FixAl及同位素方法在EGS返排液研究中的应用

doi:10.13745/j.esf.2020.1.13

地学前缘 ›› 2020, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (1): 112-122.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.2020.1.13

• 地热流体地球化学及指示意义 • 上一篇下一篇

FixAl及同位素方法在EGS返排液研究中的应用

天娇¹^,²^,³(), 庞忠和¹^,²^,³^,^*(), 张睿⁴

1.中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所; 中国科学院页岩气与地质工程重点实验室, 北京 100029
2.中国科学院地球科学研究院, 北京 100029
3.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
4.青岛盟诺学校, 山东青岛 266000

收稿日期:2019-03-29 修回日期:2019-08-30 出版日期:2020-01-20 发布日期:2020-01-20
通信作者: 庞忠和
作者简介:天娇(1990—),女,博士,主要从事地热地质方向的研究工作。E-mail: tianjiao@mail.iggcas.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41430319);国家自然科学基金项目(41902252);中国博士后科学基金面上资助项目(2018M641471);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项资助项目(XDA21050500)

The application of FixAl and isotopic methods in the study of flowback fluids from Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)

TIAN Jiao¹^,²^,³(), PANG Zhonghe¹^,²^,³^,^*(), ZHANG Rui⁴

1. Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100029, China
2. Institutions of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
4. Menaul School Qingdao, Qingdao 266000, China

Received:2019-03-29 Revised:2019-08-30 Online:2020-01-20 Published:2020-01-20
Contact: PANG Zhonghe

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

增强地热系统(EGS)是开采低渗透率热岩体中热能的技术,属于广义的地热储工程。其中,作为换热介质被注入岩体并在换热后返回地表的返排液,不仅是岩体地球化学特征的信息载体,而且其物理化学行为直接影响着EGS系统的运行效果。FixAl化学热力学模拟和水同位素十三线图解在天然水热系统评价中得到了广泛应用,对返排液研究的实用性则是文章的核心问题。文中收集了全球主要EGS项目的返排液资料,基于FixAl方法分析矿物与返排液的化学平衡状态,并计算了流体在深部的热交换温度,用同位素模型验证了EGS系统中原生卤水的驱替过程。研究结果表明,上述方法在EGS返排液研究中是适用的。此外,返排液的化学特征对EGS的指示意义还包括厘定原生卤水在返排液中所占比例,识别岩浆挥发分溶解及储层改造时的添加剂残留,预测结垢趋势和流体腐蚀性等。未来需要通过更多的实验和模拟方法深入研究返排液的化学特征,建立EGS的热-水-力-化学(THMC)耦合模型,为科学开发深层地热能提供依据。

关键词: 干热岩, 增强地热系统, 返排液, 化学特征

Abstract:

Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) is an emerging technology for exploiting the geothermal resource in hot rocks with low permeability. The flowback fluid injected into the deep reservoir to extract heat, reflects not only the physico-chemical properties of the reservoir but also efficiency of the geothermal resource exploitation. FixAl method and oxygen isotope thermometry have been used widely in natural geothermal systems. In this study, we focused on the applicability of these two methods in EGS flowback experiment. Based on flowback fluids data collected from typical EGS around the world, we evaluated chemical equilibrium states of minerals and flowback fluids and calculated underground fluids thermal exchange temperatures using FixAl method. Using isotope model we verified the mixing and displacement processes of brine. Our studies validated the usefulness of these two methods in EGS research. Moreover, we showed that the chemical characteristics of flowback fluid can be useful in determining brine content of flowback fluids, identifying dissolution of magmatic volatiles and additive residues after reservoir renovation, and predicting scaling trend or corrosiveness of fluids. Future work should focus on in-depth studies of chemical properties of flowback fluids through experiments and modeling, so as to establish a scientific evaluation model for deep geothermal resource extraction.

Key words: hot dry rock, enhanced geothermal systems, flowback fluids, chemical characteristics

中图分类号:

天娇, 庞忠和, 张睿. FixAl及同位素方法在EGS返排液研究中的应用[J]. 地学前缘, 2020, 27(1): 112-122.

TIAN Jiao, PANG Zhonghe, ZHANG Rui. The application of FixAl and isotopic methods in the study of flowback fluids from Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2020, 27(1): 112-122.

图/表 11

图1 世界范围内7个EGS分布图

Fig.1 Map showing the distribution of seven EGS projects around the world

表1 世界范围内7个EGS项目的相关物理化学参数汇编

Table 1 Compilation of selected physico-chemical data from seven EGS projects around the world

项目	国家	试验年份	井深/m	注-采井间距/m	储层温度/℃	返排液温度/℃	返排液 pH	注水流速 /(L·s^-1)	储层岩性	质量浓度/(mg·L^-1)																							参考文献
项目	国家	试验年份	井深/m	注-采井间距/m	储层温度/℃	返排液温度/℃	返排液 pH	注水流速 /(L·s^-1)	储层岩性	TDS	Na		K		Ca		Mg		Cl		SO₄		HCO₃		F		SiO₂		Fe		Al		参考文献
Soultz-sous- Forêts	法国	1997	3 876	450	160	142	4.8	25	富黑云母及角闪石花岗岩	90 690.25		24 472		3 377.4		6 880		139.44		55 522		225.6		147.62		4		139.8		30.1		na	[11]
Bad Urach	德国	1978	3 325	na	143	143	4.2	na	花岗片麻岩	2 144.2		558.9		159.5		150		0.4		1 275.4		na		na		na		156.6		110.9		0.6	[12]
Fenton Hill	美国	1992	4 010	310	327	182	7	5.5~6.5	黑云母花岗闪长岩	2 632.65		899.3		88.9		18		0.1		955		377.3		588.1		17		423.6		0.800 8		1.2	[13]
Hijiori	日本	2002	1 800~ 2 200	130	260	170	9.03	16.67	石英闪长岩	1 092.9		373.9		54.6		8.3		0.1		391.4		202.1		125		na		370.5		na		na	[14]
Ogachi	日本	1993	1 100	80	170~230	108	na	12.5~20	花岗闪长岩	804.5		299		17.6		4		0		49.7		153.6		561.2		6.7		162		na		na	[15]
Rosemanowes	英国	1988	2 780	250	99.8	99.8	8.8	21.6	花岗岩	302.34		100.7		3.4		13.76		0.08		73.1		74.4		73.8		11.4		65.4		0.02		0.2	[16]
Habanero Cooper Basin	澳大利亚	2008	4 421	560	250	200	7.6	14	花岗岩	12 750.4		4 942.9		643.5		25.45		0.45		8 235		36		na		17		153		na		na	[16-18]

图2 EGS中的主要流体组成

Fig.2 The main fluid components in EGS

图3 世界范围7个EGS返排液水化Piper图

Fig.3 Piper diagram of flowback fluids of seven EGS projects around the world

图4 20 MPa二氧化碳与花岗岩粉末反应后流体元素组分

Fig.4 Elemental compositions of samples taken from 20 MPa CO2-rock interaction experiments at different temperatures

表2 易沉淀矿物在井口温度下的lg(Q/K)值

Table 2 lg(Q/K) values of precipitable minerals at the wellhead temperature

矿物	lg(Q/K)
矿物	Soultz-sous-Forêts	Bad Urach	Fenton Hill	Hijiori	Ogachi	Rosemanowes	Habanero Cooper Basin
方解石	-2.027 8	-90.393 0	0.827 8	1.467 9	1.130 3	1.163 5	-98.693 0
白云石	-4.530 0	-182.145 7	0.476 8	2.101 5	-51.484 8	1.109 6	-197.817 4
二氧化硅	-0.624 1	-0.660 4	-0.288 2	-0.809 4	-0.812 4	-1.011 8	-0.834 3

图5 各EGS项目中主要矿物的lg(Q/K)-T图,图中标记的温度为热储温度

Fig.5 Plots of lg(Q/K)-T for each EGS project with reservoir temperatures labeled

图6 水同位素十三线图解(a)和Fenton Hill流体循环试验注入水与不同阶段返排液中水的δD-δ18O关系图(b) ①—全球平均大气降水线(GMWL);⑤—与经历长期水岩反应的地下水混合;⑥—与安山水混合; ⑦—蒸发线;⑧—与海水混合;其他标注参照文献[20]。

Fig.6 Models of stable isotopes in 13 processes (a) and plots of δD-δ18O for injected water and flowback fluid samples in different stages of the circulation test in Fenton Hill EGS (b)

图7 Fenton Hill持续277天的流体循环试验返排液阴离子组分三角图

Fig.7 Triangle diagram of anions in flowback fluids during a 277-day's circulation test in Fenton Hill EGS

图8 1997年Soultz-sous-Forêts EGS循环试验中流体密度随时间变化(据文献[18])

Fig.8 Fluid density as observed during the 1997 circulation test of Soultz-sous-ForêtsEGS. Adapted from [18].

图9 不同温度下溶液盐度与比热容关系(据文献[40]) t_20, t_100,t_180分别代表20 ℃,100 ℃,180 ℃。

Fig.9 Relationship of salinity and specific heat at different temperatures. Adapted from [40].

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FixAl及同位素方法在EGS返排液研究中的应用

The application of FixAl and isotopic methods in the study of flowback fluids from Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)

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