| 我国云降水物理飞机观测研究进展 |
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| 引用本文： | 郭学良, 付丹红, 郭欣, 等. 我国云降水物理飞机观测研究进展. 应用气象学报, 2021, 32(6): 641-652.DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210601. |
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| 作者姓名： | 郭学良 付丹红 郭欣 方春刚 |
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| 作者单位： | 1.中国科学院大气物理研究所, 北京 100029;2.北京市人工影响天气中心, 北京 100089;3.中国气象局云雾物理环境重点开放实验室, 北京 100081 |
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| 摘 要： | 飞机观测是云中粒子相态、分布和转化特征的重要探测技术。我国云降水物理飞机观测开始于20世纪60年代,经过60多年的发展,在飞机平台、机载测量技术、云微物理结构和降水形成机制认识等方面均取得了长足进步。发现积层混合云中对流泡区具有更高的过冷水含量,凇附增长起重要作用,符合“播撒-供给”降水形成机制,而在层云区,当云厚度较小时,过冷水含量很少,冰雪晶的凝华、聚并增长起主导作用,并不符合“播撒-供给”降水形成机制,而当云厚度较大时,过冷水含量较为丰富,凝华、聚并和凇附增长起主导作用,基本符合“播撒-供给”降水形成机制；我国北方冬季降雪过程的形成机制主要是凝华-聚并机制,只有在水汽非常充足、云较厚的情况下,凇附增长过程才具有重要作用。近年虽然在人工影响天气播撒效应、数值模式云物理过程验证、卫星及雷达遥感数据检验、对流云结构观测等方面也取得了一些进展,但仍较薄弱,亟待加强。
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| 关 键 词： | 云降水物理 飞机观测 降水形成机制 |
| 收稿时间： | 2021-10-04 |
| 修稿时间： | 2021-10-19 |
Advances in Aircraft Measurements of Clouds and Precipitation in China |
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| Guo Xueliang, Fu Danhong, Guo Xin, et al. Advances in aircraft measurements of clouds and precipitation in China. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2021, 32(6): 641-652. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210601. |
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| Authors: | Guo Xueliang Fu Danhong Guo Xin Fang Chungang |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029;2. Beijing Weather Modification Center, Beijing 100089;3. Key Laboratory for Cloud Physics of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081 |
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| Abstract: | Aircraft measurement is an important way in observing the phase, distribution and conversion of clouds and precipitation particles in clouds. The data of aircraft measurements are the foundation for clarifying cloud microphysical structure and precipitation formation mechanism, as well as the parameterization of cloud physical processes in numerical model. The main achievements in technology, instrument and research of aircraft measurements in China are summarized.The aircraft measurements of clouds and precipitation started in the 1960s with an airborne aluminum foil sampler in China, and then size distribution, number concentration and images were acquired with a microscope. Early in the 1980s, the particle measuring system (PMS) was firstly imported and used. After 60 years of development, China has made important advances and achievements in aircraft measurement platform, airborne measurement technology and research in cloud microphysical processes and precipitation formation mechanisms. Some important research results are summarized as follows. First, the properties of atmospheric aerosols and conversion into cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) are found to be closely related with atmospheric stratification, aerosol origins and secondary aerosol formation. The atmospheric inversion plays a critical role in the accumulation of aerosols in low levels. The secondary aerosols formed in air pollution events have low conversion rate as CCN since the aerosols are fine particles and need higher supersatuation for nucleation, and the high-level large-size dust aerosols have higher conversion rate. Second, the microphysical properties of stratiform clouds and stratiform clouds with embedded convection are closely associated not only with cloud-top temperature, water vapor content and cloud thickness, but also with the location in the high-level trough and cold/warm frontal system. The embedded convection region has more supercooled water and the riming process is critical, and the precipitation formation follows the seeder-feeder mechanism. In the thinner stratiform region, the supercooled water content is less, deposition and aggregation are dominant, and therefore the precipitation formation cannot follow the seeder-feeder mechanism. However, when clouds grow moister and thicker, the deposition, aggregation, and riming processes are dominant. Third, the microphysical formation mechanism in winter snow events in northern China are mainly due to deposition and aggregation processes. Only under the condition with plentiful water vapor and deeper cloud, the riming process is important. Aircraft measurements are important in verifying the microphysical processes in numerical model, however, the current studies are only limited in direct comparisons. The improvements of microphysical processes in a model through parameterization of aircraft measurements are very limited. In addition, aircraft measurements in convective clouds, warm-rain microphysics and applications in cloud seeding effectiveness evaluation and verification in remote sensing observational data are still insufficient. |
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| Keywords: | clouds and precipitation aircraft measurements precipitation formation mechanism |
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