Major and Trace Elements of Magnetite from the Qimantag Metallogenic Belt: Insights into Evolution of Ore–forming Fluids

Magnetite, as a genetic indicator of ores, has been studied in various deposits in the world. In this paper, we present textural and compositional data of magnetite from the Qimantag metallogenic belt of the Kunlun Orogenic Belt in China, to provide a better understanding of the formation mechanism and genesis of the metallogenic belt and to shed light on analytical protocols for the in situ chemical analysis of magnetite. Magnetite samples from various occurrences, including the ore–related granitoid pluton, mineralised endoskarn and vein–type iron ores hosted in marine carbonate intruded by the pluton, were examined using scanning electron microscopy and analysed for major and trace elements using electron microprobe and laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. The field and microscope observation reveals that early–stage magnetite from the Hutouya and Kendekeke deposits occurs as massive or banded assemblages, whereas late–stage magnetite is disseminated or scattered in the ores. Early–stage magnetite contains high contents of Ti, V, Ga, Al and low in Mg and Mn. In contrast, late–stage magnetite is high in Mg, Mn and low in Ti, V, Ga, Al. Most magnetite grains from the Qimantag metallogenic belt deposits except the Kendekeke deposit plot in the " Skarn " field in the Ca+Al+Mn vs Ti+V diagram, far from typical magmatic Fe deposits such as the Damiao and Panzhihua deposits. According to the(Mg O+Mn O)–Ti O2–Al2O3 diagram, magnetite grains from the Kaerqueka and Galingge deposits and the No.7 ore body of the Hutouya deposit show typical characteristics of skarn magnetite, whereas magnetite grains from the Kendekeke deposit and the No.2 ore body of the Hutouya deposit show continuous elemental variation from magmatic type to skarn type. This compositional contrast indicates that chemical composition of magnetite is largely controlled by the compositions of magmatic fluids and host rocks of the ores that have reacted with the fluids. Moreover, a combination of petrography and magnetite geochemistry indicates that the formation of those ore deposits in the Qimantag metallogenic belt involved a magmatic–hydrothermal process.     

试析地幔来源物质成矿域——以中亚造山带为例

文章总结了大量的Sr,Nd,S,Pb多元同位素资料，据此认为，中亚造山带的铜，金多金属矿床与区域花岗岩在形成时代和物质来源上基本吻合，具有一定的继承性，从古生代直至中生代，地幔来源物质参与了成岩成矿作用，即便是钨、锡稀有金属矿床，也受到地幔来源物质的明显影响，从而揭示了地幔来源物质在中亚造山带金属成矿作用的重要意义。     

三维成矿预测与预测评价——以东昆仑成矿带红旗沟—深水潭金矿为例

红旗沟—深水潭金矿是东昆仑成矿带中典型的构造蚀变岩型金矿,矿体严格受控于破碎蚀变带。通过对东昆仑地区成矿地质背景的梳理以及金矿成矿过程的分析,在构建三维地质模型的基础上提取成矿有利因子,建立找矿预测模型,并计算找矿信息量。在此基础上,从最优分级分析、精度分析和结果分析三方面进行信息量分级评价、预测区分级评价、数据精度评价、找矿预测模型的有效性评价以及找矿靶区的定位精度评价、预测资源量估算和找矿概率评价等研究。研究共圈定4处找矿靶区,并估算全区金资源量约165 t。结果表明红旗沟—深水潭金矿的找矿潜力较大,后期应该重视已知矿体的深部及边部区域的重点勘查。     

成矿带1∶20万水系沉积物地球化学分区的方法及地质意义:以西藏冈底斯铜多金属成矿带为例

以冈底斯铜多金属成矿带为例,阐述了利用1∶20万和1∶50万水系沉积物地球化学测量开展成矿区带地球化学分区的方法和思路,进一步对其地质意义进行了探讨。结果表明:小比例尺的水系沉积物地球化学数据具有地球化学分区示踪意义。总结出一套操作性强的地球化学分区方法,其方法具有指示找矿方向的实际意义,对区域构造单元划分具参考价值。地球化学分区为该区的找矿方向、成矿远景评价及基础地质调查奠定了基础。     

基于分形理论的成矿空间分析 ——以新疆东天山康古尔塔格金矿带为例

利用分形理论中的盒式分维探究新疆东天山康古尔塔格金矿带构造及金矿床的空间分布,得出两者在空间上具有双重分形的特点。结合前人的研究成果,认为研究区在区域上是韧性的剪切带,而在局部体现为脆性地质体,金矿的分布在一定范围是随机的,但在区域上受韧性剪切带的控制,呈带状或线状分布,更为重要的是线性构造与金矿可能是同一时期同一构造运动的结果。在区域上,脆韧性剪切转换带是金矿的有利成矿部位。     

基于成矿系统的三维定量预测研究——以四川拉拉铜矿为例

随着矿产资源预测的发展,三维矿产资源定量预测评价已经成为矿产勘查领域的热点。然而真正决定矿产预测及矿产勘查成败的核心在于:如何构建恰当的预测变量来反映成矿作用过程。本文以四川拉拉铜矿为例,通过成矿系统分析“源-运-储-保”四大要素总结了该区矿产预测的地质找矿要素。基于三维地质建模技术以及成矿信息定量提取技术,构建了区域找矿要素三维地质信息。以找矿信息量为数学模型,确定了拉拉铜矿成矿有利区划,圈定了4个找矿靶区。本次研究将矿床成矿系统分析(知识驱动)与三维定量分析(数据驱动)相结合,将成矿作用过程及关键因素(源、运、储、保等)转化为可预测的具体空间要素,并使用三维可视化技术进行三维空间重构,该方法为今后的三维定量预测工作提供了有利参考。     

Determination of Fe3+ and Fe2+ concentrations in feldspar by optical absorption and EPR spectroscopy

Ferrous and ferric iron concentrations in feldspars with low total iron content (<0.32 wt% total Fe) were determined from optical and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra to better than ±15 percent of the amount present. Optical spectra indicate that Fe²⁺ occupies two distorted M-sites in plagioclases of intermediate structural state. The linear dependence of the Fe²⁺/Fe total ratio on An content demonstrates that Fe²⁺ substitutes for Ca (not Na) so that the number of Ca-sites is a principal factor in iron partitioning in plagioclase. EPR powder spectra show that the number of sites for Fe³⁺ depends on structural state rather than on plagioclase chemistry. The observed linear correspondence of EPR double-integrated intensities with optical peak areas shows that all Fe³⁺ is tetrahedrally coordinated in both plagioclase and disordered potassium feldspar. Microcline perthites show, in addition to tetrahedral Fe³⁺, a signal due to axially coordinated ferric iron, which we associate with formation of hematite inclusions.     

The distribution of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in iron-bearing tourmalines: A Mössbauer study

Summary Room-temperature Mössbauer spectra of five iron-bearing tourmalines were measured and analyzed. The Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ ratio and the iron occupancy of the Y and Z positions could be assigned to all samples, with the help of two previously well characterized samples, from Mexico and Madagascar. Ferric or ferrous ions or both partially occupy the Z as well as the Y octahedra. This fact of observation is interpreted as the chemical response, during crystal growth, to the requirement of size matching for the edge-sharing Y and Z oxygen octahedra. It accounts for the inexistence of solid solution between the Mg and (Li, Al) tourmalines.

---

Die Verteilung von Fe²⁺ und Fe³⁺ in eisenhaltigen Turmalinen: Eine Mössbauer-Untersuchung

Zusammenfassung Mössbauer-Spektren von fünf eisenhaltigen Turmalinen wurden gemessen und analysiert. Das Verhältnis Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ und die Eisenverteilung konnten mit Hilfe von zwei gut identifizierten Turmalin-Kristallen von Mexiko und Madagascar für die Y-und Z-Lagen aller Exemplare bestimmt werden. Zweiwertiges sowie dreiwertiges Eisen findet sich sowohl in der Z-als auch in der Y-Lage. Da sich die Y-und Z-Oktaeder in einer gemeinsamen Kante treffen, wird diese Beobachtung als chemische Antwort des Kristalles auf die erforderte Größenanpassung der Y-und Z-Oktaeder während seines Wachstums erklärt. Die Abwesenheit der festen Lösung zwischen Dravit und Elbait kann somit erklärt werden.

---

---

With 4 Figures     

Sign of the magnetic coupling of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in biotite

Mössbauer spectra of biotite at 4 K are reported. The biotite crystals were oriented with the c-axis parallel to the γ-ray direction and some spectra were recorded with external magnetic fields of 40 kOe applied at right angles to the c-axis. Decrease of the magnetic-hyperfine field of both Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions on application of the external field shows that both Fe³⁺-Fe³⁺ pairs and Fe²⁺-Fe²⁺ pairs are coupled ferromagnetically.     

冕宁-德昌稀土成矿带碳酸岩流体研究

通过对四川冕宁-德昌稀土矿带主要矿物中包裹体岩相学、显微测温分析与包裹体成分分析,指出由岩浆碳酸岩分异出的成矿流体为富含高密度CO2、K、Na、SO42-和多种成矿元素的超临界流体,流体以高温、高压、超高盐度、富CO2为特征,从早期到晚期流体中CO2含量增加。结合前人对碳酸岩流体、稀土矿带周边新生代盆地中无机成因CO2气藏、富钾卤水、稳定同位素和隋性气体同位素研究成果,从碳酸岩流体的性质、流体体系、碳、氦同位素组成,初步探讨了碳酸岩流体与周边新生代盆地中CO2气藏、富钾卤水的成因联系。     

Mn2+和Fe3+的致色作用:来自意大利白垩纪远洋红色灰岩的启示

本文首先详细研究了含Mn2 和Fe3 的致色矿物菱锰矿、鲕状赤铁矿、云母赤铁矿和镜铁矿的可见光吸收光谱及其一阶导数谱,鲕状赤铁矿、云母赤铁矿和镜铁矿的可见光吸收一阶导数谱的红光区的吸收谷的位置的变化表明随赤铁矿结晶度的降低,吸收谷由586.4nm移至577.4nm,而菱锰矿展示出了Mn2 的因电子跃迁产生的四个典型吸收及其一阶导数谱上577nm的吸收谷的强度比赤铁矿相应谷的强度低一个数量级,表明其电子跃迁的致色机理与赤铁矿的染色机理完全不同。依据赤铁矿的结晶度和鲕状赤铁矿与大洋红层中赤铁矿的沉积成因相似的原则遴选出鲕状赤铁矿为含Fe3 致色矿物,依据菱锰矿是和方解石具有相似结构且为红色的原则选取菱锰矿为含锰致色矿物,并佐以化学纯氧化镁为基体配制了一系列的含菱锰矿、鲕状赤铁矿和菱锰矿及鲕状赤铁矿的两相或三相混合物。详细研究了三类混合物的可见光吸收光谱的一阶导数谱,发现含菱锰矿和含鲕状赤铁矿在573nm附近均存在一吸收谷,鲕状赤铁矿的重量分数低至0.05%时仍可见一明显吸收谷且该吸收谷移至565nm附近,菱锰矿在低至0.50%时也可见这一吸收且在低至0.11%时仍可显示出菱锰矿的信息,其575nm的吸收峰未见偏移;混合物可见光一阶导数吸收谱上鲕状赤铁矿的575nm附近的吸收谷的强度随鲕状赤铁矿的重量分数的升高而增强,而所有的配制混合物中该吸收谷的位置低于577.4nm的事实也表明为使致色矿物和氧化镁混合均匀的研磨降低了赤铁矿的结晶度。本研究表明Mn2 的电子跃迁激发和细小、结晶差的赤铁矿的染色共同造就了意大利白垩纪远洋红色灰岩的红色。     

3D Metallogenic Prediction Based on 3D Geological-Geophysical Model: A Case Study in Tongling Mineral District of Anhui

3D metallogenic prediction is an important method and frontier of mineral resources exploration in the world. This paper introduces a case study of 3D metallogenic prediction based on 3D geological-geophysical model in Tongling mineral district. The research contents,methods,and results are summarized as the following aspects: ①Based on 25 comprehensive interpretation profiles,established 3D geological model of the study area. Using 3D property inversion of gravity-magnetic data technology to obtain 3D physical characteristics,a 3D geological-geophysical model was established;②Combined with the previous research on the metallogenic theory,this paper summed up some favorable geological conditions for ore-controlling,and established the quantitative prediction model;③By using“cubic predicting model”prospecting method, delineated 15 predicted targets according to the value of information and geological condition. This research built the 3D geological-geophysical model successfully,and under the guidance of geological prospecting theory,quantitatively extract the favorable prospecting information based on different deposit types. This research extends the traditional regional metallogenic prediction method to 3D space,and it has important guiding significance for the old mine prospecting.     

基于矿床成矿系列的三维成矿预测——以安徽铜陵矿集区为例

为了对安徽铜陵矿集区深部矿产资源进行定量预测评价,并按不同矿床类型实现混合成因预测,以矿床成矿系列为指导开展三维成矿预测很有必要。在前人研究的基础上,总结归纳了研究区两个矿床成矿系列:与燕山期岩浆作用有关的成矿系列和沉积-改造(变质)成矿系列,以及斑岩-矽卡岩-热液型成矿模式,并利用三维可视化技术,对研究区进行了三维地质建模。在此基础上,运用"立方块预测模型"找矿方法,对研究区开展三维成矿预测,根据信息量值结合地质情况圈定了14个找矿远景区。该研究成功地将传统二维成矿预测理论与三维可视化技术结合,将区域矿产预测拓展到三维空间,更有利于区域范围内隐伏矿体的圈定工作,亦为今后的三维成矿预测工作提供了参考。     

电子探针定量分析测定FeO和Fe2O3含量常用方法的评定

直接测氧法测定矿物中FeO和Fe2O3含量，在其众多影响因素中，经测量不确定度评定发现，超轻元素氧的影响显著。一方面受电子探针仪器因素和基体校正精度的限制，氧的电子探针定量分析值的准确度很低；另一方面氧对FeO和Fe2O3含量的不确定度灵敏系数分别为8．981、9．981，将氧的测量不确定度再扩大近10倍。可见直接测氧法测定FeO和Fe2O3含量，仅因超轻元素氧的测量不确定度传递就会使其误差范围过大，效果不是很理想。而利用Fe的Lα、Lβ谱线强度比的价态效应推测矿物中FeO和Fe2O3含量，由于Lβ/Lα强度比与Fe^2＋／Fe^3＋比值之间关系曲线的确定，需要对矿物进行大量的系统性研究，甚至是否必然存在这种对应都还缺乏理论依据，可见此法也并不可靠。相对而言，常用的电价差值法和剩余氧计算法仍为优选方案。     

Magmatic-Hydrothermal Superlarge Metallogenic Systems A Case Study of the Nannihu Ore Field

Located in the Qinling (秦玲) molybdenum metallogenic belt on the southern margin of North China craton, the Nannihu (南泥湖) molybdenum (-tungsten) ore field, consisting of the Nannihu, Sandaozhuang (三道幢), and Shangfang (上房) deposits, represents a superlarge skarn-porphyry molybdenum (-tungsten) accumulation. Outside the ore field, there are some hydrothermal lead-zinc-silver deposits found in recent years, for example, the Lengshuibeigou (冷水北沟), Ylndonggou (银洞沟), Yangshuwa (杨树凹), and Yinhegou (银河沟) deposits. Ore-forming fluid geochemistry indicates that these deposits belong to the same metallogenie system. The hydrothermal solutions were mainly derived from primary magmatic water in the early stage and from the mixture of the primary magmatic water and meteoric water in the later stage, with an obvious decreasing tendency in temperature, salinity and gas-liquid ratio of fluid inclusions. Sulfur and lead isotope data show that the ore-forming substances and related porphyries were mainly derived from the lower crust, and a hidden magmatic chamber is indicated by aeromagnetle anomaly and drill hole data indicate that the Nannihu granite body extends to being larger and larger with depth increasing. The large-scale mineralization was the consequence of lithospheric extension during the late stage of the tectonic regime when the main compressional stress changed from NS-trending to-EW trending.     

基于成矿条件数值模拟和支持向量机算法的深部成矿预测——以粤北凡口铅锌矿为例

随着计算机科学和地质大数据技术的迅猛发展,数值模拟和机器学习已成为当今地学领域定量发展的重要前沿方向。数值模拟综合运用了研究区地质、构造、地球物理、地球化学等多源信息,将成矿条件与过程进行量化模拟分析,对研究成矿动力学演化过程及成矿响应有重要意义,可对已有成矿要素/信息在时空上进行扩展/外推,扩大了成矿预测信息的广度和深度,为解决深部成矿预测中获取深部信息难题提供了一种可能的有效途径。支持向量机是一种重要的机器学习分类算法,它具有简洁、方便、高效和计算结果较稳定等特点,在众多领域中得以成功应用,是成矿预测中多源信息提取与融合的一种可靠的技术手段。为了充分利用数值模拟与机器学习的优势,本文提出将计算机数值模拟方法和机器学习(即支持向量机算法)相结合来进行深部成矿预测的新方法。以粤北凡口超大型铅锌矿为例,首先,对凡口矿区勘探线剖面进行构造应力场模拟;进而,以已知钻孔数据作为训练集和测试集,运用支持向量机算法对模拟结果中的不同参量(也即模拟所得的成矿条件)进行训练学习;最后,建立相应的定量找矿预测模型对研究区(或剖面)外围和深部找矿进行预测评价。研究结果表明,本文所建立的预测模型精确度和召回...     

Trace Element Geochemistry of Magnetite from the Fe(-Cu) Deposits in the Hami Region, Eastern Tianshan Orogenic Belt, NW China

Laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry(LA–ICP–MS) was used to determine the trace element concentrations of magnetite from the Heifengshan, Shuangfengshan, and Shaquanzi Fe(–Cu) deposits in the Eastern Tianshan Orogenic Belt. The magnetite from these deposits typically contains detectable Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn and Ga. The trace element contents in magnetite generally vary less than one order of magnitude. The subtle variations of trace element concentrations within a magnetite grain and between the magnetite grains in the same sample probably indicate local inhomogeneity of ore–forming fluids. The variations of Co in magnetite between samples are probably due to the mineral proportion of magnetite and pyrite. Factor analysis has discriminated three types of magnetite: Ni–Mn–V–Ti(Factor 1), Mg–Al–Zn(Factor 2), and Ga– Co(Factor 3) magnetite. Magnetite from the Heifengshan and Shuangfengshan Fe deposits has similar normalized trace element spider patterns and cannot be discriminated according to these factors. However, magnetite from the Shaquanzi Fe–Cu deposit has affinity to Factor 2 with lower Mg and Al but higher Zn concentrations, indicating that the ore–forming fluids responsible for the Fe–Cu deposit are different from those for Fe deposits. Chemical composition of magnetite indicates that magnetite from these Fe(–Cu) deposits was formed by hydrothermal processes rather than magmatic differentiation. The formation of these Fe(–Cu) deposits may be related to felsic magmatism.     

Study of the symmetry of Fe3+ sites in SnO2 by electron paramagnetic resonance

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) of Fe³⁺ in SnO₂ has been realized in a natural single crystal of cassiterite at 9.55 GHz (X-band) and at 34.40 GHz (Q-band). Spectra show the simultaneous presence of four groups of independent signals, each one typical of the immediate environment of a specific paramagnetic iron. Fe³⁺ always substitutes Sn⁴⁺ in an octahedral site. The four paramagnetic centers are due to four different charge compensation mechanisms. The spin Hamiltonian constant values for the SN center and I1 center confirm the former results of the authors about for these two centers. SN and I1 present a weak deviation from axial symmetry. The first preserves the crystallographic local symmetry of the tin site and the second shows a symmetry deviation of 0.6° probably due to the presence of an OH group in the coordination polyhedron. On the other hand, for the Sd1 center and mostly for the Sd2 center, never previously subjected to single crystal EPR measurements, the study of spectra symmetry and the determination of B ₂ ⁰ and B ₂ ² constants produced new data. The Sd1 center could be due to a relaxation of the lattice together with a non local charge compensation mechanism. The Sd2 center presents a strong deviation from axial symmetry with mm local symmetry coordination due to coupling of Fe³⁺ and Nb⁵⁺. This coupling is proven by EPR studies of synthetic cassiterites doped with iron and niobium.