Study on the relationship of surface pollen, vegetation and climate along a precipitation gradient in China
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摘要:
了解现代花粉与植被和气候的关系是重建古植被和古气候的重要基础。文章选取我国从内陆至沿海分布的148个样点，探究降水梯度下表土花粉变化特征及其与现代植被和气候的关系。结果表明：1)从内陆至沿海，孢粉组合基本能够反映出“荒漠-草原-森林”的植被变化特征。在温带荒漠和草原区域，以蒿属、藜科为主的草本花粉占优势；暖温带落叶阔叶林区域以松属、蒿属和十字花科为优势花粉，伴有落叶栎类、榛属/鹅耳枥属等落叶乔木花粉；在亚热带常绿阔叶林区域，栲属/柯属和青冈属花粉较为丰富。2)不同植被区域木本与草本花粉比值(AP/NAP)、蒿属与藜科花粉之和(A+C)、蒿属与莎草科花粉比值(A/Cy)、松属与蒿属花粉比值(P/A)等花粉指标有所不同，对区域植被和气候有较强指示意义。3)本研究中表土花粉变化与年降水量和7月均温密切相关，但在不同降水梯度下，部分花粉表现出不同的花粉-气候相关性。4)十字花科、谷物类禾本科花粉在低海拔地区含量变化与我国农田分布相对应，一定程度上可以指示人类活动。研究结果对解译地层花粉信息和提高古气候重建精度有重要意义。
Abstract:Understanding the intricate relationships among surface pollen, vegetation and climate forms a crucial basis for reconstructing paleoclimate and paleovegetation. In this article, we meticulously selected 148 sample sites spanning from inland to coastal(24.7°~42.2°N, 101.4°~121.5°E), embarking on a comprehensive examination of the surface pollen-vegetation-climate interplay along a precipitation gradient. The results show that: (1)From inland to coastal, pollen assemblages can reflect the vegetation change shifts from deserts to steppes and subsequently to forests. In the temperate desert and steppe regions, herb pollen such as Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae are dominant. Pinus, Artemisia and Brassicaceae are the representative pollen of the warm temperate deciduous broadleaf forest region, which has some deciduous tree pollen taxa such as Quercus D and Corylus/Carpinus. In subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest region, Castanopsis/Lithocarpus and Cyclobalanopsis pollen is relatively abundant.(2)Pollen indices including arboreal pollen/non-arboreal pollen(AP/NAP), Pinus/Artemisia(P/A), Artemisia+Chenopodiaceae(A+C)and Artemisia/Cyperaceae(A/Cy)are different among different vegetation regions. These indices effectively signify changes in vegetation and regional climate.(3)Annual precipitation and July mean temperature are closely related to the variation of surface pollen assemblage. Nevertheless, in different regions along precipitation gradient, some pollen taxas exhibit different pollen-climate relationships.(4)The pollen content of Brassicaceae and Poaceae Cereal is relatively high in low altitude areas, aligning with the distribution of farmland in China and indicating human activity to some extent. The results hold significant implications for interpreting stratigraphic pollen information and improving the accuracy of paleoclimate reconstruction.
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Key words:
- surface pollen /
- climate factors /
- vegetation
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图 1
(a) 样点高程；(b)年均温分布情况；(c)年降水量分布情况；(d)样点植被区域[39]：Ⅰ青藏高原高寒植被区域；Ⅱ温带荒漠区域；Ⅲ温带草原区域；Ⅳ温带针叶-落叶阔叶混交林区域；Ⅴ暖温带落叶阔叶林区域；Ⅵ亚热带常绿阔叶林区域；Ⅶ热带季风雨林-雨林区域
Figure 1.
(a)The elevation of sites; (b)Annual average temperature distribution; (c)Annual precipitation distribution; (d)The vegetation region[39]: Ⅰ, Qinghai-Xizang Plateau high cold vegetation region; Ⅱ, temperate desert region; Ⅲ, temperate steppe region; Ⅳ, temperate needleleaf-broadleaf forest region; Ⅴ, warm temperate deciduous broadleaf forest region; Ⅵ, subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest region; Ⅶ, tropical monsoon forest and rainforest region. Climate and elevation data from WorldClim[40] and vegetation region data from Resource and Environmental Science Data Platform:
https://www.resdc.cn/ )
图 3
PCA结果图(a)和Ward's离差平方和法聚类结果(b)
Figure 3.
Plot of PCA results(a)and clustering results of Ward's sum of squared deviations method(b)
图 6
不同区域花粉百分比与气候因子相关性热图
Figure 6.
Heatmap of correlation between pollen percentage and climate factors from different regions. * * *: significant correlation at the 0.01 level; * *: significant correlation at 0.05 level; *: significant correlation at 0.1 level
表 1
不同植被区域的指示花粉
Table 1.
Indicator pollen of different vegetation regions
植被区域 花粉类型 忠实性 指示值 p值 显著水平 温带荒漠 Populus 0.2857 0.532 0.003 ** Portulacaceae 0.2857 0.532 0.003 ** 温带草原 Apiaceae 0.7857 0.813 0.003 ** Picea 0.5714 0.711 0.001 *** Urticaceae 0.5 0.674 0.002 ** Elaeagnaceae 0.4286 0.619 0.002 ** Tamarix 0.4286 0.618 0.003 ** Convolvulaceae 0.4286 0.613 0.006 ** 暖温带落叶阔叶林 Taraxacum 0.8 0.858 0.001 *** Aster 0.8 0.707 0.001 *** Poaceae Cereal 0.5333 0.634 0.006 ** 亚热带常绿阔叶林 Euphorbiaceae 0.6707 0.797 0.003 ** Cyclobalanopsis 0.6341 0.796 0.002 ** Alnus 0.6829 0.771 0.004 ** Myricaceae 0.5488 0.741 0.002 ** Liquidambar 0.5732 0.725 0.01 ** Taxodiaceae 0.4756 0.69 0.002 ** Symplocos 0.4024 0.626 0.017 * Elaeocarpus 0.3415 0.584 0.007 ** Ilex 0.3049 0.552 0.028 * Moraceae 0.2317 0.481 0.045 * * * *代表显著性水平α=0.01，* *代表显著性水平α=0.05，*代表显著性水平α=0.1 
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表 2
主成分分析(PCA)结果
Table 2.
Results of principal component analysis(PCA)
轴1 轴2 轴3 轴4 特征值 0.3805 0.2298 0.0787 0.0677 累计方差 38.05 61.02 68.89 75.66
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表 3
表土花粉和气候因子RDA结果统计
Table 3.
Summary statistics for redundancy analysis(RDA)with surface pollen and climate factors
气候因子 VIF VIF(去除后) 解释量(%) 贡献度(%) 相关性 p值 年均温(MAT) 1150.95 19.49 3.4 8.4 8.1 0.002 7月均温(Tjul) 231.82 14.05 9.7 24.1 21.4 0.002 1月均温(Tjan) 1089.04 — — — — — 年降水量(MAP) 120.59 10.19 24.4 60.5 47.2 0.002 7月降水(Pjul) 12.22 8.77 2.8 6.9 6.4 0.002 1月降水(Pjan) 46.06 — — — — —
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表 4
冗余分析(RDA)结果
Table 4.
Results of RDA
轴1 轴2 轴3 轴4 特征值 0.2483 0.1004 0.0411 0.0134 累积方差解释量 24.83 34.87 38.98 40.32 物种-环境相关性 0.8935 0.5840 0.5429 0.4583 物种-环境关系累积解释量 61.59 86.48 96.67 100.00
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表 5
花粉指标与气候因子相关系数表
Table 5.
Correlation coefficient of pollen indices with climatic factors
花粉指标 气候因子 年均温(MAT) 7月均温(Tjul) 1月均温(Tjan) 年降水量(MAP) 7月降水(Pjul) 1月降水(Pjan) AP 0.580** -0.188* 0.745** 0.832** 0.651** 0.825** NAP -0.580** 0.188* -0.745** -0.832** -0.651** -0.825** AP/NAP 0.603** -0.171* 0.766** 0.832** 0.648** 0.828** A+C -0.651** 0.054 -0.751** -0.846** -0.684** -0.819** A/Cy -0.358** 0.295** -0.552** -0.673** -0.577** -0.675** P/A 0.337** 0.422** 0.261** 0.262** 0.204* 0.248** * *在0.01级别，相关性显著；*在0.05级别，相关性显著
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