Research of environmental archaeology(preliminary) in Nenjiang River Basin since Neolithic age
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摘要:
嫩江流域孕育的昂昂溪文化是新石器时代中国北方"渔猎文化"的代表文化。文章对昂昂溪文化的典型代表遗址——洪河遗址附近3 m的自然沉积物剖面进行植硅体分析、粒度分析和烧失量测定，探讨了新石器时代以来嫩江流域人类活动的环境背景及昂昂溪"渔猎文化"走向衰亡的原因。结果表明，洪河剖面植硅体主要来自于禾本科植物，并以早熟禾亚科（C3植物）为主，剖面沉积物主要由嫩江冲积砂经风力吹扬、搬运、堆积而成。嫩江流域文化的空间分布和时间演替，在受到人类活动影响的同时，也与自然环境有密切的关系。在7024~3820 cal. a B.P.期间，嫩江流域气候温暖湿润，适宜人类生存繁衍，孕育了典型的昂昂溪"渔猎文化"；在4000 cal. a B.P.左右，气候呈现逐渐变冷干的趋势，同时昂昂溪文化也逐渐衰落；3820~1000 cal. a B.P.期间，气候持续冷干，导致部分居民离开昂昂溪地区沿嫩江逐渐向更加温暖的下游迁移以寻找更为适宜的栖息地，昂昂溪文化逐渐被取代；1000 cal. a B.P.以来，人类活动频繁，土地沙漠化日趋严重。
Abstract:The Nenjiang River Basin(44°02'~50°36'N, 119°12'~127°54'E) located in the eastern of Daxing'anling Mountains, northwest of the Northeast Plain, China. Many cultural sites since the Neolithic in the Nenjiang River Basin provide plenty materials for studying environmental change and ancient human activities in the region. The Angangxi Culture in the Nenjiang River Basin is the representative culture of "Fishing and Hunting culture" in northern China.
Honghe Neolithic site lies on the right bank of the middle reaches of Nenjiang River, Tsitsihar City, Heilongjiang Province, in Northeast China. It is a representative site of Angangxi Culture. The studied natural sediment profile(47°07'50"N, 123°37'08"E) is located to the northwest of the Honghe Neolithic site. We sampled a 3 m sequence and thirty samples were collected at 10-cm intervals from the bottom to the top, numbered sequentially from QH1~QH30. The profile was divided into four layers based on sediment color and deposition characteristics. Detailed information about the sediment composition of the profile is given in Fig.3. The chronological sequence was determined by AMS 14C dating. The vegetation at the site consists mainly of Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae, Asteraceae, Ulmus, Salix and Brassicaceae. We conducted phytolith analysis, grain size analysis and LOI measurement, combined with archaeological articles, to explore the environmental background of human activities in the Nenjiang River Basin since Neolithic Age and find the reasons for the decline of Angangxi "fishing and hunting Neolithic culture".
The results of phytolith analysis showed that the phytoliths in the Honghe profile were mainly rondel, elongate, lanceolate and trapeziform and the vegetation was dominated by Pooideae(C3 plants). The results of grain size analysis showed that the sediments of the Honghe profile are mainly composed of the alluvial sands from Nenjiang River, which were transported by wind. During 7024~3820 cal.a B.P., the climate was warm and wet. It was suitable for humans to survive and the Angangxi Culture was flourished. During 3820~1000 cal.a B.P., integrated the multi-proxy results show that the climate was gradually becoming cold and dry, while the Angangxi culture was gradually declining at around 4000 cal.a B.P. The archaeological data proved that there are progressive and evolutionary relationship between the remains of the Angangxi Culture and the Baijinbao Culture in Nenjiang River Basin. It is undeniably that the spatial distribution and temporal succession of different cultures in the Nenjiang River Basin were influenced by economy, war and surrounding culture. Therefore, it is speculated that the continuous cold and dry climate prompted the residents leaved the Angangxi region and migrated to the downstream of the Nenjiang River, looking for a warmer and more suitable habitat to survive. The Angangxi Culture in the middle reaches of the Nenjiang River gradually disappeared, replaced by Xiaolaha Culture and Baijinbao Culture. Since 1000 cal.a B.P., The environment was dry and the land desertification became increasingly serious due to the excessive influence of human activities.
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图 1
嫩江中游洪河剖面位置示意图
Figure 1.
The location of Honghe profile in the middle reaches of Nenjiang River
图 3
洪河剖面植硅体百分含量、植硅体指数、植硅体浓度及烧失量变化图谱
Figure 3.
The percentage, the index and the concentration of phytolith and LOI for Honghe profile
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