 ,都具有典型的世代生活交替史 ,即单倍体的配子体与二倍体的孢子体相交替出现 ,尤其是在具有异相世代交替的褐藻中 ,配子体与孢子体形态差别显著 ,孢子体巨大而配子体一般需借助显微镜才能观察清楚 ,并且配子体可以独立于孢子体存活。早在３０年代 ,Ｈａｒｒｉｓ就对影响海带目的掌状海带 (Ｌａｍｉｎａｒｉａｄｉｇｉｔａｔａ) ,糖海带 (Ｌ．ｓａｃｃｈａｒｉｎａ) ,克氏海带(Ｌ．ｃｌｏｕｓｔｏｎｉ)的配子体及幼孢子体生长和发育的环境因子进行了详细的研究 ,…     

裙带菜褐藻糖胶的分离及部分理化性质研究

以裙带菜为原材料,采用水提法从裙带菜中分离褐藻糖胶,Sevag法去蛋白,乙醇分步沉淀法进行初步纯化。结果表明裙带菜褐藻糖胶的最适提取温度为80℃,时间为8 h,加水量为1∶30,在最适条件下的提取率为1.72%,蛋白质含量为5.44%。同时本研究对部分理化性质进行了研究。结果是特性粘度为5 m pa.s,pH为8.50,含有硫酸基。     

三种绿藻多糖的提取及理化性质和活性比较

采用80℃水浴8h、乙醇沉淀、Sevage法去除蛋白质的方法提取湛江裂片石莼、肠浒苔和总状蕨藻多糖，并用Molish反应、Fehling反应鉴定多糖的化学性质，用苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖的总糖含量，用Dodgson法测定多糖的硫酸基含量，用Folin-酚法测定多糖的蛋白质含量．结果表明：3种绿藻的多糖提取率和多糖总糖含量以裂片石莼最高，分别为3．0％和72．6％，总状蕨藻最低分别为1．65％和38．6％；3种绿藻的硫酸基含量相差不大．总状蕨藻的蛋白质含量最高，为14．5％．3种多糖溶液作用于体外白血病细胞结果以总状蕨藻的抑制效果最明显，浓度为12mg／dm^3的总状蕨藻多糖溶液作用72h的抑瘤率达66％．     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.