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摘要: 利用反射声场探测井外地质构造的声波远探测方法已逐渐成为石油测井的一门重要应用技术.在远探测测井中声源常采用单极、偶极和四极等.为了考察各种声学辐射器的辐射性能,本文从辐射声场和井孔声场的能流密度出发,提出了一种利用辐射器向井外辐射的能量与沿井筒传播的能量比的大小来评价其辐射效率的方法,考察了不同声源激发的沿井传播的导波能流、地层辐射波能流及声源辐射效率随频率的变化规律.计算结果表明:不同声源的辐射效率和优势激发频段各不相同.单极声源在低频下的辐射效率很低,因为此时声源激发的能量几乎全部被斯通利波带走,相比之下,偶极声源在低频时的辐射效率远大于单极声源.本文的结果说明了偶极声源作为低频远探测声源要优于单极声源.Abstract: With growing needs in oil and gas exploration and development, sing-well acoustic imaging has recently emerged as an important geophysical well-logging technology to detect geologic structures several tens of meters away from boreholes. This technology uses a logging tool to radiate and receive acoustic waves to and from the geologic structure for imaging, significantly broadening the measurement scope of well-logging technology.#br#The acoustic waveform data from the borehole imaging survey is strongly influenced by radiation characteristics of the borehole acoustic source and the efficiency of the source to radiate acoustic energy out into the formation. A particular property of borehole radiation is that, besides radiating energy into the formation, the source excites guided waves propagating along the borehole, greatly reducing the efficiency of the borehole radiator. Thus a systematic study is needed to analyze the radiation efficiency of the borehole source for single-well imaging application. In this study, we investigate the radiation property of various borehole sources, including monopole, dipole, and quadrupole sources. We first calculate the source-generated energy flow along the borehole and the energy flow away from the borehole into the formation. The ratio of the latter flow relative to the former defines the radiation efficiency of the borehole source. The higher the efficiency, the more easily the source can radiate acoustic energy into the formation.#br#Our analysis results show that the energy flow characteristics and radiation efficiency are strongly frequency-dependent and are distinctly different for various types of sources. In the low-frequency range below a few kilohertz, the monopole source is dominated by the Stoneley waves along borehole and the radiation efficiency is very low. With increasing frequency, pseudo-Rayleigh waves are generated while Stoneley waves are greatly reduced, and the radiation efficiency attains a peak value around 10 kHz, which is also the nominal frequency of modern monopole logging tools. For a dipole source, the energy flow along the borehole is carried by borehole flexural waves. The radiation energy flow is carried by P, SV and SH waves, but is dominated by the contribution from SH waves. In the low-frequency range, the radiation efficiency of the dipole source is much greater than the monopole source and reaches a peak value around 4 kHz. The quadrupole source characteristics are similar to those of the dipole source, except that the quadrupole radiation efficiency reaches its peak in a higher frequency range around 7 kHz. #br#In this paper, we investigate the radiation characteristics and efficiency of various borehole acoustic sources. Our theoretical results can provide a useful reference for the design and development of a single-well imaging acoustic tool.
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Key words:
- Multipole source /
- Borehole radiator /
- Guided wave /
- Acoustic energy flux /
- Radiation efficiency
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