Late Hercynian-Indosinian denudation and uplift history in the eastern Qaidam Basin: constraints from multiple thermometric indicators and sedimentary evidences
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摘要:
柴达木盆地东部周缘造山带内保存有较完整的晚古生代-早中生代沉积记录，但盆地内至今仍未发现二叠系-三叠系.为探讨柴东地区二叠纪-三叠纪有无沉积及隆升历史等关键地质问题，本文首先利用古温标法恢复晚海西-印支期剥蚀量，随后，通过物源分析法获得印支期柴东北缘隆升的沉积学证据.结果表明，印支运动前，柴东地区残留石炭系顶界面埋深普遍超过2500 m，晚海西-印支期剥蚀量为2100~4300 m，剥蚀量从南往北逐渐减小.柴东地区曾沉积了2000~3000 m的二叠系-三叠系，随后被整体剥蚀.晚二叠世以来，随着古特提斯洋往北俯冲，盆地周缘开始隆升.早三叠世柴东北缘经历了一次快速隆升，先期的多套沉积地层与结晶基底被迅速剥蚀并为宗务隆南缘的隆务河群砾岩沉积提供物源.中三叠世海水往北和往东退出研究区.晚三叠世，松潘-甘孜地体强烈碰撞挤压使得东昆仑-柴达木地体下地壳显著缩短和增厚，柴东地区被整体抬升，并且形成了南高北低的古地貌格局，在古气候与水系作用下，二叠系-三叠系与部分石炭系被全部剥蚀并搬运至宗务隆、南祁连及松潘-甘孜一带.
Abstract:It is a puzzle that Permian-Triassic sediments, which are widely distributed in the surrounding mountain belts, are not yet found in the eastern Qaidam Basin. In order to figure out whether there was sedimentation and what s uplift history it was, we firstly applied the thermometric indicators method to recover Late Hercynian-Indosinian denudation. Some pieces of sedimentary evidence with relation to Indosinian uplift in the northern margin of eastern Qaidam Basin were also acquired by using provenance analysis. The results show that the top interface of residual Carboniferous of the eastern Qaidam Basin had been buried under 2500 m before Indosinian, and late Hercynian-Indosinian denudation reached up to 2100~4300 m, which was characterized by a decrease from south to north in the eastern Qaidam Basin. So there is an undeniable fact that the eastern Qaidam Basin once deposited Permian-Triassic with a thickness of 2000~3000 m, followed by a complete denudation. In response to northward subduction of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, northern and southern margins of the eastern Qaidam Basin began to uplift since late Permian. An early Triassic rapid uplift in the northern margin of eastern Qaidam Basin led to significant denudation of previous sediments and crystalline basement, with adequate supplies of gravel provenance for lower Triassic Longwuhe formation in the southern Zongwulong. Then, seawater totally retreated from north and east of the study area in middle Triassic. Late Triassic continental collision between the Songpan-Garzê terrene and East Kunlun-Qaidam terrene caused significant contraction and thickening of lower crust in the East Kunlun-Qaidam, as well as intense surface uplift in the eastern Qaidam Basin, thus resulting in a northward tilting paleogeomorphology. Under the promotion of paleo-climates and drainages, Permian-Triassic and partial Carboniferous were entirely eroded and transported to the Zongwulong, South Qilian and Songpan-Garzê.
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Key words:
- Permian-Triassic /
- Late Hercynian-Indosinian /
- Denudation /
- Uplift /
- Eastern Qaidam Basin
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图 1
柴达木盆地大地构造及研究区位置图(改自Xiao等，2013)
Figure 1.
Tectonic map of the Qaidam Basin and location of the study area (Modified from Xiao et al., 2013)
图 2
(a) 柴达木盆地东部及周缘造山带区域地质图、钻井与野外剖面位置、主要不整合面发育特征(改自1:500000柴达木盆地地质图); (b)北东向AA′地震剖面图(程荣等，2016)
Figure 2.
(a) Regional geological map of the eastern Qaidam Basin and its surrounding mountain belts, locations of wells and profiles, characteristics of prominent unconformities (Modified from 1:500000 geological map of the Qaidam Basin); (b) NE-trending seismic section along the AA′ line in Fig. 2a (Cheng et al., 2016)
图 3
东昆仑地区—柴东地区—宗务隆地区石炭系-侏罗系地层综合柱状图
Figure 3.
Integrated Carboniferous-Jurassic stratigraphy in the East Kunlun, eastern Qaidam Basin and Zongwulong
图 4
古温标法计算不整合面之上剥蚀量原理示意图
Figure 4.
Schematic diagram showing thermometric indicator method to calculate denudation above the unconformity
图 5
柴东地区石炭系与侏罗系烃源岩Ro平均值对比图
Figure 5.
Average vitrinite reflectance (Ro) value of Carboniferous and Jurassic in the eastern Qaidam Basin
图 6
柴东地区典型钻井及剖面的石炭系烃源岩熟度模拟值与实测值拟合结果
Figure 6.
Fitting results of the maturity value of simulation and measurement for the Carboniferous source rocks of typical wells and profiles in the eastern Qaidam Basin
图 7
柴东地区及周缘三叠纪古流向与古生代-中生代热年代学年龄数据分布图
Figure 7.
Triassic paleo-currents and Paleozoic-Mesozoic thermochronology data in the eastern Qaidam Basin and its surrounding regions
图 8
柴东南缘-东昆仑北缘古生代以来的冷却历史
Figure 8.
Cooling history since Paleozoic in the southern margin of eastern Qaidam Basin-northern part of East Kunlun
图 9
宗务隆构造带南缘下三叠统隆务河群野外照片及岩性特征
Figure 9.
Field pictures and lithological characterstics of lower Triassic Longwuhe formation in the southern part of Zongwulong tectonic belt
图 10
柴东地区及周缘二叠纪-三叠纪隆升剥蚀过程
Figure 10.
Permian-Triassic uplift and denudation in the eastern Qaidam Basin and its surrounding regions
表 1
柴东地区石炭系烃源岩样品深度、Ro值及最高古地温数据
Table 1.
Samples depth, vitrinite reflectance (Ro) and maximum paleo-temperature data for Carboniferous source rocks in the eastern Qaidam Basin
井位、剖面名称 深度/m Ro/% 最高古地温/℃ 尕丘1* 1633 1.19 157 1670 1.18 156 1673 1.19 157 1685 1.20 158 1691 1.26 161 1699 1.28 162 1757 1.31 164 1763 1.26 161 1799 1.33 165 ZK5-2* 93 1.32 165 126 1.34 166 147 1.49 175 171 1.46 174 204 1.50 175 231 1.54 177 262 1.57 178 292 1.65 182 338 1.48 174 柴页2* 655 1.16 157 841 1.38 170 903 1.49 175 917 1.46 174 934 1.46 174 957 1.46 174 979 1.44 173 999 1.39 170 1011 1.53 177 1022 1.46 174 1027 1.52 176 1035 1.48 175 1047 1.54 178 1051 1.46 174 ZK3-2* 43 1.3 164 70 1.2 159 165 1.4 171 206 1.6 180 282 1.2 159 282 1.6 180 307 1.7 186 320 1.6 180 404 1.7 186 481 1.5 175 523 1.7 186 539 1.7 186 543 1.63 182 543 1.6 180 青德地1* 1507 2.19 197 1508 2.24 199 1509 2.22 198 1509 2.27 200 1509 2.18 197 1640 2.40 205 霍参1* 2016 1.60 180 2080 2.19 198 2095 2.11 194 城墙沟* 174 1.30 164 820 1.15 155 840 1.17 156 856 1.25 161 925 1.39 170 942 1.39 170 1060 1.76 190 1076 1.78 191 1149 1.62 181 尕海南山* 245 1.61 171 258 1.68 175 263 1.64 174 267 1.67 175 389 1.78 180 415 1.89 184 441 1.82 181 442 1.81 181 455 1.88 184 463 1.98 188 465 1.95 187 465 1.85 182 旺尕秀* 645 0.92 136 1146 0.90 134 1167 0.86 130 1218 0.95 138 1388 1.03 144 1396 1.06 145 1406 1.23 152 1430 1.47 170 1435 1.10 146 1476 1.14 148 穿山沟* 458 2.24 199 关角牙# 62 2.44 206 136 2.50 208 158 2.76 217 164 2.68 214 注：代表数据为本研究新测试；#代表数据收集自段宏亮等（2006）. 
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表 2
柴东地区上石炭统砂岩样品锆石(U-Th)/He年龄分析数据
Table 2.
Zircon (U-Th)/He ages of upper-Carboniferous sandstone samples from the eastern Qaidam Basin
样品编号 U
(×10-6)Th
(×10-6)147S
(×10-6)[eU]
(×10-6)He
(nmol/g)Mass
(μg)Ft* Raw age
(Ma)Age
(Ma)±σ DL0101-1 104.9 155.2 0.8 140.6 925.4 6.60 0.77 181.06 235.6 14.13 DL0101-2 138.3 179.5 0.0 179.6 578.4 3.36 0.71 174.01 245.9 14.76 DL0101-3 305.9 158.2 0.7 342.3 1039.5 3.37 0.71 164.22 229.8 13.79 DL0101-4 171.5 182.8 0.0 213.6 1164.5 5.52 0.74 179.54 241.0 14.46 采样位置 36°21′40.96″, 97°54′45.30″ (3106 m) 加权平均年龄 238.1±28.6 Ma DL0102-1 205.1 83.0 0.6 224.2 849.2 4.23 0.76 163.37 216.3 12.98 DL0102-2 43.7 109.3 1.0 68.9 164.9 3.41 0.72 127.84 176.9 10.61 DL0102-3 300.7 124.9 0.0 329.4 1179.5 4.00 0.74 163.23 219.6 13.17 DL0102-4 72.4 71.4 0.0 88.8 279.8 3.06 0.72 187.20 259.7 15.58 DL0102-5 79.0 59.2 0.1 92.6 537.9 6.43 0.78 164.71 212.0 12.72 DL0102-6 91.5 65.5 0.0 106.6 663.0 5.52 0.76 204.41 267.7 16.06 采样位置: 36°21′38.93″, 97°54′39.53″ (3093 m) 加权平均年龄 225.4±33.4 Ma SHG01-1 95.6 70.2 1.7 111.7 676.6 5.33 0.75 206.19 275.8 16.55 SHG01-2 75.2 50.4 0.1 86.8 872.7 7.91 0.79 230.21 290.1 17.41 SHG01-3 87.4 61.9 0.0 101.6 1330.5 11.01 0.81 215.83 267.3 16.04 SHG01-4 80.3 53.6 1.5 92.6 594.3 5.65 0.77 206.21 267.5 16.05 采样位置 37°25′05.74″, 96°04′24.54″ (3424 m) 加权平均年龄 275.2±33.0 Ma SHG02-1 455.2 103.8 5.8 479.1 5346.1 9.78 0.81 207.41 257.0 15.42 SHG02-2 240.8 82.4 2.1 259.8 1262.9 4.19 0.74 210.69 283.3 17.00 SHG02-3 161.8 118.1 0.7 189.0 1190.4 5.86 0.77 195.47 254.0 15.24 SHG02-4 203.6 150.1 0.4 238.2 2365.0 8.58 0.79 209.96 264.9 15.89 SHG02-5 398.0 158.2 0.1 434.4 4153.0 7.51 0.78 230.84 295.4 17.72 采样位置: 37°25′05.74″, 96°04′24.54″ (3378 m) 加权平均年龄 264.8±35.8 Ma SHG03-1 440.1 218.9 6.2 490.6 2918.7 6.17 0.77 175.71 229.3 13.76 SHG03-2 64.7 85.0 0.0 84.3 735.6 7.76 0.79 203.89 259.6 15.58 SHG03-3 84.1 59.9 0.0 97.8 477.5 4.64 0.75 191.32 254.2 15.25 SHG03-4 95.3 99.1 0.0 118.1 488.5 3.73 0.73 201.02 275.4 16.53 SHG03-5 93.0 77.3 0.0 110.8 311.9 2.64 0.70 193.55 275.9 16.55 采样位置: 37°25′05.74″, 96°04′24.54″ (3212 m) 加权平均年龄 258.9±38.4 Ma 注：[eU]=U+0.235 × Th×10-6 (Flowers et al., 2007); Ft*代表α-ejection校正(Farley, 2002); 运用Isoplot V3.25 (Ludwig et al., 1991)计算的置信水平达到95%的加权平均年龄.
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表 3
残留石炭系及现今埋深、古地温梯度、不整合面处最高古地温及古埋深、晚海西-印支期剥蚀量
Table 3.
Results of residual Carboniferous and its present-day depth, and paleo-geothermal gradients, maximum paleo-temperature and burial depth of unconformity before Indosinian, Late Hercynian-Indosinian denudation
井位、剖面名称 残留石炭系及现今埋深(m) 古地温梯度
(℃/km)不整合面处最高古地温
(℃)不整合面古埋深
(m)晚海西-印支期剥蚀量
(m)尕丘1* C2k(1290~1908) 38 143 3100 3100 ZK5-2*** C2k(52~504) 42 164 3300 2300 柴页2*** C2zh~C1h(20~2500) 40 135 2700 2100 ZK3-2*** C2k(10~718) 39 154 3300 2100 青德地1** C2zh~C1h(904~3012) 43 171 3400 2900 霍参1* C1h(1876~2150) 43 184 3700 3700 城墙沟** C2k~C1c(0~1580) 39 128 2600 2200 尕海南山** C2zh~ C1h(0~1217) 43 165 3300 2900 旺尕秀* C2zh~C2k(640~1623) 37 118 2500 2500 穿山沟* C1c~C1ch(0~523) 43 184 3700 3700 关角牙* C2zh(0~274) 45 201 3900 3900 注：柴页2***，代表三期不整合面叠加，剥蚀量计算误差为±300 m；青德地1**，代表两期不整合面叠加，剥蚀量计算误差为±200 m；旺尕秀*，代表印支运动形成的不整合面，剥蚀量计算误差为±100 m.
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表 4
柴东南缘-东昆仑北缘晚二叠世-三叠纪冷却历史、古地温梯度(假定)及剥蚀量表
Table 4.
Late Permian-Triassic cooling history, assumed paleo-geothermal gradients and denudation in the southern margin of eastern Qaidam Basin-northern part of East Kunlun
剖面名称 年龄
(Ma)温度路径
(℃)古地温梯度
(℃/km)剥蚀量
(m)阿拉格尔泰* 238~210 210~55 43 3600 香日德*** 251~195 800~400 50 8000# 诺木洪** 263~195 440~248 45 4300 五龙沟** 263~195 440~250 45 4200 格尔木东** 263~195 340~165 45 3900 格尔木*** 257~195 800~200 50 12000# 注：阿拉格尔泰*，剥蚀量计算误差为±200 m.诺木洪**，剥蚀量计算误差为±400 m.香日德***，剥蚀量计算误差为±2000 m；8000#代表剥蚀量异常高值，本研究暂不作分析讨论.
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