龙涧泉岩溶水系统特征

文章以地下水系统理论为指导,对龙涧泉岩溶水系统的边界条件、人工干预条件下地下水动力场演化特征等方面进行了系统的研究。根据区域地质、构造、地形地貌和水文地质条件,探究了龙涧泉岩溶水系统,圈定了系统的范围、边界性质、流动系统内部及其与外部系统之间的关系,确定龙涧泉为系统的唯一天然排泄口,龙涧泉岩溶水系统与白浪岩溶水系统无直接水力联系。龙涧泉岩溶水系统岩溶水补给来源主要是大气降水、河流入渗及侧向径流补给,现状条件下总补给量为864.42万m3/a,多年平均补给量为836.81万m3/a;排泄主要是水源地开采和矿山排水,现状开采量为4 117.2万m3/a。由于开采量大于允许开采量,并超过了总补给量,区内岩溶水一直处于超采状态。2004—2008年矿区岩溶水实测年均下降1.61 m/a,多年（1984—2008）水位平均降幅为5.68 m/a,最大降幅17.42 m/a。此外还讨论了岩溶水系统的补给、排泄条件,提出了龙涧泉岩溶水开发、保护、复泉与管理龙涧泉岩溶水系统的建议。      

昆明翠湖九龙池泉群断流原因及恢复措施

九龙池岩溶水系统分布于昆明盆地北部,岩溶含水层由蛇山裸露岩溶山区延伸至盆地底部松散土层覆盖区,在翠湖一带因上覆松散盖层薄,下游存在碎屑岩地层阻水,使地下水位壅高呈股状溢出地表,形成九龙池泉群。九龙池泉群是翠湖的源泉,也是滇池水源之一。九龙池泉群的断流,反映出滇池水环境的急剧变化。通过20世纪60年代以来地下水观测资料的分析研究,结合钻井开采地下水、工程开挖疏排地下水、地下水补给山区石漠化演化等对比评价,得出不合理的人类开发建设活动是导致九龙池泉群断流的主要原因。封停开采井、人防工程封闭止水、调水入滇池等直接或间接的措施,已经取得了明显的效果,使泉群周围地区地下水位呈现持续上升的态势。      

中国西北干旱区多级洼地地下水环境同位素分布特征及指示意义

研究区位于西北干旱区,有两级储水洼地,地下水由山区侧向补给一级洼地,一级洼地通过泉水排泄地下水继而补给二级洼地,同时大气降水直接入渗、洪流间接入渗补给各储水洼地。通过氢氧同位素比例公式计算得到一级洼地大气降水占总补给量60%,其中直接补给量约占21%,山区洪流补给量约占79%,另外,山前侧向补给占40%;二级洼地降水补给量占38%,上游泉水补给量占62%。通过氚值指示,二级洼地不受现代降水影响;活塞流与全混合模型计算得到一级洼地浅层孔隙水平均年龄为32～60 a。     

Quantity and location of groundwater recharge in the Sacramento Mountains,south-central New Mexico (USA), and their relation to the adjacent Roswell Artesian Basin

The Sacramento Mountains and the adjacent Roswell Artesian Basin, in south-central New Mexico (USA), comprise a regional hydrologic system, wherein recharge in the mountains ultimately supplies water to the confined basin aquifer. Geologic, hydrologic, geochemical, and climatologic data were used to delineate the area of recharge in the southern Sacramento Mountains. The water-table fluctuation and chloride mass-balance methods were used to quantify recharge over a range of spatial and temporal scales. Extrapolation of the quantitative recharge estimates to the entire Sacramento Mountains region allowed comparison with previous recharge estimates for the northern Sacramento Mountains and the Roswell Artesian Basin. Recharge in the Sacramento Mountains is estimated to range from 159.86?×?10⁶ to 209.42?×?10⁶ m³/year. Both the location of recharge and range in estimates is consistent with previous work that suggests that ~75 % of the recharge to the confined aquifer in the Roswell Artesian Basin has moved downgradient through the Yeso Formation from distal recharge areas in the Sacramento Mountains. A smaller recharge component is derived from infiltration of streamflow beneath the major drainages that cross the Pecos Slope, but in the southern Sacramento Mountains much of this water is ultimately derived from spring discharge. Direct recharge across the Pecos Slope between the mountains and the confined basin aquifer is much smaller than either of the other two components.     

利用环境同位素识别酒泉-张掖盆地地下水补给和水流系统

详细了解干旱区地下水的补给机制对地下水资源管理来说是非常重要的,天然环境同位素在过去的40年里广泛应用于解决有关地下水补给、流动等问题。笔者通过分析酒泉-张掖盆地水的环境同位素变化特征,识别地下水的补给和流动.研究结果表明,酒泉-张掖盆地地下水的补给源主要来自山区出山河流,补给发生在祁连山前戈壁带,在山前冲积扇带地下水主要为1963年以来的快速补给,而部分深部地下水为1952年以前补给。同时,环境同位素指示盆地存在深部区域流系统和浅部局域流系统,酒泉盆地和张掖盆地之间不存在明显的水力联系。该研究不仅对黑河流域地下水的开发管理有着重要意义,对我国西北类似的内陆盆地地下水的开发管理有着借鉴意义。     

山底河流域煤矿酸性矿井水野外监测

酸性矿井水在我国鲁西南、山西、内蒙、云南和贵州等煤矿区普遍存在,酸性矿井水其pH往往在2~5之间,高SO₄2?、HB、TDS、Fe、Mn。这些物质进入地下水、地表水或土壤后,会对其造成严重危害。文章选择山西阳泉市典型废弃煤矿区山底河流域为研究区,通过水文地质调查,水文地质钻探,水文地质剖面等方法阐述山底流域地层岩性,水文地质条件概况,得出受煤矿开采影响,与天然条件下相比山底河流域的地表水和地下水的补给、径流、排泄条件均发生了根本变化。补给通过破坏产生的导水裂隙带运移,以垂向运动为主;径流通过坑道,导水裂隙带运移,以横向运动为主;排泄以矿坑排水和泉水溢出方式为主。并简述山底河流域煤矿酸性矿井水试验站观测站分布情况与水化学特征。      

北京延庆县松山温泉的特征与成因

松山温泉位于北京市延庆县松山森林公园内,附近为燕山期花岗岩,岩体裂隙较发育。在该温泉附近施工的2个钻孔自流热水。温泉及其附近自流孔热水水温为32~42 ℃,主要阳离子为Na⁺、K⁺和Ca²⁺,主要阴离子为SO₄^2-、HCO^-3和Cl^-,水化学类型为SO₄-Na型;热水矿化度为0.548~0.566 g/L,pH值为9.14~9.21,H₂SiO₃含量为87.1~97.1 mg/L,F^-含量为19.0~20.8 mg/L。氢、氧同位素资料表明,研究区地下热水来源于大气降水;估算的补给高程为1 256~1 351 m,补给区温度为4.4~8.8 ℃,热水年龄为14.19~48.95 a,地下热储温度为114~119 ℃,热水循环深度为2 236~2 274 m。松山温泉为花岗岩中地下水在山区获得大气降水入渗补给后,在经历深循环过程中获得深部热流加热后上升在山坡上出露形成的温泉。     

Hydrological modeling in the karst area,Rižana spring catchment,Slovenia

Karst aquifers are known for their heterogeneity and irregular complex flow patterns which make them more difficult to model and demand specific modeling approaches. This paper presents one such approach which is based on a conceptual model. The model was applied in a karst area of the catchment of Rižana spring (200 km2). It is based on the MIKE SHE code and incorporates the main hydrological processes and geological features of the karst aquifer (diffuse and concentrated infiltration, allogenic recharge, quick and slow groundwater flow, shifting groundwater divides and groundwater outflow from the catchment area). Modeling of evapotranspiration and flow in the upper part of the unsaturated zone is more detailed. For the modeling of groundwater flow in the karst aquifer, a conceptual model was applied which uses drainage function for the simulation of groundwater flow through large conduits (karst channels and large fissures). The model was calibrated and validated against the observed Rižana spring discharge which represents a measured response of the aquifer. The results of validation show that the model is able to adequately simulate temporal evolution of the spring discharge, measured by Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient (0.82) as well as overall water balance.     

黑河流域水资源转化特征及其变化规律

黑河流域水资源主要以冰雪水资源、 地表水资源与地下水资源的形式存在.上游祁连山区分布有现代冰川428条, 发育大小河流共计29条, 多年平均出山径流量37.83×10⁸m³·a^-1; 中下游走廊平原由松散沉积的第四系盆地组成, 接受出山河水及引灌河水的入渗补给, 是地表水资源的重复表现形式, 地下水补给量为25.637×10⁸m³·a^-1.受构造-地貌条件的制约, 自南部山区至北部盆地, 地下水与河水之间经过5个不同地带有规律的、 大数量的、 重复的转化过程, 形成完整统一的"山区地下水-出山地表水-中游盆地地下水-中游盆地地表水(泉水)-下游盆地地下水"水资源循环转化系统.     

环境同位素在北京平谷盆地山前侧向补给研究中的应用

利用地下水水化学和同位素测试分析成果,结合区域地质、水文地质条件研究了平谷北山山区侧向补给情况和中桥水源地地区第四系松散孔隙水和下伏岩溶水关系。结果表明：研究区第四系松散孔隙水和基岩岩溶地下水均来源于大气降水,地下水化学类型均为HCO-3-Ca2+?Mg2+ 型;平谷北山山前基岩岩溶水侧向补给平原区第四系松散孔隙水和下伏岩溶地下水;通过D值估算得到中桥水源地第四系浅层地下水的山区岩溶水侧向补给和垂向降水入渗补给比例为57：43;中桥水源地基岩岩溶水接受山区岩溶水侧向补给和第四系孔隙水垂向越流补给比例为87：13。研究成果为平谷地区地下水资源量评价和地下水动力场数值模型的建设提供了关键参数,为区域地下水的合理开采和有序回补涵养提供了科学依据。     

Recharge sources and hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater in semiarid and karstic environments: A field study in the Granada Basin (Southern Spain)

The objective of this study is to refine the understanding of recharge processes in watersheds representative for karstic semiarid areas by means of stable isotope analysis and hydrogeochemistry. The study focuses on the Granada aquifer system which is located in an intramontane basin bounded by high mountain ranges providing elevation differences of almost 2900 m. These altitude gradients lead to important temperature and precipitation gradients and provide excellent conditions for the application of stable isotopes of water whose composition depends mainly on temperature. Samples of rain, snow, surface water and groundwater were collected at 154 locations for stable isotope studies (δ¹⁸O, D) and, in the case of ground- and surface waters, also for major and minor ion analysis. Thirty-seven springs were sampled between 2 and 5 times from October 2004 to March 2005 along an altitudinal gradient from 552 masl in the Granada basin to 2156 masl in Sierra Nevada. Nine groundwater samples were taken from the discharge of operating wells in the Granada basin which are all located between 540 and 728 masl. The two main rivers were monitored every 2–3 weeks at three different altitudes. Rainfall being scarce during the sampling period, precipitation could only be sampled during four rainfall events. Calculated recharge altitudes of springs showed that source areas of mainly snowmelt recharge are generally located between 1600 and 2000 masl. The isotope compositions of spring water indicate water sources from the western Mediterranean as well as from the Atlantic without indicating a seasonal trend. The isotope pattern of the Quaternary aquifer reflects the spatial separation of different sources of recharge which occur mainly by bankfiltration of the main rivers. Isotopic signatures in the southeastern part of the aquifer indicate a considerable recharge contribution by subsurface flow discharged from the adjacent carbonate aquifer. No evaporation effects due to agricultural irrigation were detected.     

云南勐海县勐阿街温泉水化学和同位素特征及成因

勐阿街温泉地处云南西南部勐阿盆地,现主要有4个温泉出露点,在澜沧江断裂带西侧沿NW向小型断裂磨刀河—曼懂断裂带出露。地下热储带分布于华力西期—印支期的中酸性侵入岩中,热水富集在花岗岩断裂破碎带及断裂交汇位置。温泉近20年来主要成分未发生较大变化,温泉矿化度较低（0.31~0.34 g/L）,水化学类型为HCO3—Na型,为中低温、弱碱性温泉。热水中F-含量为12.8~13.2 mg/L,H2SiO3含量为52.5~67.6 mg/L,含有锂、锶、钨等微量元素。温泉水化学类型成因为含CO2的地下水对花岗岩体发生溶滤作用而形成,F-含量高可能是由于溶解了花岗岩中含氟的黑云母,H2SiO3含量较高的原因是温泉水与含硅酸盐岩的岩石发生大面积接触溶滤作用。氢氧稳定同位素组成表明勐阿街温泉的补给水源为大气降水,并具有轻微的18O漂移现象,表明水与围岩的氧同位素交换程度较高,热储温度较高。用同位素方法估算温泉的补给区高程在1 200 m左右,补给温度约为10 ℃,推测温泉水源主要来自勐阿街盆地周围山地的大气降水,计算得热储温度为93~104 ℃。勐阿街温泉成因为其周围山区大气降水入渗补给后,经历深循环受大地热流加热后,沿断裂带上升出露成泉。热水在上升途中与浅部冷水相遇,冷水混合比例52%~76%,热水循环深度为3 000~3 360 m。     

GIS and SBF for estimating groundwater recharge of a mountainous basin in the Wu River watershed,Taiwan

The temporal and spatial distributions of precipitation are extremely uneven; so, careful management of water resources in Taiwan is crucial. The long-term overexploitation of groundwater resources poses a challenge to water resource management in Taiwan. However, assessing groundwater resources in mountainous basins is challenging due to limited information. In this study, a geographic information system (GIS) and stable base-flow (SBF) techniques were used to assess the characteristics of groundwater recharge considering the Wu River watershed in central Taiwan as a study area. First, a GIS approach was used to integrate five contributing factors: lithology, land cover/land use, lineaments, drainage, and slope. The weights of factors contributing to the groundwater recharge were obtained from aerial photos, geological maps, a land use database, and field verification. Second, the SBF was used to estimate the groundwater recharge in a mountainous basin scale. The concept of the SBF technique was to separate the base-flow from the total streamflow discharge in order to obtain a measure of groundwater recharge. The SBF technique has the advantage of integrating groundwater recharge across an entire basin without complex hydro-geologic modelling and detailed knowledge of the soil characteristics. In this study, our approach for estimating recharge provides not only an estimate of how much water becomes groundwater, but also explains the characteristics of a potential groundwater recharge zone.     

云南省岩溶水赋存特征

云南省岩溶水赋存特征,从宏观到微观层面主要表现为:高原面上总体岩溶含水层的富水性比较均匀,其中的汇水型岩溶断陷盆地内,岩溶含水层特征等同于多孔介质。高原面边缘、河谷斜坡地带岩溶含水层的富水性极不均匀,其中在汇水—径流型岩溶断陷盆地内,上游部分富水性比较均匀,靠近下游转换带及其以下溶洞管道区富水性极不均匀。在一个完整的水文地质单元内,饱水带水位埋深基本接近集中排泄点的水位。通常,补给区实质上主要是透水层;径流区基本具备含水层的特征;排泄区方形成了名副其实的含水层。特定的微地貌组合形式,能够反映岩溶水的运动、赋存特征,应注意调查研究。      

从水文地球化学角度研究鄂尔多斯盆地南区白垩系地下水的排泄途径

主要从水文地球化学的角度,以鄂尔多斯盆地白于山以南地区白垩系地下水的水化学水平分带和地表水基流水化学特征为主要依据,结合地质构造格局及岩相古地理条件,分析研究了该区白垩系地下水的补、径、排条件。认为该区白垩系地下水水化学场存在一个由东、北、西南向中部的水平分带,愈向盆地中部水质愈复杂、TDS愈高。马莲河基流水质的沿途变化规律反映出其接受东西两侧地下水的补给。说明鄂尔多斯盆地南区的东部地区和西南部地区为地下水补给区,而中心地带为地下水排泄区,最终经马莲河排出区外。天环向斜轴部和马莲河谷是南区汇集东西两侧地下水的排泄通道。     

滇西陇川断陷盆地地热水化学特征及循环过程

通过对陇川盆地开展地热地质调查,查清其地热资源分布:盆地内共出露地热点11处,热储结构类型为带状型和层状型,盆地中部为层状型,两侧盆地边缘为带状型,其中北西部受断裂控制明显,南东部受节理裂隙控制明显。其储热层为变质岩及新近系芒棒组的花岗质砂砾岩、细砂岩;地热水受大气降水影响明显,循环深度都在1 600 m以上,大部分在1 800~2 400 m之间,主要来源于深部热源,通过断裂、裂隙及砂砾石孔隙作为导水、储水上涌通道,接收来自山区补给的地下水混合出露于地表,补给距离在1.5 km以上,如南宛河温泉温度最高,地下水循环深度最深,补给距离最远,达10 km;盆地北东和西部水温高,循环深度深。      

Water balance and water quality in the Çürüksu basin, western Turkey

The purpose of this study is to determine the hydrological properties, groundwater potential, and water quality of the Çürüksu basin, western Turkey, and to contribute to the efforts of providing an adequate water supply for the city of Denizli. To achieve these objectives, the study consisted of mapping the geology and hydrogeology, determining the water balance, and defining the water quality. The basement rock units in the study area include several impervious metamorphic rock types and Mesozoic karstic limestone, which are overlain by Oligocene fluvial and lacustrine strata, Pliocene travertine and limestone, and Quaternary alluvium. The karstic limestone and the travertine and limestone strata constitute potential aquifers in the Çürüksu basin. The discharge regimes of the 22 springs in the two basins show little change through the year. The flow systems of the springs also have a large storage capacity and drainage occurs very slowly. The discharge of the springs does not appear to be affected immediately by monthly variations in precipitation. According to the water balance, the precipitation in the Çürüksu basin cannot provide all of the measured surface runoff. Excess runoff is 2?m3?s–1 in the Çürüksu basin, and in the adjacent Gökp?nar basin the deficit in surface runoff is also 2?m3?s–1. Thus, the underground catchment area of the springs extends beyond the surface drainage area of the Çürüksu basin. Although the P?narba??, Kazanp?nar, and Böceli springs emerge from the karstic limestone aquifer in the Çürüksu basin, these springs are fed from the adjacent Gökp?nar basin. The spring waters emerging from karstic limestone are fresh, of the calcium bicarbonate type, soft, and potable. The spring waters emerging from the travertine and limestone aquifer are low-temperature, brackish, of the calcium sulfate type, very hard, and not potable but useful for the irrigation. The occurrences of coal strata and hydrothermal activity have caused some deterioration of groundwater quality.     

昆明市黑龙潭岩溶泉氢氧稳定同位素分析

黑龙潭位于昆明市北缘的五老山山麓,沿黑龙潭东支断裂带出露地表,该区分布三个岩溶泉,分别是:清水潭、浑水潭、小水潭,文章运用氢氧稳定同位素方法对它们进行连续的观测研究。通过对大气降水和泉水氢氧稳定同位素特征进行分析,揭示研究区岩溶泉水的来源及泉域含水层特征。得出以下结论:（1）通过大气降水δ18O -δD 关系建立当地大气降水线,大气降水线和泉水的稳定同位素分析表明泉水来源于大气降水,而且主要来源于夏季降水。（2）高斯混合模型分析结果表明,清水潭的补给不仅来源于野猫山地区,还包括径流过程中的入渗补给,而且入渗补给量并不小。浑水潭旱雨两季补给类型有所区别。小水潭除受北部二叠系灰岩含水层补给之外,很有可能也受东北部玄武岩山地的孔洞裂隙水补给。      

前陆、前陆盆地和前陆盆地系统

前陆是指与造山带相毗连的构造相对稳定地区，造山带的岩石向着它俯冲成掩覆，可分为三种类型，即曾为被动型大陆边缘的（Ⅰ型），曾与沟－弧系有关的（Ⅱ型）和陆内造山带前方的（Ⅲ型）。前陆盆地为沿造山带前陆区分布的线状压性深坳陷，可分为周缘前陆盆地，弧后前陆盆地和陆内前陆盆地三种类型。前陆盆地系统是一个沿造山带分布的长条状的潜在沉积可容空间，可划分为楔顶，前渊，前隆和隆后等4个部分。     

浅析开采条件下地下热水资源的演变

地下热水的分布可以分为埋藏型(或盆地型)和出露型(或温泉型).埋藏型分布于沉积盆地深处,热储层规模大,有较大的储存资源,但补给资源极为有限或缺乏,开采地下热水主要是消耗储存资源,可导致热水系统水位持续下降.出露型多见于山区,地下热水以温泉的方式出露地表,其储存资源和补给资源均有限,在温泉附近开采热水可导致温泉流量减小直至干涸,热水系统水位、水温也会持续下降.在某些特定条件下在温泉附近打成的自流孔可使地下热水资源量有所增加.温泉的自封闭作用可使其流量减少.