念扎金矿床热历史:锆石U-Pb、(U-Th)/He及磷灰石裂变径迹年代学的制约

念扎金矿床是近年来最新发现的位于雅鲁藏布江缝合带南侧仁布构造混杂岩带与蚀变闪长岩接触带的大型造山型金矿床.为约束念扎矿床的冷却及剥露历史,利用锆石的U-Pb、(U-Th)/He及磷灰石裂变径迹定年对新鲜及矿化闪长岩年龄进行测定.结果表明,新鲜闪长岩锆石U-Pb年龄为(46.32±0.53)Ma,(U-Th)/He年龄介于(7.14±0.24)Ma到(9.80±0.27)Ma,矿化闪长岩锆石(U-Th)/He年龄介于(8.38±0.24)Ma到(11.19±0.31)Ma之间,两件矿化闪长岩磷灰石裂变径迹年龄分别为(5.9±0.5)Ma和(5.3±1.0)Ma.念扎金矿床自闪长岩固结以来经历了两次快速冷却过程:第一次是从46.3 Ma开始持续到43.6 Ma,温度从750℃降至350℃,冷却速率高达约148℃/Ma;第二次为8.5~2.0 Ma,温度从约200℃降至30℃,冷却速率为26℃/Ma.念扎矿床成矿深度为9.7 km;在8.5 Ma时,矿床被抬升至4.6 km处;从8.5~5.6 Ma,矿床抬升至2.8 km;从5.6~2.0 Ma,念扎矿床被剥露至地表.     

西藏多不杂斑岩铜金矿钾长石~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年龄及其地质意义

西藏多不杂斑岩铜金矿是在班公湖—怒江成矿带发现的第一个斑岩型矿床。通过对多不杂矿床蚀变钾长石进行40Ar/39Ar年代学测试获得,蚀变钾长石的坪年龄为(118.31±0.60)Ma,反等时线年龄为(118.30±0.79)Ma,它们代表多不杂矿床钾化蚀变的年龄为119～118 Ma,与成矿年龄同期。多不杂矿床形成的岩浆-热液过程为,由岩浆期(约120Ma)演化至钾化和成矿期(119～118 Ma),再演化至绢英岩化期(118～115 Ma)。     

西藏多龙矿集区热构造演化历史——来自磷灰石(U-Th)/He的证据

西藏多龙矿集区是西藏最重要的斑岩-浅成低温热液型矿集区。多龙矿集区经历了多期次的构造抬升-剥蚀事件,成矿后的埋藏-剥蚀历史对矿体的保存至关重要。本文运用磷灰石(U-Th)/He数据对多龙矿集区的低温热年代学进行研究。磷灰石(U-Th)/He年龄平均值分布在85. 1±4. 0Ma到37. 9±2. 5Ma,记录了晚白垩世到古新世、始新世、渐新世的热-构造事件。热历史模拟显示,多龙矿集区主要经历4次冷却事件:Ⅰ) 100～75Ma,冷却速率约为4℃/Myr,剥速率约为0. 16km/Myr,与班公湖-怒江洋的闭合以及拉萨-羌塘地块的碰撞事件有关;Ⅱ) 75～45Ma,冷却速率约为0. 3℃/Myr,剥蚀速率约为0. 01km/Myr,与拉萨-羌塘地块的继续碰撞事件以及由碰撞作用引起的逆冲推覆构造事件有关;Ⅲ) 45～30Ma,冷却速率约为2℃/Myr,剥蚀速率约为0. 08km/Myr,与印度-欧亚大陆的碰撞抬升事件有关;Ⅳ) 30Ma至今,冷却速率约为1℃/Myr,剥蚀速率约为0. 04km/Myr,与渐新世以来印度-欧亚大陆的持续碰撞作用以及渐新世以来青藏高原发育的频繁构造事件有关。多龙矿集区斑岩-浅成低温热液型矿床形成后在强烈的隆升-剥蚀的环境下保存下来,得益于早白垩世美日切错组火山岩的覆盖,由拉萨-羌塘地块碰撞作用引起的逆冲推覆构造引起的上部地层加厚,以及印度-欧亚大陆碰撞事件在多龙矿集区产生的相对较弱的破坏效应。拉萨-羌塘地块碰撞作用引起的地层加厚对多龙矿集区矿床起主要的保护作用。     

40Ar/39Ar and Rb-Sr Ages of the Tiegelongnan Porphyry Cu-(Au) Deposit in the Bangong Co-Nujiang Metallogenic Belt of Tibet, China: Implication for Generation of Super-Large Deposit

The Tiegelongnan deposit is a newly discovered super-large porphyry-epithermal Cu-(Au) deposit in the western part of the Bangong Co-Nujiang metallogenic belt, Tibet(China). Field geology and geochronology indicate that the porphyry mineralization was closely related to the Early Cretaceous intermediate-felsic intrusions(ca. 123–120 Ma). Various epithermal ore and gangue mineral types were discovered in the middle-shallow part of the orebody, indicating the presence of epithermal mineralization at Tiegelongnan. Potassic, propylitic, phyllic and advanced argillic alteration zones were identified. ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar dating of hydrothermal biotite(potassic zone), sericite(phyllic zone), and alunite(advanced argillic zone) in/around the ore-bearing granodiorite porphyry yielded 121.1±0.6 Ma(1σ), 120.8±0.7 Ma(1σ) and 117.9±1.6 Ma(1σ), respectively. Five hydrothermal mineralization stages were identified, of which the Stage IV pyrite was Rb-Sr dated to be 117.5±1.8 Ma(2σ), representing the end of epithermal mineralization. Field geology and geochronology suggest that both the epithermal and porphyry mineralization belong to the same magmatic-hydrothermal system. The Tiegelongnan super-large Cu-(Au) deposit may have undergone a prolonged magmatichydrothermal evolution, with the major mineralization event occurring at ca.120–117Ma.     

A New Multi-Mineral Age Reference Material for 40Ar/39Ar, (U-Th)/He and Fission Track Dating Methods: The Limberg t3 Tuff

The phonolitic Limberg t3 tephra (Kaiserstuhl Volcanic Complex, Germany) was previously dated by the conventional K/Ar method yielding inconsistent results. We have re-dated this tephra layer with three independent methods. Fission Track (FT) external detector analyses on single apatite crystals (16.8 ± 1.3 Ma, 2s) and (U-Th)/He measurements on titanite and apatite (16.5 ± 1.0 Ma, 2s and 16.8 ± 1.0 Ma, 2s, respectively) are in close agreement with laser Ar/Ar dates on incrementally heated single crystals of sanidine (16.3 ± 0.4 Ma, 2s). Due to very rapid cooling, the He, FT and Ar thermochronometers provide one single age representing the eruption event. The different minerals are characterised by favourable properties with respect to their chemical composition, grain size and shape. In particular for the t3 sanidine, homogeneity has been demonstrated by electron microprobe analysis and on a grain-to-grain and grain-internal scale by single crystal incremental laser heating. Based on the agreement between independent methods and the mineral yield of this unit, the Limberg t3 tephra is proposed as multi-method age reference material for single grain laser Ar/Ar, FT and (U-Th)/He dating.     

西藏马莜木埃达克质斑岩的^40Ar-^39Ar年龄与地球化学特征

马莜木花岗闪长斑岩位于特提斯喜马拉雅构造带上的北喜马拉雅构造带,紧靠雅鲁藏布江深大断裂南侧产出.该岩体的黑云母40Ar/39Ar测年结果为17.68±0.15Ma,40Ar/36Ar初始比值为294±13,系中新世侵入产物.元素地球化学研究表明,该岩体具有高Al2O3、K2O和低Y、yb含量,富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素,尤其是富集K和Sr,Eu为弱亏损,普遍具有较高的Sr/Y、(La/Yb)N比值及较低的Y/Yb比值,具有与典型埃达克岩相似的地球化学特征.微量元素地球化学和Nd-Sr-Pb同位素研究表明,马莜木斑岩体可能是下地壳与富集地幔(EMⅡ)物质混合熔融的产物,熔融残余相为角闪石+石榴石+辉石+含钛矿物.区域对比发现,该岩体与冈底斯中新世含矿斑岩不仅具有非常相似的地球化学特征,而且形成时代近于一致,可能是在同一个大的区域构造背景下同期形成的产物.马莜木埃达克质花岗闪长斑岩的发现,不仅加深了人们对藏南地区地质构造演化的认识,为研究整个青藏高原的形成演化提供和积累第一手地质资料,而且也为在本区寻找与埃达克质岩有关的金属矿床提供了理论依据.     

40 Ar/39 Ar Ages and Its Geologic Significances of the Machangqing Porphyry Cu-Mo-Au Deposit, Yunnan Province

马厂箐矿集区铜、钼、金矿化之间的关系对于认识该矿床的成矿作用过程及地质勘查具有重要意义.利用40 Ar-39 Ar同位素定年方法对乱硐山矿段夕卡岩型铜钼金矿化和人头箐矿段蚀变岩型金矿石中热液白云母进行同位素定年,得到夕卡岩化矿石中白云母样品( B119)40 Ar-39 Ar坪年龄为35.25±0.36 Ma,等时线年龄为35.0±1.8 Ma,反等时线年龄为34.8±1.9 Ma.蚀变岩型金矿化矿石中白云母样品(B118)40 Ar-39 Ar坪年龄为35.35±0.32 Ma,等时线年龄为34.44±0.99Ma,反等时线年龄为34.4±1.2 Ma.这与正长斑岩(35.6±0.3 Ma)、花岗斑岩(35.0 ±0.2 Ma)、斑岩型铜钼矿化成矿年龄(35.8 ±1.6 Ma)和(33.9土1.1 Ma)较为一致,显示马厂箐铜钼金矿床与正长(斑)岩+二长(斑)岩+花岗斑岩+斑状花岗岩岩性组合有关,铜钼金成矿属于同一个构造—岩浆—成矿系统的产物.     

Chronology and Crust-Mantle Mixing of Ore-forming Porphyry of the Bangongco: Evidence from Zircon U-Pb Age and Hf Isotopes of the Naruo Porphyry Copper-Gold Deposit

The Naruo porphyry copper-gold deposit(hereinafter referred to as the Naruo deposit) in Tibet is a potentially ultra-large, typical gold-rich porphyry copper deposit, which was recently discovered in the Bangongco-Nujiang metallogenic belt. This study analyzed U-Pb chronology and Hf isotopes of the ore-bearing granodiorite porphyry in the Naruo deposit using the LA-ICPMS dating technique. The results show that the weighted average age is 124.03±0.94Ma(MSWD=1.7, n=20), and 206Pb/238 U isochron age is 126.2±2.7 Ma(MSWD=1.02, n=20), both of which are within the error. The weighted average age represents the crystallization age of the granodiorite porphyry, which indicates that the ore-bearing porphyry in the Naruo deposit area was formed in the Early Cretaceous and further implies that the Neo-tethys Ocean had not been closed before 124 Ma under a typical island-arc subduction environment. The εHf(t) of zircons from the granodiorite porphyry varies from 2.14 to 9.07, with an average of 5.18, and all zircons have εHf(t) values greater than 0; 176Hf/177 Hf ratio is relatively high(0.282725–0.282986). Combined with the zircon age―Hf isotope correlation diagram, the aforementioned data indicate that the source reservoir might be a region that is mixed with depleted mantle and ancient crust, which possibly contains more materials sourced from depleted mantle. Rock-forming ages and ore-forming ages of the Duolong ore concentrate area are 120–124 Ma and 118–119 Ma, respectively, which indicate 124–118 Ma represents the main rockforming and ore-forming stage within the area. The Naruo deposit is located in the north of the Bangongco-Nujiang suture, and it yielded a zircon LA-ICPMS age of 124.03 Ma. This indicates the Bangongco-Nujiang oceanic basin subducted towards the north at about 124 Ma, and the Neo-tethys Ocean had not been closed before the middle Early Cretaceous. It is possible that the crust-mantle mixing formed the series of large and giant porphyry copper-gold deposits in the Bangongco.     

藏北羌塘戈木错北部新生代钾质火山岩40Ar/39Ar定年

1∶25万玛依岗日幅区域地质调查期间,在藏北戈木错北部发现了一套新生代钾质火山岩。对保存较好的3处火山岩的样品进行40Ar/39Ar年代学研究,获得了30.6Ma±0.4Ma、30.0Ma±0.2Ma和29.8Ma±0.3Ma三个坪年龄,代表该地区火山岩的喷溢时代。戈木错北部火山岩的地球化学特征与钾质火山岩的类似,它与鱼鳞山、走构由茶错、多格错仁等地区的新生代火山岩共同构成了羌塘地区钾质—超钾质火山岩带,它们的形成与印度大陆同亚洲大陆的碰撞和青藏高原的隆升密不可分。     

西藏嘎拉勒夕卡岩型铜金矿白云母~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar年龄及其地质意义

西藏嘎拉勒夕卡岩型铜金矿床中铜的资源量达到中型规模,金的资源量达到大型规模。在系统的野外地质调查基础上,选取矿床夕卡岩中保存极好的白云母,测得40Ar-39Ar年龄为91.48Ma±0.68Ma,代表矿床成矿年龄,表明矿床为燕山运动晚期的产物。结合区域地质资料认为,在拉萨地块中北部,成矿年龄约为90Ma的夕卡岩型—斑岩型矿床集中分布在措勤—申扎岩浆弧上;在早白垩世班公湖—怒江洋盆闭合后,狮泉河—永珠—纳木错—嘉黎蛇绿混杂带(Slainajap带)上的弧后盆地和弧间盆地演化成了一系列小洋盆,这些小洋盆的演化与中拉萨地块北部成矿年龄约为90Ma的夕卡岩—斑岩型矿床的形成有更直接的关系。今后宜加大在措勤—申扎岩浆弧上寻找成矿年龄约为90Ma的夕卡岩—斑岩型矿床的力度。     

辽宁阜新排山楼金矿的40Ar/39Ar成矿年龄

排山楼大型金矿床产于辽西高级变质太古宙花岗岩-绿岩带中,受绿岩中、上部层位的基性-中酸性火山岩系和东西向韧性剪切带控制。容矿岩石主要是变质安山质-英安质火山岩类。为解决主矿体的形成时代,选取含金石英细脉浸染状矿石中的石英测定了⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar年龄为2105.2±10.4Ma。谱线特征为马鞍型,其底坪年龄为石英的结晶年龄。由此提出排山楼金矿的成因主要与吕梁期的东西向韧性剪切带有关。     

Evidence of Thermal Evolution History of Northeast Sichuan Basin--（U-Th）/He Low Temperature Thermochronometry of Apatite and Zircon

(U-Th)/He dating is a newly developed low temperature thermochronometry,and it elaborately reflects cooling history of geologic body under low temperature.It can be applied to analyze thermal evolution of the sedimentary basin,combining with vitrinite reflectance and fission track.(U-Th)/He dating of apatite and zircon from drilling cores in Puguang (普光)-Maoba (毛坝) area and outcrops in Tongjiang (通江) area indicates that the Northeast Sichuan (四川) basin underwent great uplift and denudation during the Tertiary and the Quaternary.During the period,denudation rates changed from 74.8 to 172.5 m/Ma and denudation thickness was between 2 800 and 3 000 m,geotemperature gradually declined into the current temperature,passing through helium closure temperature of apatite.The uplift and denudation relate to new tectonic movement response in the Sichuan basin aroused by the Qinghai (青海)-Tibet plateau.Drilling samples above 4 000 m did not undergo closure temperature of zircon,but the samples nearly 4 000 m might approach closure temperature of zircon and all the samples underwent closure temperature of apatite.According to (U-Th)/He ages of zircon,it is concluded that the Northeast Sichuan basin began to uplift in the Late Jurassic.From the Late Jurassic to the Paleogene,Northeast Sichuan basin was in slow uplift and denudation,but the denudation of Puguang-Maoba area was earlier than that of Tongjiang area.(U-Th)/He ages of zircon indicate the denudation time of provenance areas.On the basis of paleodrainage characteristics,provenance transport and other related data,provenance areas of the clastic rocks are decided,which is worthy to be investigated further.     

四川大水沟碲矿床^40Ar／^39Ar年龄研究

利用＾４０Ａｒ／＾３９Ａｒ中子活化定年法测试大水沟碲矿床１２号矿脉中的白云母，得到阶段升温坪年龄９１．０－９４．１０Ｍａ，等时线年龄９３．７０Ｍａ。     

Low Temperature History of the Tiegelongnan Porphyry–Epithermal Cu (Au) Deposit in the Duolong Ore District of Northwest Tibet,China

The Tiegelongnan is the first discovered porphyry–epithermal Cu (Au) deposit of the Duolong ore district in Tibet, China. In order to constrain the thermal history of this economically valuable deposit and the rocks that host it, eight samples were collected to perform a low‐temperature thermochronology analysis including apatite fission track, apatite, and zircon (U‐Th)/He. Apatite fission track ages of all samples are between 34 ± 3 and 67 ± 5 Ma. Mean apatite (U‐Th)/He ages show wide distribution, ranging from 29.3 ± 2.5 to 56.4 ± 9.1 Ma. Mean zircon (U‐Th)/He ages range from 79.5 ± 12.0 to 97.9 ± 4.4 Ma. The exhumation rate of the Tiegelongnan deposit was 0.086 km m.y.^?1 between 98 and 47 Ma and decreased to 0.039 km m.y.^?1 since 47 Ma. The mineralized intrusion was emplaced at a depth of about 1400 m in the Tiegelongnan deposit. Six cooling stages were determined through HeFTy software according to low‐temperature thermochronology and geochronology data: (i) fast cooling stage between 120 and 117 Ma, (ii) fast cooling stage between 117 and 100 Ma, (iii) slow cooling stage between100 and 80 Ma, (iv) fast cooling stage between 80 and 45 Ma, (v) slow cooling stage between 45 and 30 Ma, and (vi) slow cooling stage (<30 Ma). Cooling stages between 120 and 100 Ma are mainly caused by magmatic–hydrothermal evolution, whereas cooling stages after 100 Ma are mainly caused by low‐temperature thermal–tectonic evolution. The Bangong–Nujiang Ocean subduction led to the formation of the Tiegelongnan ore deposit, which was buried by the Meiriqiecuo Formation andesite lava and thrust nappe structure; then, the Tiegelongnan deposit experienced uplift and exhumation caused by the India–Asia collision.     

二道沟矿床绢云母的^39Ar／^40Ar年龄及其地质意义

本文通过对绢云母39Ar－40Ar坪年龄的研究，得到二道沟金矿床的成矿年龄为140±2．8Ma；从年代学方面证实了金矿化与对面沟花岗闪长岩无直接关系，而与火山岩和次火山岩有密切的关系；该矿床是－岩浆热液为主要来源而混入有一部分大气降水的浅成低温热液型金矿床。     

锆石La-ICP-MS U-Pb与白云母~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年代学及其对中国东南部早燕山事件的制约

起始于中、晚侏罗世之交的燕山运动使中国东南部上三叠统至中侏罗统发生强烈的褶皱和逆冲变形,形成北北东向构造带,并诱发广泛的深熔作用和岩浆活动。迄今为止,对该事件的形成时代尚缺乏精确的年代学制约。基于武夷山地区的野外调查,选取挤压活动前形成的正长岩和挤压过程中形成的片麻状花岗岩进行锆石La-ICP-MSU-Pb定年,并对逆冲剪切过程中形成的云母片岩进行40Ar/39Ar年代学测试分析,结合区域上后构造期的伸展型花岗岩对早燕山事件的形成时代进行制约。结果表明,形成于伸展构造背景的福建政和县铁山正长岩,其结晶年龄为(169.3±1.6)Ma,提供了早燕山事件的下限;形成于挤压环境的粤北平远县八尺片麻状花岗岩,其结晶年龄为(165.4±1.2)Ma,指示早燕山事件的主变形时代;同变形期的闽西长汀县濯田云母片岩,其40Ar/39Ar坪年龄为(162±2)Ma,代表逆冲剪切的冷却年龄,可视作早燕山事件的上限。结合区域上侵入北北东向褶皱的花岗岩年龄,认为早燕山挤压事件发生在(165±4)Ma,其动力作用与古太平洋板块向中国东南大陆之下俯冲有关。     

松潘甘孜长沙贡玛盆地古近纪地层碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄与Hf同位素组成及碎屑磷灰石(U-Th)/He年龄的地质意义

青藏高原隆升和剥蚀是从大陆岩石圈变形到全球变冷等新生代众多地质事件诱发的关键因素.目前针对这一问题的研究主要集中在高原中部的拉萨和羌塘地区,高原东部的松潘甘孜地体关注甚少.本文报道了在松潘甘孜地体中西部的长沙贡玛盆地获得的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素组成以及磷灰石(U-Th)/He年龄的结果.长沙贡玛盆地古近纪沉积物以分选极差的砾岩、岩屑砂岩和块状泥岩为主,表明其为近源快速堆积环境下形成的.砂岩碎屑锆石年龄谱图出现四组峰值,分别为200 ～ 500Ma,760 ～ 1040Ma,1800 ～ 2000Ma,2300 ～ 2600Ma,与松潘甘孜三叠系地层的U-Pb年龄峰值极为相似,表明长沙贡玛盆地古近纪沉积物主要来自其周围的三叠纪地层.考虑到盆地沉积与源区地表隆升与剥蚀存在一定的时滞,由这些古近纪的沉积物可以推断其源区的松潘甘孜地体在晚白垩世-古近纪发生一次强烈的隆升.该期隆升与高原中部发生的早期隆升在时间上相吻合,暗示了原西藏高原可能包括了部分松潘甘孜地体.磷灰石(U-Th)/He年龄表明长沙贡玛盆地可能在渐新世晚期-中新世早期发生了新一期的隆升和剥蚀.松潘甘孜大部分地区可能同样经历了该期隆升,从而奠定了其现今地貌格局.碎屑锆石Hf模式年龄主要分布在0.77 ～2.5Ga范围内,推断其初始源区最强烈的地壳增生发生在元古代.     

藏北羌塘戈木错北部新生代钾质火山岩40Ar/39Ar定年

1∶25万玛依岗日幅区域地质调查期间,在藏北戈木错北部发现了一套新生代钾质火山岩。对保存较好的3处火山岩的样品进行40Ar/39Ar年代学研究,获得了30.6Ma±0.4Ma、30.0Ma±0.2Ma和29.8Ma±0.3Ma三个坪年龄,代表该地区火山岩的喷溢时代。戈木错北部火山岩的地球化学特征与钾质火山岩的类似,它与鱼鳞山、走构由茶错、多格错仁等地区的新生代火山岩共同构成了羌塘地区钾质—超钾质火山岩带,它们的形成与印度大陆同亚洲大陆的碰撞和青藏高原的隆升密不可分。     

Timing and Processes of Ore Formation in the Qingchengzi Polymetallic Orefield, Northeast China: Evidence from 40Ar/39Ar Geochronology

The Qingchengzi orefield is a large polymetallic ore concentration area in the Liaodong peninsula,northeastern China,that includes twelve Pb-Zn deposits and five Au-Ag deposits along its periphery.The ore-forming age remains much disputed,which prevents the identification of the relationship between the mineralization and the associated magmatism.In this paper,we quantitatively present the feasibility of making ore mineral ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar dating and report reliable ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar ages of lamprophyre groundmass,K-feldspar and sphalerite from the Zhenzigou deposit.Direct and indirect methods are applied to constrain the timing of mineralization,which plays a vital role in discussing the contribution of multistage magmatism to ore formation.The low-potassium sphalerite yielded an inverse isochron age of 232.8±41.5 Ma,which features a relatively large uncertainty.Two lamprophyre groundmasses got reliable inverse isochron ages of 193.2±1.3 Ma and 152.3±1.5 Ma,respectively.K-feldspar yielded a precise inverse isochron age of 134.9±0.9 Ma.These four ages indicate that the mineralization is closely associated with Mesozoic magmatism.Consequently,regarding the cooling age of the earliest Mesozoic Shuangdinggou intrusion(224.2±1.2 Ma)as the initial time of mineralization,we can further constrain the age of the sphalerite to 224–191 Ma.These new and existing geochronological data,combined with the interaction cutting or symbiotic relationship between the lamprophyre veins and ore veins,suggest that the Pb-Zn-Au-Ag mineralization in the Qingchengzi orefield mainly occurred during three periods:the late Triassic(ca.224–193 Ma),the late Jurassic(ca.167–152 Ma)and the early Cretaceous(ca.138–134 Ma).This polymetallic deposits are shown to have been formed during multiple events coinciding with periods of the Mesozoic magmatic activity.In contrast,the Proterozoic magmatism and submarine exhalative and hydrothermal sedimentation in the Liaolaomo paleorift served mainly to transport and concentrate the ore-forming substances at the Liaohe Group with no associated Pb-Zn-Au-Ag mineralization.