Results of research into Holocene sediments of the South and Central basins of Lake Baikal (BDP-97 and short cores)

Results of investigations of Baikal bottom sediments from a long core (BDP-97) and several short (0–1 m) cores are presented. It has been shown that the Holocene sediments in the Baikal basins consist of biogenic-terrigenous muds, accumulated under calm sedimentation conditions, and of turbidites, formed during catastrophic events. The turbidites can be distinguished from the host sediments by their enrichment in heavy minerals and thus their high magnetic susceptibility. Often, Pliocene and Pleistocene diatom species observed in the Holocene sediments (mainly in the turbidites) point to redeposition of ancient offshore sediments. Our results indicate that deltas, littoral zones, and continental slopes are the source areas of turbidites. The fact that the turbidites occur far from their sources confirms the existence of high-energy turbidity currents responsible for long-distance lateral-sediment transport to the deep basin planes of the lake.     

Correlation of upper quaternary deposits and paleogeography of the Black and Caspian seas

The evolution of the Black and Caspian seas is considered based on the analysis of new stratigraphic and paleogeographic data. Three transgression stages (Karangatian, Surozh, Black-Sea) and two regression stages (Post-Karangatian and New-Euxinian) were characterized for the Black Sea, as well as four transgression stages (late Khazarian, early Khvalynian, late Khvalynian, and New-Caspian) and three regression stages (Atelian, Enotaevkan, Mangyshlakian), for the Caspian Sea. The analysis of data on the absolute age of deposits allowed correlation of paleogeographic events for the basins, between them and with the stages of the Last (Valdai) Glaciation: the Karangatian and late Khazarian transgressions were correlated with the Mikulinian Interglacial; the post-Karangatian and Atelian regressions, with the Kalininan glaciation; the early Khvalynian and Surozh transgressions, with the middle Valdai Interstadial; the New-Euxinian and Enotaevkan regressions, with the Ostashkovian glaciation; the Black Sea, late Khvalynian, and New-Caspian transgression, with the late glaciation — post-glaciation periods; the Mangyshlakian regression, with the Older Dryas (?). The last connections between the Caspian and Black seas are dated to the middle Valdai time when waters of the early Khvalynian basin drained down to the Surozh basin.     

典型韵律互层式灰岩与泥灰岩的地球化学特征对比

通过对德国南部地区上侏罗统麻姆组典型韵律互层式灰岩与泥灰岩进行逐层采样,并进行不溶残余物分析和地球化学测定对比,发现两者所含非碳酸盐物质没有区别。SiO₂、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、K₂O和TiO₂等来源于陆源碎屑物,在灰岩与泥灰岩中的比例完全相同,其含量的不同完全由碳酸盐物质的稀释所引起。元素Sr、Zn、Mn和Mg归为成岩作用控制元素,最先存在形式与碳酸盐有关,但成岩阶段变化极大,Mg的含量主要受白云岩化作用程度控制。另一组元素如S、Ba、Rb和P等介于以上两组元素之间,表现为部分受陆源碎屑物含量控制,部分受成岩作用影响。研究表明,灰岩与泥灰岩韵律互层形成的原因主要是由于碳酸盐物质的沉积速率变化所致,成岩阶段的压溶作用加大了两者的差异,但这种差异只表现在于碳酸盐物质与酸不溶残余物的比例上,而地球化学组成没有本质区别。     

Textural studies on red sediments of Bhimunipatnam,Andhra Pradesh,east coast of India

The study presents the textural characteristics of late Quaternary red sediments of Bhimunipatnam to understand the process of formation of these sediments. The red sediments are classified into (a) yellow sediments (b) reddish brown sediments (c) brick red sediments and (d) light yellow sediments sequence in the vertical litho section. The yellow sediments, rests on the khondalite basement, comprises of medium grained, moderate to poorly sorted and positively skewed. The rounded pebble beds with trough cross bedding indicate high energy turbulent conditions of deposition. The fining upward sequences indicate sediments were deposited under decreasing energy conditions under fluvial regime.The iron bearing minerals like garnets and pyriboles have undergone chemical weathering under high oxidizing environment resulting in addition of silt and clay to the reddish brown and brick red sediments and concretions were formed by carbonate precipitation. These processes caused changes in the mean grain size and sorting nature of these sediments which are originally aeolian in origin. The light yellow sediments were medium to fine grained, well sorted and similar to modern dune sands in terms of textural parameters. These sediments were deposited under low oxidation environmental conditions and acquired yellow colour due to Fe hydroxides.     

长江口九段沙现代潮滩沉积特征

根据2003年对长江河口九段沙潮间带和潮上带的现场调查和室内对沉积构造、粒度分布、矿物组成、沉积速率等的分析,对九段沙现代潮滩的沉积特征进行了研究。研究表明九段沙潮间带以小型交错层理为主,波痕发育,粒度主要为细砂至粗粉砂;潮上带主要为水平层理,粒度主要为中细粉砂。潮间带和潮上带的沉积矿物组成非常接近。沉积速率以潮间带低而潮上带高为特点。     

Chronology of Khvalynian Stage of the Caspian Sea According to Radiocarbon Dating

Doklady Earth Sciences - An analysis of 234 radiocarbon ages of Khvalynian sediments measured by researchers over more than 50 years of study of the Caspian region is given. Most ages concern...     

现代渭河西安段沉积体沉积相与岩相特征

以渭河西安段草滩沉积体为例, 通过剖面和探槽的详细研究, 结合野外密集采样及样品的分析结果, 对现代渭河草滩沉积体的粒度特征、沉积相、岩相、地层层序及沉积模式进行了综合研究。结果表明, 现代渭河草滩河流沉积体主要由砂质、泥质和少量砾质沉积物组成, 是一个由三期沉积旋回组成的曲流河沉积体。在现代渭河草滩沉积体内部, 共识别出6种岩相, 即平行层理含细砾粗砂岩相、槽状交错层理中细砂岩相、平行层理中细砂岩相、块状层理含砾中砂岩相、交错层理含砾中砂岩和块状层理泥岩相;3种沉积微相, 即河床滞留沉积、边滩和泛滥平原, 这些沉积微相构成了草滩沉积体内部垂向上三套不同的沉积层序:下部为含砾粗砂和中砂组成的河床亚相层序, 砂质沉积厚度较大;中部为一个完整的曲流河沉积层序, 由滞留沉积、边滩和泛滥平原沉积构成;上部则主要为边滩和泛滥平原沉积层序。粒度分析结果表明河床滞留沉积物中的砂体粒径多分布在0.2~1.2 mm, 边滩沉积物中砂体粒径多分布在0.1~1.0 mm, 两者均是良好的砂矿体, 是建筑用砂的良好来源。     

Clastic heavy mineral assemblages in Permian-Mesozoic accretionary cherty and siliceous-clayey complexes of Sikhote Alin

The paper presents results of the study of assemblages of clastic heavy minerals and geochemical features of some assemblages in several Permian-Mesozoic cherty and siliceous-clayey sequences of Sikhote Alin. They are composed of pelagic and hemipelagic sediments of the Panthalassa (Paleopacific) Ocean. Four typical mineral assemblages and their environments are established. In one of the ocean segments, where sedimentary cover formed during the Late Paleozoic-Early Cretaceous, the Permian pelagic domain was characterized by the amphibole-pyroxene assemblage with heavy minerals derived from ophiolites. The Triassic-Jurassic stage was marked by development of the clinopyroxene assemblage with heavy minerals derived from intraplate alkaline volcanic complexes. Middle-Late Jurassic hemipelagic sediments host the zircon-clinopyroxene assemblage with a greater role of continental environments and the presence of volcanic products of the convergence zone. Another segment of the ocean accumulated red cherts and siliceous-clayey sediments during the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous under the influence of island-arc volcanism.     

Magnetic fabrics, rock magnetism, cathodoluminescence and petrography of apparently undeformed Bambui carbonates from São Francisco Basin (Minas Gerais State, SE Brazil): An integrated study

Magnetic measurements were performed on apparently undeformed limestones and carbonate shales from 44 sites in nearly horizontal stratigraphic layers mainly from the basal units of the Neoproterozoic Bambui Group in the southern part of the São Francisco Basin. Rock magnetism, cathodoluminescence, transmitted and reflected light microscopy analyses reveal that there is a mix of ferromagnetic minerals, mainly magnetite and pyrrhotite, in most sites. In some sites, however, the ferromagnetic minerals are magnetite and hematite. Fine-grained pyrrhotite and pyrite accompany rare fine-grained graphite and probably amorphous carbon in some of stylolites, while pyrrhotite is also present as larger interstitial masses in coarse-grained domains outside, but close to the stylolites. Magnetic fabrics were determined applying both anisotropy of low-field magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and anisotropy of anhysteretic remanence magnetization (AAR). The AAR tensor was less well defined than the AMS fabric due to the low ferromagnetic mineral content. The analysis at the individual-site scale defines three AMS fabric types. The first type (two sites) shows K_min perpendicular to the bedding plane, while K_max and K_int are scattered within bedding plane itself. This fabric is usually interpreted as primary (sedimentary-compactional), typical of totally undeformed sediments. The second type shows the three well-clustered AMS axes with K_min still perpendicular to the bedding plane. This fabric is the most important since it was found in the majority of the sites. The third type (two sites) is characterized by well-clustered K_max in the bedding plane, while K_min and K_int are distributed along a girdle. The second and third fabric types are interpreted as combinations of sedimentary-compactional and tectonic contributions at the earliest, and at a slightly later stage of deformation, respectively. AMS represents the contribution of all the rock-forming minerals, while AAR isolates the contribution of remanence-bearing minerals from the matrix minerals. However, rock magnetism shown that anhysteretic remanence only reaches grains with coercivity < 100 mT because the maximum AF in the majority of the available instruments is 100 mT. Therefore, hematite and pyrrhotite probably do not contribute to AAR, which is due to the shape-preferred orientation of magnetite grains. For some sites, the AMS and AAR fabric orientations are different, mainly with respect to the lineation orientations (K_max and A_max, respectively). In general, K_max is well developed and follows the trend of the main regional thrusts, fold axes and faults generated in the first deformational phase, while A_max follows both this trend and that of structural lineaments formed during the second deformational phase. These deformation phases arose from the compression, which occurred during the evolution of the Brasília fold belt during the last stages of the Brasiliano event. The magnetic fabrics of the apparently undeformed Bambui limestones are typical of very weakly deformed sediments, in which the depositional-compaction fabric has been partly overprinted by a tectonic one, with minimum susceptibility direction remaining perpendicular to bedding. This result is in agreement with the textures given by the petrographic observations.     

Minerals of the Kimberlitic Assemblage in Terrigenous Sediments of Latvia and Perspectives of Its Diamond Potential

Four intermediate collectors of minerals of the kimberlitic association (MKA) are identified in the Latvian territory. They are confined to Upper Devonian (Gauya, Ogre, and Ketleri formations) and Quaternary sediments. Each intermediate collector is characterized by a certain assemblage of minerals. The present communication considers specific features of the MKA distribution within each collector, as well as chemical composition and grain surface character of separate MKAs. Based on the study of typomorphism of minerals and peculiarities of sedimentation in different geological epochs, scheme of the localization of bedrock KMA sources is proposed. It is supposed that the Latvian territory incorporates three bedrock (kimberlite-type) sources with different prospects for diamond potential. The diamond potential of one source located in northeastern Latvia is rather high.     

滦河三角洲潮坪环境现代生物遗迹组合及其分布特征*

现代生物遗迹的特点、分布和组合特征及其与沉积环境、沉积物性质的关系,对遗迹化石及古环境研究具有重要的实证价值,但现代生物遗迹研究起步较晚,国内研究成果较少。文中论述了滦河三角洲潮坪环境中现代生物遗迹的组成、组合与分布特征,并分析了遗迹组合与沉积环境的关系。研究表明: (1)层面遗迹以节肢动物、环节动物、腹足动物的爬行迹和拖迹为主; 层内遗迹包括垂直或高角度倾斜于层面的潜穴、平行于层面的潜穴,以居住迹为主,丰度高,类型多样。(2)建立了3种生物遗迹组合: 遗迹组合I以Y形和垂直管状潜穴为特征,局部丰度较高,表层潜穴和层面拖迹不发育,造迹生物主要为沙蚕和螃蟹,沉积物底层具有砂含量较高、水动力强、有机质含量低的特点,显示其出现于三角洲潮坪砂质沉积环境;遗迹组合Ⅱ以各种形态的层内潜穴和大量的层面爬行拖迹为特征,层内潜穴包括垂直管状、J形、U形、Y形和分枝形潜穴,丰度高,造迹生物主要是沙蚕和螃蟹,层面遗迹常见爬行拖迹和足辙迹,造迹生物主要为沙蚕、螃蟹、扁玉螺、寄居蟹,沉积物底层具有高泥质含量、高含水率和高有机质含量的特点,形成于三角洲潮坪中低潮区;遗迹组合Ⅲ以与层面近似垂直和与层面近似平行的层内潜穴以及大量的层面运动迹为特征,与层面近似垂直的潜穴包括垂直管状、J形、U形、Y形和复杂分枝形潜穴,造迹生物主要是螃蟹、泥甲虫及其幼虫, 与层面平行的表层潜穴主要是蝼蛄、泥甲虫及其幼虫营造的,层面上的运动迹常见为螃蟹足辙迹和鸟类足迹,沉积物底层具泥质含量高、含水率低、有机质含量高、底质固结程度较高的特点,产生于三角洲潮坪高潮区。(3)基于对遗迹组合和分布特征及其与底层性质和沉积环境关系的分析,建立了三角洲潮坪生物遗迹组合的沉积环境分布模式。该研究成果既可作为古代三角洲潮坪沉积环境的判识依据,也可为相似遗迹化石组合的沉积环境恢复提供佐证。     

Identification of chlorite and chlorite-related minerals in sediments

A scheme is presented for the identification and classification of chlorite and related minerals in sediments which is mainly based on X-ray characteristics of the orginal sample and the sample heated at 350°C and treated with K⁺ and with glycerol. Examples are given. It is emphasized that additional data about clay mineral genesis, electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and chemical analyses are needed for the ordening of a certain mineral in the proposed scheme. Many names of minerals so far found to occur in the clay separate of sediments proved to be synonymous (52 of a total of 88) and thus should be abandoned. They only give confusion and needlessly increase the many difficulties which already exist in the identification, classification and quantitative determination of this complicated group of minerals of about 36 well defined specimens which may be found in sediments.     

黄河下游与黄河三角洲现代非地震变形层理的研究

变形层理是软沉积变形构造(SSDS)研究中的重要内容,而SSDS的研究又是沉积学、工程地质、地震学及构造地质学等近期的研究热点。但是,目前人们对地震SSDS和非地震SSDS的精确辨识还存在一定的困难,所以建立起地震与非地震SSDS的辨识标准是非常重要的,变形层理又是SSDS研究中的重中之重,因此,对变形层理的研究具有重要意义。研究表明,黄河下游现代沉积中发育了大量的变形层理,确凿的证据证明这些变形层理与地震毫无关系,因此详细地研究这些变形层理对于建立识别地震SSDS和非地震SSDS标准具有较重要意义。黄河下游(包括黄河三角洲分流河道)发育的变形层理类型及成因多样,既有典型的包卷层理,也有极不规则的一般变形层理;从成因上,既有密度或重力倒置形成的、也有波浪作用引起的滑动滑塌形成的、还有水牵引和滑动沉积物牵引形成的、甚至还有冰块拖移或压刻形成的变形层理。不同成因的变形层理具有其独特的几何学特征,可以作为其成因的可靠标志,同样也可以作为区别于地震成因的可靠标志。黄河下游发育的变形层理与黄河下游复杂的水动力条件和气候条件及沉积物粒度极细有密切关系。     

Scandium in rocks,minerals and sediments and its relations to iron and aluminium

Scandium, aluminium and iron contents of a considerable number of rocks, minerals and sediments for various origin are given. They have been obtained by instrumental neutron activation analysis.The concentrations of these elements in rocks and minerals are very variable. However the Fe/Sc and Al/Sc ratios for the finer particles of sediments from different origins are fairly constant. At a spec. surf. of 100 m²/g is found 0.2 to 0.3 × 10⁴ for Fe/Sc and 0.60 to 0.95 × 10⁴ for Al/Sc (mol).In the coarser sediments there is a considerable influence of particle size. Consequently when Sc-contents of sediments are compared for classification purposes, their spec. surf. or granulometric composition should be determined as well.     

浅议塔河地区“东河砂岩”三角洲沉积

近年来在塔河地区钻揭了一套典型的河控三角洲相“东河砂岩”,它与东河塘、塔中和哈得逊等地区发现的前滨相和滨面相“东河砂岩”明显不同.钻井岩心上该套三角洲相砂岩表现为板状交错层理、平行层理厚砂体;粒度概率具有河道、河口坝微相特征;平面上地震振幅、反射强度斜率属性异常呈以S99、T728井为中心的“鸟足状”外形;古盐度测试结...     

东濮断陷湖盆下第三系沙二段的冲积扇沉积

东濮凹陷西洼南段沙二段是该区主要的勘探目的层之一。根据地震、测井及岩心分析等资料的综合分析表明,该区沙二段属干旱气候条件下的冲积扇沉积。由于沙二段沉积时期长垣断层的活动减缓,研究区与西斜坡构成一个共同的沉积区域,研究区内主要发育扇中前缘和扇端亚相等细粒沉积部分,扇根和扇中主体等粗粒部分主要堆积在西斜坡上。在地震剖面和测井曲线上可以看出,该区沙二段由3个沉积旋回构成,总体上呈现向上变细的粒序特征。这些旋回在研究区各井中可以进行对比,表明冲积扇的活动受构造和气候因素的影响。     

开鲁盆地钱家店凹陷含铀岩系姚家组沉积环境及其富铀意义

利用10多口钻孔岩心、电测曲线和分析化验资料,对钱家店凹陷含铀岩系姚家组沉积环境及古气候进行了分析.姚家组为一套以中细粒为主的砂质辫状河沉积产物.含矿层主岩为岩屑长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩,粒度概率累积曲线以悬浮总体含量较高为特征的两段式.一个完整的垂向序列由含砾砂岩或中细砂岩向上变细为粉砂岩和少量泥岩组成的正韵律.碎屑组分含量变化和重矿物分析表明,沉积物源主要来自盆地西北部古隆起的酸性岩浆岩和变质岩.泥岩元素分析、孢粉分析及泥岩颜色等指示,姚家组沉积期古气候主要为亚热带干旱气候,在这一大的气候背景下有过程度较弱的短暂潮湿化事件发生.干旱-半干旱气候为层间氧化带的形成提供了有利的气候条件,周边古隆起或更远山地的酸性火山岩、古老结晶岩和变质岩为该区提供了丰富的铀源,广泛发育、物性较好的辫状河道砂体为铀矿化提供了良好的储渗空间.     

A red-bed formation in the South Bohemian Basins,Czechoslovakia

Tectonic activity, climatic changes and associated weathering cooperated during the formation of Upper Cretaceous red beds of the South Bohemian Basins known as the Klikov Formation.The sediments are clastic and comprise: (1) light-grey or yellow conglomeratic, course-to-medium sandstone beds; (2) generally finer red beds; and (3) grey beds. They alternate in asymmetrical cycles, in succession fining upwards. Small- and large-scale cyclothems were recognized. The large-scale cyclothems are closely connected with paleogeographical changes and tectonic evolution of the South Bohemian Basins in Early Senonian time. In regard to rapid vertical and lateral lithological variations, the common presence of graded bedding, poor sorting and lack of fossils, the sediments are comparable to the fluviatile facies of molasse, known as “flysch in molasse”. They were deposited from highly fluctuating currents and periodically overloaded streams in an alluvial and/or lacustrine environment, suffering continuously from tectonic unrest emanating from the Alpine—Carpathian geosyncline.Differences between red and grey sediments are related mostly to the primary distribution and preservation of organic matter and to some extent to the redistribution of iron during early diagenetic changes (e.g. red stains).Ancient weathered gneiss and granite profiles preserved beneath the sediments show development of either two (on granite) or three (on gneiss) horizons differing in degree of weathering and distribution of red colour within the profiles. The trend of weathering documented by chemical analyses and presence of kaolinite as the end-product points to the red podzolic soil formation process.     

Factors controlling the mineralogy and geochemistry of the recent surface sediments of the Kalloni Gulf,Lesvos Island,Greece

Detailed chemical and mineralogical data are presented for 37 samples of surface sediments collected from the Kalloni gulf, (eastern half), Lesvos island, northern Greece. The sediments are largely carbonate-rich muds, though near the eastern and northern coast of the gulf higher proportions of biogenic and lithogenic sands and gravels occur. The main minerals are quartz, feldspar (andesine), clay minerals (montmorillonite, illite, Kaolinite) and the carbonate minerals (calcite, Mg-calcite, aragonite). The mathematical method of factor analysis was applied in order to explain the mineralogical and geochemical variations. These variations can be interpreted in terms of variations in provenance and depositional environment. Six factors were produced accounting for 83.6 % of the total data variance: (a) a Si-Al-Na-K-Ti-Rb-Ba-Y-Zr factor controlled by clays and detrital minerals such as feldspars and zircon opposed by a CaCO₂-Cu-Sc-Sr-La association (carbonate, minerals), (b) an organic carbon factor (C-Fe-Ce-Zn-Rb-Ni-Y-Nb), (c) a Fe-Mg-Cr-Ni factor representing control by peridotite, (d) a Ce-Nd-Fe-Ni-Zn-La factor controlled by silicate minerals, (e) a Al-Fe-Ti-P-V factor controlled by chlorite amphiboles or pyroxenes of volcanic or basaltic intrusions, (f) a Mn-Fe-Zn-factor controlled by iron-manganese oxides. Similarities in trace element composition among Kalloni gulf bottom sediments, and source lithologies indicate that the trace elements are derived from the adjacent landmasses. The AI/Ti ratio of the sediments is consistent with the terrigenous nature of sendimentation in the Kalloni gulf.     

Separation of Clay Minerals from Host Sediments Using Cation Exchange Resins

Classic physical and chemical treatments applied to separating clay minerals from the host sediments are often difficult or aggressive for clay minerals. A technique using cation exchange resins (amberlite IRC-50H and amberlite IR-120) is used to separate clay minerals from the host sediments. The technique is based on the exchange of cations in the minerals that may be associated clay minerals in sediments, such as Ca and Mg from dolomite; Ca from calcite, gypsum and francolite with cations carried by resin radicals. The associated minerals such as gypsum, calcite, dolomite and francolite are removed in descending order. Separation of clay minerals using cation exchange resins is less aggressive than that by other classic treatments. The efficiency of amberlite IRC-50H in the removal of associated minerals is greater than that of amberlite IR-120.