高水压下岩体裂纹扩展的渗流-断裂耦合机制与数值实现

采用渗流力学、断裂力学理论结合Monte Carlo方法描述岩体裂纹的随机分布,研究高水压作用下岩体原生裂纹的变形和翼形裂纹的萌生、扩展、贯通的渗流-断裂耦合作用机制,建立高水压作用下岩体裂纹的渗流-断裂耦合数学模型,给出该数学模型的求解策略与方法,在Fortran95平台下开发高水压下岩体裂纹扩展的渗流-断裂耦合分析程序HWFSC.for。高水压下岩体裂纹扩展的渗流-断裂耦合体现在岩体裂纹网络和渗流初始条件都随渗流时步变化。对高压注水岩体裂纹扩展过程进行渗流-断裂耦合分析。结果表明,高压注水条件下,岩体裂纹扩展存在起动水压力,当水压力大于起动水压力时,裂纹尖端开始萌生翼形裂纹,随着裂纹水压力的增加,翼形裂纹扩展,进而与其他裂纹搭接贯通,停止扩展。渗流-断裂耦合分析考虑了裂纹动、静水压力对裂纹产生的法向扩张效应及翼形裂纹的扩展而形成新的渗流通道两方面的影响,连通裂纹数随渗流的发展而增加。岩体裂纹的渗流-断裂耦合分析,能较真实地再现岩体裂纹的水力劈裂现象,描述岩体裂纹的扩展、贯通过程及与之相耦合的渗流响应。     

Numerical investigation of groundwater outbursts near faults in underground coal mines

Permeable geologic faults in the coal seam can cause intermittent production problems or unexpected amounts of groundwater outburst from the underlying aquifers. With the acknowledgment of the basic mechanism for groundwater outbursts, the groundwater outburst along the fault zones in coal mines are numerically investigated using RFPA, a numerical code based on FEM. The fracture initiation, propagation, and coalescence in the stressed strata and the seepage field evolution in the stress field are represented visually during the whole process of groundwater outburst. The numerically obtained damage evolution shows that the floor strata could be classified as three zones, i.e. mining induced fracture zone, intact zone and fault reactivation zone, in which the intact zone is the key part for resisting groundwater outburst and directly determines the effective thickness of water-resisting rock layer. With understanding of the evolution of stress field and seepage flow in floor strata, the groundwater outburst pathway is calibrated and the transformation of floor rock mass from water-resisting strata to outburst pathway is clearly illuminated. Moreover, it is shown that geometrical configuration, including inclination angle of faults and seam drop along faults, have an important influence on groundwater outburst. Finally, based on geological, hydrogeology survey and numerical results, the mechanism analysis of groundwater outburst in an engineering case is studied, which can provide significantly meaningful guides for the investigation on mechanism and prevention of groundwater outburst induced by faults in practice.     

FDEM-flow3D: A 3D hydro-mechanical coupled model considering the pore seepage of rock matrix for simulating three-dimensional hydraulic fracturing

A hydro-mechanical coupled model that can simultaneously consider the pore seepage of a rock matrix and the fracture seepage is proposed to simulate three-dimensional hydraulic fracturing. This model appropriately takes into account the fluid leak-off into the surrounding rock matrix from the fracture. Several examples are given to validate the seepage algorithms and the coupled model. The results suggest that this model can solve problems involving pore seepage and fracture seepage through simple pure fracture seepage. Moreover, it can reproduce the fluid pressure distribution and the crack initiation and propagation and consider the fluid loss during hydraulic fracturing.     

考虑卸荷作用的底板突水破坏机制研究

在依据摩尔图解及断裂力学理论对底板卸荷突水破坏分析的基础上,运用损伤断裂力学并结合统一强度理论,建立了考虑渗透水压作用下分支裂纹端部形成的塑性区范围计算方程与岩体发生贯穿破坏时的损伤阀值。将裂纹扩展过程与岩体损伤耦合起来,确定了裂纹的损伤断裂能量计算公式并分析了其影响因素。结果表明：侧压系数 0.5时,最大主应力完全卸荷状态下裂纹端部应力强度因子比双轴应力状态下大,岩体易发生破坏。考虑了裂纹端部塑性区的影响,裂纹损伤断裂能量相比于不考虑其影响时偏大,增大了煤层底板突水的危险性。裂纹损伤断裂能量 与裂纹半长 、裂纹面连通面积与总面积之比 、裂纹面渗透水压 及最小主应力 呈正相关,与裂纹面摩擦系数 及岩体的弹性模量 呈负相关。分析结果为底板突水破坏机制研究提供了一定的参考依据。     

A two‐dimensional coupled hydromechanical discontinuum model for simulating rock hydraulic fracturing

Within the framework of our discontinuous deformation analysis for rock failure algorithm, this paper presents a two‐dimensional coupled hydromechanical discontinuum model for simulating the rock hydraulic fracturing process. In the proposed approach, based on the generated joint network, the calculation of fluid mechanics is performed first to obtain the seepage pressure near the tips of existing cracks, and then the fluid pressure is treated as linearly distributed loads on corresponding block boundaries. The contribution of the hydraulic pressure to the initiation/propagation of the cracks is considered by adding the components of these blocks into the force matrix of the global equilibrium equation. Finally, failure criteria are applied at the crack tips to determine the occurrence of cracking events. Several verification examples are simulated, and the results show that this newly proposed numerical model can simulate the hydraulic fracturing process correctly and effectively. Although the numerical and experimental verifications focus on one unique preexisting crack, because of the capability of discontinuous deformation analysis in simulating block‐like structures, the proposed approach is capable of modeling rock hydraulic fracturing processes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同尺度岩体结构面对页岩气储层水力压裂裂缝扩展的影响

储层岩体中的天然结构面对水力压裂缝网改造具有重要的影响。本文采用真实破裂过程分析软件RFPA2D-Flow,在考虑岩体非均质性和岩体渗流-应力-损伤破裂特性的基础上,对不同尺度天然结构面影响的水力压裂裂缝扩展与演化行为进行了模拟分析和讨论,研究结果表明:（1）当水力裂缝遇天然非闭合裂隙时,在水力裂缝靠近非闭合裂隙区间形成拉张应力区,水力裂缝与区间非闭合裂隙间微元体累进性张拉破坏是导致水力裂缝与非闭合裂隙贯通的主要机制;（2）层理等优势结构对水力压裂裂缝扩展及缝网形态影响十分显著,当最大主应力方向与层理面走向小角度相交时,层理结构面对水力裂隙的扩展起主要作用,当最大主应力方向与层理面走向大角度相交时,最大主压应力与层理面共同对缝网扩展起主导作用,随着优势结构面的增多和差应力的增大,水力压裂形成的缝网范围和复杂性程度随之增大;（3）储层水力压裂是一种局部范围内的短暂动力扰动过程,尽管断层的存在可以极大地影响水力裂缝的扩展模式,增大水力裂隙扩展高度,但相比于储层埋深,水力压裂对断层封闭性的破坏范围和断层活动性的扰动程度十分有限。     

Simulating research on pressure distribution of floor pore water based on fluid-solid coupling

In terms of the problem that deep coal resources are under the threats of high water pressure, it is necessary to further study the outburst mechanism of working face floor karst water from the view of studying varying patterns of rock mechanical parameters and confined water pressure distribution of floor rock under the mining influence in the process of mining. Through the theoretical research of fluid-solid coupling and rock seepage experiment, the changing rule of the rock porosity and the Young’s modulus is analyzed, the changing law of the floor displacement is obtained by establishing the floor mechanic model, and the relation between elastic energy density and rock mass unit strain is established. Based on the numerical model of fluid-solid coupling analysis by the Comsol Multiphysics software, the changing law of floor displacement corresponds to the theoretical solution, the different variation laws of rock mass of different depths under the actions of ground pressure are acquired by simulation calculation, the distribution characteristics of pore water pressure are discussed, and the elastic energy density of the rock mass under the action of imbalance water pressure before and after mining is comparatively analyzed. Studies show that the distribution of pore water pressure is horizontally different before and after the stress peak line, and it mainly has four distribution patterns vertically. When mining above the confined water, the spatiotemporal position when and where the upper and lower boundaries of the rock mass in the lower water-resisting layer release energy at the same time is critical to the occurrence of water inrush.     

隧道突涌水机制与渗透破坏灾变过程模拟研究

针对岩体渐进破坏和充填体渗透失稳两种典型突涌水灾害,阐述了动力扰动、开挖卸荷与高水压三者联合作用下岩体渐进破裂机制,以及高渗透压作用下充填体“变强度-变渗透性-变黏度”的渗透破坏机制。针对渗透破坏突涌水的变黏度机制,采用DEM-CFD耦合计算方法,开展了流体黏度对渗透破坏机制影响的定性模拟研究,分析了流体黏度对平均接触力、流量（流速）、孔隙率、颗粒运移过程、运移轨迹以及临界水力梯度的影响规律。结果表明,低黏度条件下的临界水力梯度比高黏度条件下的要小,换言之,低黏度条件下充填体更容易发生渗透破坏;平均接触力对水力梯度临界值的响应最为敏感,而流量难以准确反映该信息。从渗透破坏突涌水的变黏度机制这单一角度出发（不考虑渗透性增大的影响）,随着黏性介质流入水体,流体黏度会增大,但流动速度会降低,两者共同作用下反而阻碍了渗透破坏过程的发展。最后,采用DEM-CFD计算方法,对工程尺度突涌水过程进行了模拟,再现了突涌水优势通道的形成与扩展过程,并指出了实现突涌水灾变机制模拟所需解决的参数选取与定量分析难题。     

Numerical Simulation of 3D Hydraulic Fracturing Based on an Improved Flow-Stress-Damage Model and a Parallel FEM Technique

The failure mechanism of hydraulic fractures in heterogeneous geological materials is an important topic in mining and petroleum engineering. A three-dimensional (3D) finite element model that considers the coupled effects of seepage, damage, and the stress field is introduced. This model is based on a previously developed two-dimensional (2D) version of the model (RFPA2D-Rock Failure Process Analysis). The RFPA3D-Parallel model is developed using a parallel finite element method with a message-passing interface library. The constitutive law of this model considers strength and stiffness degradation, stress-dependent permeability for the pre-peak stage, and deformation-dependent permeability for the post-peak stage. Using this model, 3D modelling of progressive failure and associated fluid flow in rock are conducted and used to investigate the hydro-mechanical response of rock samples at laboratory scale. The responses investigated are the axial stress–axial strain together with permeability evolution and fracture patterns at various stages of loading. Then, the hydraulic fracturing process inside a rock specimen is numerically simulated. Three coupled processes are considered: (1) mechanical deformation of the solid medium induced by the fluid pressure acting on the fracture surfaces and the rock skeleton, (2) fluid flow within the fracture, and (3) propagation of the fracture. The numerically simulated results show that the fractures from a vertical wellbore propagate in the maximum principal stress direction without branching, turning, and twisting in the case of a large difference in the magnitude of the far-field stresses. Otherwise, the fracture initiates in a non-preferred direction and plane then turns and twists during propagation to become aligned with the preferred direction and plane. This pattern of fracturing is common when the rock formation contains multiple layers with different material properties. In addition, local heterogeneity of the rock matrix and macro-scale stress fluctuations due to the variability of material properties can cause the branching, turning, and twisting of fractures.     

热应力影响下干热岩水压致裂数值模拟

干热岩水压致裂过程中低温诱导热应力与注入水压共同影响裂缝的萌生与扩展。首先通过THM耦合分析了低温压裂液注入过程中注入水压与热应力的相互作用及其对裂缝萌生的影响,随后建立描述岩石细观结构的THMD耦合模型对热应力影响下高温岩石水压致裂过程进行初探。结果表明：低温压裂液注入高温岩石产生的热应力包括岩石自身温度梯度形成的热应力与岩石颗粒非均匀膨胀导致的热应力,并在井筒周围呈现为拉应力。高注入压力将抑制热应力导致的多裂缝萌生,井筒附近热应力的存在对注入压力也具有削弱作用。基岩温度升高,裂缝萌生阶段更多裂缝在井筒附近起裂,缝网沿最大地应力方向的扩展速度减慢,但改造规模增加,同时多裂缝的存在也使得裂缝延伸压力增加。     

危岩水力劈裂分析的扩展有限元法

危岩是三峡库区典型的地质灾害类型之一,而主控结构面受荷断裂扩展是危岩发育成灾的关键核心。将危岩主控结构面类比为宏观裂纹,利用扩展有限元法在模拟裂纹扩展方面的优势,基于考虑裂纹面水压力作用的虚功原理推导出了采用扩展有限元法分析水力劈裂问题的控制方程,给出了危岩主控结构面水力劈裂问题的扩展有限元实现方法,对重庆万州太白岩危岩主控结构面的水力劈裂进行了数值模拟分析。计算结果表明：暴雨是威胁危岩稳定性的最敏感因素,随着裂隙水压力上升,裂端拉应力会急剧升高,危岩的稳定性降低;I型裂纹扩展是危岩主要的结构面扩展形式,结构面一旦发生开裂,将处于非稳定扩展状态。     

岩样密实度对水力压裂特征参数的影响研究

为研究水力压裂在不同致密程度岩样中的压裂效果及其流固耦合作用机理，制作了不同密实度的两种重塑样，利用真密度测试仪、声波测试系统分别测定了两种试样的孔隙比例、声波大小，并结合三轴加载水力压裂监测系统，模拟一定地层压力条件下不同密实度试样的水力压裂试验。分析不同孔隙度下声波试验获得的声波数据得出:试验制得的试样致密程度不同，孔隙大的试样密实度较小，波速大小与试样密实度呈正相关；水力压裂试验中，致密试样的裂缝扩展方向与最大主应力平行。水压曲线变化趋势为:低密实度时，达到峰值压力的时间较峰后段持续时间短，高密实度试样则相反；低密实度试样的破裂压力值低于水力压裂缝内水压曲线的峰值，高密实度试样两压力值相当。结合高、低密实度试样的分析并进行高密实度试样的无围压试验可以得出:较小的流量变化对致密度较大的试样裂缝扩展方向影响较小，说明其渗流作用较弱。应力集中效应在无围压的试样和低密实度试样均表现明显，这说明，水力压裂试验中应力集中现象在低密实度试样中表现明显，这与其渗流作用较强有关，水力压裂渗流作用与注液流量正相关，在低密实度试样表现显著。     

深部开采底板岩体卸荷损伤的强扰动危险性分析

为研究深部高应力岩体强烈的卸荷效应扰动底板破坏并诱发突水的危险性,根据卸荷力学理论,研究了深部开采卸荷对底板扰动破坏的影响,运用离散元软件计算了深部开采底板卸荷损伤的强扰动特征,基于三轴卸荷试验及损伤因子概念推导了卸荷量与损伤因子的关系,获得了底板岩体卸荷的扩展破坏条件,划分了底板卸荷扰动分区,分析了深部开采底板岩体卸荷损伤破坏的强扰动危险性。结果表明：随采深增加,底板卸荷起点及卸荷应力增加,卸荷量却降低,而深部开采较小的卸荷量便造成底板严重损伤破坏;岩体卸荷量越大,卸荷速率、位移量及渗透系数越高,越易致其扩展破坏;裂隙倾角及水平应力与垂直应力比值越小,越易满足底板岩体卸荷的扩展破坏条件。     

岩石边坡裂隙渗流的流形元模拟

为了能够更好地考虑裂隙渗流在岩石边坡破坏中的作用,在考虑裂纹扩展的数值流形方法程序基础上,从最小势能原理出发,阐述了渗流与变形的耦合作用机理并推导了相应的耦合方程,在程序中实现了对渗流与断裂的模拟。最后利用该程序对含初始裂隙的岩石边坡在渗流作用下的破坏过程进行了模拟。模拟结果很好地再现了边坡在渗流作用下的实际破坏过程。同时通过对裂纹扩展过程中应力强度因子的计算发现,第一应力强度因子始终大于第二应力强度因子,且随着计算时间增加,二者的差值逐渐增大,裂纹扩展以Ⅰ型为主。     

含裂隙煤层底板突水规律的数值模拟与工程应用

本文结合淮北杨庄矿某工作面实际工程情况, 利用NCAP-2D-W对煤层底板突水进行多方案的数值模拟试验研究。主要内容包括:(1) 考虑在承压水不变的条件下,设计不同裂隙分布状态,探讨单裂隙、多裂隙、不同长度裂隙对煤层底板破坏的影响及开采矿压对裂隙顶部破坏的影响;(2) 考虑承压水的变化,分别考虑单裂隙和多裂隙两种分布状态,探讨裂隙对煤层底板破坏的影响及开采矿压对裂隙底部破坏的影响。通过分析受采动荷载、岩层结构变化、煤层底板中裂隙分布状态及承压水变化等因素影响的数值试验,获得了随开采工作面不断推进煤层底板破坏区的发展、突水导升高度的递增、突水通道的形成等相关规律。     

断层影响下的页岩气储层水力压裂模拟研究

断层对页岩气储层压裂改造有重要影响,甚至诱发深部地震事件和近地表环境问题.本文采用多物理场耦合方法,基于渗流和应力耦合理论,研究储层水力压裂过程中断层以及封闭顶板中水力破坏区域的产生与演化机理,并分析讨论流体沿高渗通道运移扩散机理,研究结果表明:(1)断层改变储层水力破坏区域形态并且扩展了水力压裂破坏空间.较高注水压力...     

岩石边坡渗流破坏的数值流形方法模拟

通过对岩石边坡中的裂隙水对岩石边坡裂隙作用的力学原理进行分析的基础上,提出了数值流形方法中对裂隙水渗流作用的计算方法,并在原有考虑裂纹扩展的数值流形方法程序中加入了考虑裂隙渗流的子程序。最后利用综合考虑渗流与断裂的数值流形方法程序对含初始裂隙的岩石边坡在渗流作用下的破坏过程进行了模拟。模拟结果再现了原始裂隙在渗流作用下的扩展路径及所形成的切割块体在自重作用下的运动过程,与边坡的实际破坏模式基本一致。     

高渗压条件下压剪岩石裂纹断裂损伤演化机制研究

探讨了高渗透压作用下压剪岩石裂纹的起裂规律及分支裂纹尖端应力强度因子的演变规律,建立了高渗压下裂隙岩体发生拉剪破坏的临界水压力值和初裂强度判据,分析了不同渗压作用下裂纹的扩展情况表明,渗透压的存在加剧了分支裂纹的扩展,高渗透压作用下分支裂纹扩展由稳定扩展变成不稳定扩展,并导致分支裂纹尖端岩桥剪切破坏,同时考虑分支裂纹的相互作用,建立了高渗透压作用下压剪岩石裂纹体岩桥剪切贯通的断裂破坏力学模型,最后依据裂隙岩体的损伤力学效应研究了岩体的初始损伤及损伤演化柔度张量,提出了高渗压下压剪岩石裂纹渐进破坏的损伤演化方程。该理论为定量研究高渗压下裂隙岩体的失稳破坏提供了理论依据。     

受煤层底板承压水威胁的煤层开采安全性分析

从分析煤层底板的裂隙分布出发,建立裂隙岩体的渗流模型,然后应用该模型分析得到的渗流场,采用考虑渗流软化效应的弹塑性有限元方法,分析了煤层开采过程中煤层底板破坏状态,为受煤层安全开采的提供了依据.     

Study on Breakdown Pressure in Hydraulic Fracturing Process of Hard Rock Based on Numerical Simulation

Pre-conditioning by hydraulic fracturing is a vital work in block caving mining of hard-rock metal mine, and breakdown pressure is one of the important parameters in rock hydraulic fracturing process, which determines the equipment selection and job-parameter control. Based on numerical simulation method, a pre-holed cylindrical hard rock sample was built for simulation of hydraulic fracturing process to investigate the effect of stress condition, rock properties and water injection rate on breakdown pressure. The results show that the breakdown pressure is increased with the confining stress, and the breakdown pressure is 2.28 times confining stress based on rock tension strength. The variation of rock tension strength affects the breakdown pressure and a positive linear relation exists. Pre-formed notch could obviously reduce the breakdown pressure and control the orientation of hydraulic fracture. And the borehole diameter has a reverse influence on rock breakdown pressure.