The oil and gas contents of the Lower Jurassic and Achimovka reservoirs of the Nyurol’ka megadepression

The paper describes Lower Jurassic (horizons J₁6 and J₁5) and Achimovka (Neocomian clinoforms) reservoirs in the area of the Nyurol’ka megadepression and its framing (42,000 km²). The total thicknesses of seven Achimovka sedimentary cycles are mapped. The thermal history of the Togur and Bazhenov parental sediments in the sections of 39 deep wells is reconstructed by paleotemperature modeling. The geotemperature criterion is used to identify paleosources of oil generation, starting from the Jurassic. The distribution of the relative density of the resources of the generated Togur and Bazhenov oils is estimated and shown on sketch maps. The Lower Jurassic reservoir is divided into zones depending on the distribution of the relative density of the Togur oil resources, and the Achimovka reservoir, of the Bazhenov oil resources. The priority oil search zones are proposed.     

Evolution of oil and gas generation in the Earth’s history and petroleum prediction in sedimentary basins

Oil and gas generation is a basic problem of geology and natural sciences, which is associated with energy resources as well as with the origination of life on the Earth. The evolution of hydrocarbons is controlled by the evolution of the biosphere and is an issue of phylogeny. Organic matter (OM) buried in sediments since the Early Precambrian consists mostly of phytoplankton, the main carrier of lipids producing hydrocarbons. Organic matter accumulates in marine sediments according to the law of periodicity. Middle Paleozoic fossilized OM is largely composed of zooplankton. Zooplanktonic OM, classified as sapropelites, had interfered with the process of oil and gas generation since its origin, e.g., tentaculites of the Domanik formation increased oil content. The inception of low-lipid macrophytes gave rise to introduction of humic OM into water bodies and formation of mixed-type OM. The larger the humic component in OM, the higher its gas potential. However, instead of replacing oil generation, enhanced gas generation had come on the scene since the Mesozoic, and their scales were approximately equal. The actual oil/gas ratio in sedimentary basins depends both on phylogenetic factors and on the evolution of each separate basin.     

A study on the geochemical characteristics of natural gas and gas sources in the Bozhong sag

Natural gas is composed largely of hydrocarbon gas, especially wet gas in the Bozhong sag. The carbon isotopic composition shows that the gas is of organic origin. The carbon isotopic values of ethane indicate that the natural gas is dominated by mixed gas with minor coal-generated gas and oil-type gas. A gas-source correlation study showed that the source rocks of natural gas are those of the Lower Dongying Formation, the Shahejie Formation and the pre-Tertiary. The natural gas is characterized by multi-source and continuous generation in the study area, indicating that gas exploration potential is good in the Bozhong sag.     

Steppe landscapes of the Ural–Volga region in response to oil and gas production: Evaluation and minimization of direct geoecological aftereffects

This paper reports on the geoecological state of landscapes of oil and gas fields in the Ural–Volga steppe zone. Large-scale direct disturbances and impacts with dramatic aftereffects have been revealed on the basis of field research using the geographic information system (GIS) and data from remote sensing of the Earth. It has been shown that the current land-use pattern in oil and gas production areas is in need of professional control to protect and recover the landscapes in the steppe zone.

     

Geochemistry and genesis of heavy oil in the Erlian Basin

1Introduction StudyonheavyoilintheErlianBasin,NorthChi na,hasbeenreportedbysomescholars(DouLironget al.,1995;TangJietingetal.,1992),butthegene sisandformingmechanismofheavyoilneedtobefur therstudied.Thepapersyntheticallydiscussedthege ochemistry,genesisandinspissationseriesofheavyoil intheErlianBasinbaseduponalargenumberofsta tisticsdataonthephysicalpropertiesofdifferenttypes ofheavyoil,theGCanalysesofsaturatedandaromatic hydrocarbons,andtheGC MSanalysesofsteranesand terpanes. T…     

Islands and oil — locality and structure

This paper analyses the meeting between the international petroleum industry and two local communities. The building of an oil terminal in a local community is both a major event, and a generator of processes on the local level. Three different angles is used to enlighten these processes; categorised as as place, people and mind. The place analysis consentrates on the effects on population and workforce development, the people analysis look at the institutional and planning processes, and the mind analysis the effects on the feeling of local identification. The paper demonstrates that local factors are of crucial importance even for the international petroleum industry.     

Seismotectonic investigations of the Chulmakan fault,southern Yakutia,to assess the seismic hazard for the East Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil and power of Siberia gas pipelines

Based on the analysis of space images and maps, the data of laser scanning, trenching, and field geophysical and seismotectonic studies in southern Yakutia, the Chulmakan seismogenic fault is mapped and characterized. The structure and parameters of seismogenic deformations of this fault, which crosses the Power of Siberia gas pipeline, are determined. A preliminary estimate of the Chulmakan seismodislocation age is given, as well as the magnitude of the corresponding paleoearthquake. The level of potential seismic hazard at the site where the Chulmakan Fault crosses the East Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil pipeline and Power of Siberia gas pipeline is determined.     

The application of gas chromatography fingerprint technique to calculating oil production allocation of single layer in the commingled well

1Principle SincetheGCfingerprinttechniquewasfirstused tomonitortheproductionofoilfieldsbyAmericansci entists(KaufmanandAhmed,1990;Kaufmanetal.,1987)inthe1980s,manyresearchershavetentatively appliedthismethodinseveraloilfields(HeWenxiang etal.,1996;2001;WangZhengpingetal.,2000;ChenShijiaetal.,1999)andhaveachievedsatisfac toryresults.Butthereappearsomeobviousdeficien ciesinthecourseofexplorationanddevelopment.Takinganthraceneasinternalstandard,wecalculated theabsoluteconcentrationsoffingerp…     

Gas accumulations in Oligocene–Miocene reservoirs in the Alpine Foreland Basin (Austria): evidence for gas mixing and gas degradation

International Journal of Earth Sciences - Two petroleum systems are present in the eastern (Austrian) sector of the Alpine Foreland Basin. Whereas oil and thermogenic gas in Mesozoic and Eocene...     

Experiments on the primary migration of oil from source rocks

Simulation experiments on the primary migration of oil were carried out on massive samples. The results proved that oil generated from source rocks was expelled in the form of an independent oil phase. High oil-expulsion efficiency was observed. It follows that the primary migration of oil is not directly dependent on the quantity of oil generated from the source rocks. Therefore, the oil-expulsion proportion was high though some source rocks yielded only a limited amount of oil. A great deal of gas was produced at the same time of oil-generation. Thus, it can be concluded that the main expulsion energy for oil primary migration came from these gases.     

Conversion and degradation of crude oil by Bacillus SP3

The objective of this study is to demonstrate the basic characteristics of Bacillus SP3 and evaluate its effect on different crude oils. Strain SP3 is a motile, gram-positive, spore-producing rod that was isolated from a reservoir of the Shengli oil field in East China. The cells of strain SP3 grew at high temperatures up to 58℃ at the pH range of 5.5–8.5. Strain SP3 grew facultatively and could use different organic substrates, and produce some metabolites such as 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone, methyl-2-nitrogen benzene and 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid bis ester. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that the strain converted and degraded different components and changed the physical and chemical properties of crude oils. Strain SP3 degraded crude oil and the growth of bacteria on crude oil resulted in loss of aromatic hydrocarbons, resins and asphaltenes. The bioconversion of crude oils would lead to an enrichment in lighter hydrocarbons and an overall redistribution of saturate hydrocarbons. The interactions of microorganisms with crude oils are variable, depending on the microbial species and the chemical compositions of crude oils.     

Gcochemical characteristics and the (Ecological significance of oil shales from the youganwo formation,maoniing basin. China北大核心CSCD

Geochemical elements of oil shale in the Maoniing Basin were analyzed to discuss provenance attribute and depositional environment of the Youganwo formation. Experimental date of the major elements, trace elements and rare earth elements of 24 samples from the Maoye I well were examined. The analyzed oil shale samples were characterized by enrichment of Tb, U, Kb and LREE, depleted of Zr, Cr and Hf, negative Eu and Ce anomalies, indicating that these samples were originated from continental crust. The chemical index of alteration( CIA) values and the ZrZSc-Th/Sc diagrams indicate that source rooks had undergone intense chemical weathering and deposition recirculation. Based on the La/Th-Hf and La/Yb-^REE diagrams and the negative anomaly of Eu element, the oil shale in the Maoniing Basin has diverse sources, which mainly came from felsic source region of the upper crust or the mixture of felsic volcanic rocks, granite and sedimentary rocks. Ratios of the SrZCu, MgO/CaO suggest that oil shale was formed in fresh water under warm and humid climate, shallow water column became deeper during the middle and late sedimentary period. The depositional environment is interpreted to be limnetic with weak reduction at the early stage and gradually turned into semi-deep to deep lacustrine.     

Phase states of hydrous–hydrocarbon fluids at elevated and high temperatures and pressures: Study of the forms and maximal depths of oil occurrence in the Earth’s interior

Based on synthetic fluid inclusions in quartz grown at 240–490°C and 7–150 MPa in aqueous–oil solutions, the behavior, composition, and phase states of liquid, gaseous, and solid hydrocarbons (HC) were studied. Investigations were performed using common and fluorescent microscopy, microthermometry, local common and high-temperature IR Fourier spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, chromatography, and X-ray and microprobe analysis. The data obtained allowed us to understand the influence of thermobaric conditions and volume proportions of the oil, aqueous, and gaseous phases on the composition, phase state, and behavior of hydrous–hydrocarbon fluids and estimate the forms and probable maximal depths of the origin of oil in the Earth’s interior.     

Gas–oil fluids in the formation of travertines in the Baikal rift zone

Active participation of gas–oil fluids in the processes of mineral formation and petrogenesis in travertines of the Arshan and Garga hot springs is substantiated. The parageneses of the products of pyrolytic decomposition and oxidation of the gas–oil components of hydrothermal fluids (amorphous bitumen, graphite-like CM, and graphite) with different genetic groups of minerals crystallized in a wide range of P–T conditions were established. Travertines of the Baikal rift zone were formed from multicomponent hydrous–gas–oil fluids by the following basic mechanisms of mineral formation: chemogenic, biogenic, cavitation, fluid pyrometamorphism, and pyrolysis.     

Pudrición del Cogollo and the (post-)neoliberal ecological fix in Ecuador's palm oil industry

This paper examines the variegated natures of (post-)neoliberal environmental governance in Latin America using environmental crisis as an entry point. It examines the institutional measures put forth by Ecuador’s government, in concert with other actors, to contain and manage the damaging effects of an insidious palm oil plant disease known as Pudrición del Cogollo (PC). Using empirical data collected through qualitative means, my analysis demonstrates that nature’s biophysical processes – in particular, disease ecologies – can play a crucial role in the pursuit and achievement of national accumulation goals. Specifically, I argue that the ecologies of the PC crisis have been rendered functional to the Ecuadorian government’s current political and economic strategies of intensified accumulation and market competitiveness. By making environmental crisis the basis of key accumulation strategies, the state is able to convert negative environmental outcomes into opportunities for profit-generation. Utilizing the notion of the ‘ecological fix’, this paper reveals two major conclusions: (1) plant health emergencies and the actions used to mitigate environmental crises are not only challenges but opportunities that can be mobilized to support further accumulation strategies and (2) the study of PC and Ecuador’s palm oil industry provides new fruitful terrain to examine the connections between the deepening variegated effects of neoliberalism through nature and environmental crisis solutions in Latin America.     

Enclave oil development and the rearticulation of citizenship in Turkana,Kenya: Exploring ‘crude citizenship’

Turkana County, located in the arid region of northwestern Kenya, has long been imagined as backwards and unproductive. As a result, successive governments have neglected to provide adequate social services and investments in the county, leaving Turkanas to rely on humanitarian organisations for access to rights and protections traditionally associated with citizenship. Yet when oil was discovered in Turkana in 2012, the county was thrust into the international spotlight. The oil exploration and development activities that followed the oil discovery have already begun to impact life in Turkana. Accordingly, this paper focuses on changing social and political relationships in light of emergent spaces of enclave oil development in Turkana. Our analysis draws from key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations carried out in Kenya between October 2014 and May 2015. Specifically, we demonstrate that the Kenyan state’s historically hands-off approach to governing this region has led some Turkanas to seek recognition, legitimization, and fulfillment for their rights from oil companies, rather than the state. We argue that this is drawing oil companies and rural communities into an uneasy citizen-state-like relationship, altering the experiences and practices of citizenship in Turkana. We conclude that while the presence of oil companies in Turkana may benefit some, it also works to the detriment of others, introducing new forms of inequality and marginalization – a process we refer to as ‘crude citizenship’.     

Study on temporal and spatial evolution of China’s oil supply and consumption

To begin with, energy flow chart is used to analyze the status of China’s oil supply and consumption. Moreover, the temporal and spatial evolution of the oil production and oil products consumption in China is studied based on the gravity model. Finally, the decoupling index combined with the log mean Divisia index method is used to explore the contribution of the factors which influence terminal oil product consumption in China over the period 1991–2010. This paper draws the following results: (1) China’s net oil import dependency soared from 7.5 % in 1993 to 58.63 % in 2010. (2) The center of gravity for crude oil production and oil products consumption is an overall movement toward the southwest. (3) The economic activity effect is the critical factor in the growth of oil products consumption in China. However, industrial energy intensity effect plays the dominant role in decreasing oil products consumption. (4) The value of the decoupling index represented a re-coupling effect in 1996–1997 and 2003–2004. The other time interval showed weak decoupling effect.