Analysis of characteristics of precipitation and runoff in the typical karst catchment and contribution decomposition on influencing factors of interannual runoff variation
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摘要:
地下水文过程是地球关键带科学研究的重要问题，在具有地表地下二元水文结构的喀斯特地区，其水文过程与其他类型区差异显著，研究黔中典型喀斯特小流域后寨河流域降水与径流特征及径流年际变化的影响因素，有助于在区域视角上了解气候变化与人类活动影响下的喀斯特流域水文特征。本文基于贵州省普定县后寨河流域出口观测站1987~2006年实测降水、地表径流、地下径流序列水文数据，分析比较了后寨河流域降水、径流的年内与年际变化特征，并采用集中度与不均匀系数两个指标分析比较了流域降水与径流的年内分配特征。采用累积距平法、年际累积量法分析了流域降水量与径流量的年际变化趋势，确定出1990年与2002年两个拐点年份，其中1990年为突变年。运用累积量斜率变化率比较法定量计算出气候变化与人类活动对径流年际变化的贡献率：以人类活动影响较小的初始阶段T1（1987~1990年）为基准期，在不考虑潜在蒸散量的影响时，计算得到人类活动影响加剧的措施期T2（1991~2002年）时段降水量减少对于地表、地下径流量减少的贡献率分别为39.32%、46.52%，人类活动对于地表、地下径流量减少的贡献率分别为60.68%、53.48%；如果考虑潜在蒸散量的影响，潜在蒸散量减少对于地表、地下径流量减少的贡献率分别为-14.89%、-17.61%，而人类活动对于地表、地下径流量减少的贡献率分别增至为75.57%、71.09%。可见，人类活动是后寨河流域径流量年际变化的主要驱动因素。
Abstract:The research of underground hydrological process plays an important role in the scientific research of the critical zone on the Earth. The hydrological process in karst landscapes with double porosity system is different from other regions. Investigating the characteristics of precipitation and runoff and analyzing the influencing factors of the runoff interannual variation will help to understand the hydrological characteristics of karst catchment to the climate change and human activities in the regional perspective. The studied area (26°12'26"~26°17'20"N, 105°40'38"~105°48'13"E), the Houzhai catchment, is located in southern of Puding County, Guizhou Province, which has a total area of 81km2. Two streams, including the surface river and subterranean river flow at the northwest of this catchment, were studied. In this paper, the seasonal and interannual change characteristics of precipitation and runoff had been analyzed, and the concentration degree and unevenness coefficient indices were employed to analyze the temporal trend of seasonal precipitation and runoff distribution of the catchment based on the precipitation and runoff monthly time series observed data of Houzhai hydrological station in 1987~2006. The results indicated that:(1)The response of surface runoff and subterranean runoff to precipitation has lagged effect at the seasonal scale under the impacts of rain intensity, the surface soil moisture level, subterranean structure and agricultural activities used water; (2)Both surface runoff and subterranean runoff are largely affected by non-precipitation factors, what's more, the surface runoff is severely affected in the interannual; (3)The concentration and nonuniformity of subterranean runoff are more affected by precipitation than surface runoff, however, the concentration and nonuniformity is lower due to the subterranean fissure and conduit. The methods of cumulative anomaly and interannual accumulation were used to analyze the precipitation and runoff sequence interannual trend of Houzhai catchment over nearly 20 years, so as to identify the two turning points of 1990 and 2002, of which 1990 was the year of inflection point. The revised slope change ratio of cumulative quantity was used to calculate quantitatively the contribution rate of the precipitation, potential evapotranspiration and human activities to surface and subterranean runoff interannual variation. Take the year of inflection point as a boundary, the period of 1987~1990 (T1)is regarded as the base period that represents less effect period by human activities. With the increase of human activities, the period of 1991~2002 (T2)can be regarded as the measure period that represents more effect period by human activities. The results demonstrated that:(1)Without considering the influence of evapotranspiration in the area, the contribution rate of precipitation reduction to surface runoff and subterranean runoff decrease were 39.32% and 46.52% respectively in the period of T2 compared with the base period T1 (1987~1990), while the contribution rate of human activities to the surface runoff and subterranean runoff reduction were 60.68% and 53.48% respectively; (2)On the contrary, with considering the influence of potential evapotranspiration, the contribution rate of potential evapotranspiration reduction to the surface runoff and underground runoff decrease were -14.89% and -17.61% respectively in the period of T2, and the contribution rate of human activities to the surface runoff and subterranean runoff were increased to 75.57% and 71.09% respectively. Obviously, human activity was the dominant factor impacting the runoff yield interannual changes of the Houzhai catchment.
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图 1
后寨河流域地理位置及监测点示意图
Figure 1.
Location of the Houzhai catchment and the observation sites
图 2
后寨河流域多年月平均降水量与径流深
Figure 2.
Monthly mean precipitation and runoff in Houzhai catchment
图 3
后寨河流域1987~2006年年降水量、年径流深和径流系数变化
Figure 3.
Variations of annual precipitation, runoff and runoff coefficient from 1987 to 2006 in Houzhai catchment
图 4
后寨河流域降水径流年际变化
Figure 4.
Interannual variation of precipitation and runoff in Houzhai catchment
图 5
后寨河流域降水径流累积年际变化
Figure 5.
Accumulative interannual variation of precipitation and runoff in Houzhai catchment
图 7
后寨河流域水文变量累计年变化趋势
Figure 7.
Trends of accumulative interannual change of hydrological variables in Houzhai catchment
图 8
后寨河流域1990年与2002年土地利用分布图
Figure 8.
Distribution of land use types of Houzhai catchment in 1990 and 2002
表 1
不同时期年份与各累积量斜率及其变化
Table 1.
Slope change ratio of cumulative quantity of the Houzhai catchment during different periods
影响因素 时间段
/年年累积量 累积量斜率
/mm·a-1改变量
/mm·a-1改变率
/%地表径流 1987~1990 243.38 1991~2002 437.14 193.76 79.61 地下径流 1987~1990 251.60 1991~2002 420.91 169.31 67.29 降水 1987~1990 1107.08 1991~2002 1453.64 346.56 31.3 潜在蒸散量 1987~1990 663.31 1991~2002 741.88 78.57 11.85 
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表 2
气候因子与人类活动对径流量变化的贡献率*
Table 2.
Quantitative impact of climatic factors and human activities on runoff change in Houzhai catchment
时间段/年 Cp/% CE/% CH/% CE+CH/% 地表径流 1987~1990 — — — — 1991~2002 39.32 -14.89 75.57 60.68 地下径流 1987~1990 — — — — 1991~2002 46.52 -17.61 71.09 53.48 *Cp——降水量变化对径流量变化的贡献率；CE——蒸散量对径流量变化的贡献率；CH——人类活动对径流量变化的贡献率
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表 3
后寨河流域1990年与2002年土地利用结构
Table 3.
Area and proportion of each land use types of Houzhai catchment in 1990 and 2002
土地利用类型 1990年 2002年 面积/km2 比例/% 面积/km2 比例/% 林地 0.68 0.84 10.2 12.7 水田 9.17 11.3 15.2 18.8 旱作地 21.9 27.1 17 21 水域 0.34 0.42 0.47 0.58 建筑与道路 5.38 6.66 8.05 9.96 未利用地 43.4 53.7 29.9 36.9 总计 80.8 100 80.8 100
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