
市场转型期中国大城市低收入社区住房分异研究
Housing Differentiation in Low-Income Neighbourhoods in Large Chinese Cities under Market Transition
基于2007年在广州、武汉、西安3个大城市的低收入社区开展的大型入户调查数据,在社区尺度探究了中国大城市低收入社区中不同社会经济群体间的住房分异情况,并分析了在社会经济转型背景下的制度因素(如户口、邻里类型、雇主类型等)和市场因素(如社会群体、年龄、受教育程度、家庭收入、职业等)对住房产权和居住条件的影响。通过计算泰尔指数发现,大城市低收入社区中不同群体间和群体内的住房分异情况都较显著,但群体内部的差异较群体间的差异更为明显。对住房条件的多元回归分析结果表明,低收入社区不同社会群体的住房条件在不同程度上受到制度因素和市场因素的影响。制度因素对住房面积等难以在短时间内改变的住房条件的作用较市场因素更显著,而市场因素对于住房设施等较易改变的住房条件的影响要比制度因素明显。
Based on a large-scale household survey conducted in low-income urban neighborhoods in three large Chinese cities, i.e. Guangzhou, Wuhan and Xi′an, this study examines China′s low income urban neighborhoods’ between-group and within-group housing differentiation defined by different socioeconomic characteristics, and analyzes various determinants of housing differentiation under market transition, including institutional factors (hukou, neighborhood type, employer type, etc.) and market factors (social group, age, education, Household income, occupation, etc.). This study aims to present a comprehensive portrait of housing differentiation in low-income urban neighborhoods, and to understand how the confluence of state and market forces contribute to housing differentiation. The merits of this study mainly lie in two aspects: first, based on first-hand data source, this article presents a meticulous examination of housing differentiation within and between groups categorized by various indicators; second, this study enriches our understanding of the role of institutional and market forces by providing a more accurate assessment on their respective impacts on different aspects of housing differentiation. In this study, we applied various statistical models to analyze different social groups’ housing differentiation on the housing tenure and housing conditions. Theil′s index is applied to measuring the degree of residential differentiation between and within groups on housing tenure and housing conditions, while multivariate regression model is used to explain the causes of housing conditions differentiation. According to the Theil′s T statistics, the differentiation of housing tenure is most significant among people with different hukou status. These findings suggest that housing tenure differentiation is predominantly shaped by institutional factors, while the impact of market remuneration system, e.g. educational attainment and household income, is comparatively less significant. The patterns of differentiation are slightly different when it is measured by housing conditions. In terms of between group differentiation in housing conditions, groups defined by hukou status, household income, and different cities show a high degree of differentiation. In comparison, between group differentiation is much less significant than within group differentiation. This could be partly explained by the fact that various social groups in Chinese cities are generally characterized by high degree of heterogeneity and mobility under market transition. This is particularly true among residents in low-income neighborhoods, which are highly fluid, volatile, and heterogeneous, although they might become more homogeneous once all better-off residents have moved out. The multivariate regression analyses reveal that the forces from market and the state have brought about different imprints on various aspects of housing status. Institutional factors have projected more significant impacts on some costly and durable housing indicators, which are less likely to change in a short period, such as housing tenure and housing area, while socio-economic determinants are more influential on housing facilities which are comparatively easy to be improved. Concurring with extant literature, this study shows that institutional heritages from the socialist period continue to shape the patterns of housing consumption in post-reform large Chinese cities, although the newly emerged urban housing market starts to play increasing important roles. In addition, this research presents a much more detailed portrait of housing differentiation in low income neighborhoods. This paper has added much richness and nuance to extant understanding of housing differentiation under market transition.
市场转型 / 制度 / 市场 / 住房分异 / 低收入邻里 {{custom_keyword}} /
market transition / institution / market / housing differentiation / low-income neighborhood {{custom_keyword}} /
住房性质(%) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
租住私房 | 租住公房 | 自建房 | 继承房 | 私有化住房 | 补贴/福利房 | 商品房 | ||
社会群体 | 在职城市居民 | 25.74 | 11.39 | 6.44 | 9.90 | 29.70 | 14.85 | 1.98 |
城市下岗/失业居民 | 11.65 | 15.53 | 11.65 | 19.42 | 28.16 | 12.62 | 0.97 | |
城市退休人员 | 4.10 | 14.75 | 12.30 | 16.39 | 42.62 | 9.02 | 0.82 | |
农民工 | 64.91 | 3.17 | 24.01 | 2.90 | 2.11 | 2.37 | 0.53 | |
邻里类型 | 城中村 | 55.34 | 2.85 | 28.27 | 6.65 | 4.04 | 2.61 | 0.24 |
老城衰败邻里 | 25.99 | 21.66 | 8.66 | 20.94 | 8.30 | 12.64 | 1.81 | |
工人新村 | 10.43 | 6.16 | 0 | 2.37 | 65.40 | 14.22 | 1.42 | |
年龄 | 40岁以下 | 62.46 | 5.60 | 10.92 | 3.64 | 11.20 | 4.76 | 1.40 |
40~60岁 | 21.83 | 12.45 | 18.12 | 12.88 | 22.71 | 11.35 | 0.66 | |
60岁以上 | 4.26 | 8.51 | 22.34 | 20.21 | 36.17 | 7.45 | 1.06 | |
学历 | 小学及以下 | 37.25 | 3.27 | 20.92 | 11.11 | 20.26 | 7.19 | 0 |
中等教育 | 36.34 | 10.44 | 15.31 | 10.01 | 18.88 | 8.15 | 0.86 | |
高等教育 | 28.07 | 12.28 | 7.02 | 7.02 | 26.32 | 14.04 | 5.26 | |
职业 | 经理/主管人员 | 41.30 | 6.52 | 10.87 | 10.87 | 15.22 | 8.70 | 6.52 |
专业人员/公务员 | 34.78 | 13.04 | 8.70 | 10.87 | 21.74 | 10.87 | 0 | |
技术工人/技术人员 | 28.95 | 10.53 | 3.95 | 11.84 | 28.95 | 14.47 | 1.32 | |
个体户/小企业 | 58.94 | 6.76 | 13.53 | 5.80 | 6.28 | 8.21 | 0.48 | |
体力劳动者/服务业者 | 46.70 | 11.45 | 9.69 | 7.05 | 16.74 | 7.49 | 0.88 | |
非正式工作或其他 | 13.68 | 9.12 | 26.38 | 14.33 | 28.66 | 7.17 | 0.65 | |
雇主类型 | 公共部门 | 22.73 | 13.64 | 13.64 | 9.09 | 22.73 | 13.64 | 4.55 |
国有/集体企业 | 12.71 | 13.56 | 10.17 | 14.41 | 40.25 | 8.05 | 0.85 | |
私营企业 | 52.91 | 8.74 | 10.68 | 8.74 | 12.14 | 6.31 | 0.49 | |
合资/外资企业 | 25 | 7.14 | 7.14 | 10.71 | 25 | 17.86 | 7.14 | |
其他 | 43.29 | 6.84 | 22.53 | 8.10 | 10.38 | 8.35 | 0.51 | |
城市 | 广州 | 39.47 | 8.88 | 11.51 | 5.26 | 18.42 | 13.82 | 2.63 |
武汉 | 36.07 | 15.74 | 12.13 | 10.82 | 23.28 | 1.64 | 0.33 | |
西安 | 32.33 | 3.33 | 23.67 | 14 | 17 | 9.67 | 0 | |
户口 | 本地非农 | 7.96 | 14.29 | 12.24 | 17.35 | 33.67 | 13.06 | 1.43 |
本地农业 | 17.54 | 0 | 70.18 | 4.39 | 2.63 | 3.51 | 1.75 | |
外地非农 | 74.29 | 5.71 | 1.43 | 1.43 | 8.57 | 8.57 | 0 | |
外地农业 | 91.88 | 4.70 | 0.85 | 0 | 1.71 | 0.85 | 0 | |
家庭月收入 | 中低收入 | 37.46 | 9.37 | 15.11 | 10.27 | 20.85 | 6.04 | 0.91 |
中等收入 | 34.69 | 11.84 | 13.06 | 8.98 | 24.08 | 7.35 | 0 | |
中高收入 | 40.26 | 9.74 | 13.64 | 5.19 | 18.83 | 9.74 | 2.60 | |
总计(909) | 35.97 | 9.35 | 15.73 | 10.01 | 19.58 | 8.36 | 0.99 |
住房条件(均值和标准差) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
人均居住面积(m2) | 人均房间数(间) | 房屋设施完备程度 | |||||
社会群体 | 在职城市居民 | 17.68 | 15.95 | 0.90 | 0.50 | 0.69 | 0.29 |
城市下岗/失业居民 | 13.57 | 11.78 | 0.69 | 0.46 | 0.47 | 0.33 | |
城市退休人员 | 16.22 | 12.10 | 0.78 | 0.60 | 0.57 | 0.28 | |
农民工 | 20.22 | 28.36 | 0.84 | 0.78 | 0.43 | 0.30 | |
邻里类型 | 城中村 | 21.63 | 28.86 | 0.85 | 0.77 | 0.47 | 0.31 |
老城衰败邻里 | 12.75 | 10.15 | 0.75 | 0.54 | 0.47 | 0.36 | |
工人新村 | 15.91 | 8.12 | 0.81 | 0.42 | 0.68 | 0.24 | |
年龄 | 40岁以下 | 17.76 | 21.03 | 0.85 | 0.64 | 0.50 | 0.33 |
40~0岁 | 16.90 | 20.40 | 0.75 | 0.54 | 0.52 | 0.32 | |
60岁以上 | 20.46 | 25.00 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.54 | 0.29 | |
学历 | 小学及以下 | 16.89 | 16.07 | 0.88 | 0.80 | 0.45 | 0.29 |
中等教育 | 17.48 | 22.75 | 0.78 | 0.61 | 0.51 | 0.32 | |
高等教育 | 21.16 | 10.6 | 0.97 | 0.47 | 0.80 | 0.25 | |
城市 | 广州 | 18.15 | 14.08 | 1.01 | 0.64 | 0.66 | 0.27 |
武汉 | 20.16 | 29.15 | 0.70 | 0.57 | 0.58 | 0.30 | |
西安 | 14.42 | 16.66 | 0.71 | 0.66 | 0.30 | 0.28 | |
户口 | 本地非农 | 20.11 | 14.35 | 0.89 | 0.56 | 0.72 | 0.31 |
本地农业 | 21.36 | 38.26 | 0.84 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.25 | |
外地非农 | 16.60 | 10.89 | 0.82 | 0.46 | 0.64 | 0.33 | |
外地农业 | 20.11 | 14.35 | 0.89 | 0.56 | 0.72 | 0.31 | |
职业 | 经理/主管人员 | 14.96 | 14.54 | 0.81 | 0.66 | 0.42 | 0.30 |
专业人员/公务员 | 19.11 | 25.53 | 0.80 | 0.71 | 0.49 | 0.32 | |
技术工人/技术人员 | 20.08 | 13.99 | 0.93 | 0.57 | 0.68 | 0.35 | |
个体户/小企业 | 16.29 | 17.18 | 0.78 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.30 | |
体力劳动者/服务业者 | 16.84 | 22.12 | 0.85 | 0.66 | 0.46 | 0.31 | |
非正式工作者/其他 | 15.63 | 7.00 | 0.85 | 0.28 | 0.77 | 0.23 | |
雇主类型 | 公共部门 | 18.68 | 23.99 | 0.79 | 0.70 | 0.49 | 0.32 |
国有/集体企业 | 17.24 | 22.2 | 0.75 | 0.49 | 0.58 | 0.32 | |
私营企业 | 27.83 | 26.39 | 1.15 | 0.99 | 0.51 | 0.30 | |
合资/外资企业 | 18.82 | 22.05 | 1.01 | 0.83 | 0.52 | 0.34 | |
其他 | 13.21 | 12.76 | 0.70 | 0.57 | 0.39 | 0.30 | |
家庭收入水平 | 中低收入 | 15.21 | 17.07 | 0.80 | 0.71 | 0.41 | 0.30 |
中等收入 | 15.50 | 13.25 | 0.75 | 0.54 | 0.55 | 0.28 | |
中高收入 | 19.29 | 17.14 | 0.83 | 0.60 | 0.68 | 0.26 | |
总计(909) | 17.61 | 21.17 | 0.81 | 0.64 | 0.52 | 0.32 |
自有住房 | 人均居住面积 | 人均房间数 | 房屋设施 完备程度 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
总体样本 | 0.1651 | 0.0622 | 0.1748 | |
群体之间 | ||||
社会群体 | 0.0698 | 0.0112 | 0.0041 | 0.0195 |
邻里类型 | 0.0418 | 0.0244 | 0.0014 | 0.0149 |
城市 | 0.0078 | 0.0084 | 0.0149 | 0.0407 |
户口 | 0.2747 | 0.0293 | 0.0165 | 0.0142 |
学历 | 0.0012 | 0.0013 | 0.0024 | 0.0095 |
年龄 | 0.0652 | 0.0014 | 0.0037 | 0.0003 |
职业 | 0.0517 | 0.0058 | 0.0003 | 0.0122 |
雇主类型 | 0.0287 | 0.0026 | 0.0011 | 0.0081 |
家庭收入 | 0.0031 | 0.0360 | 0.0022 | 0.0462 |
群体内部 | ||||
社会群体 | 0.1539 | 0.0581 | 0.1553 | |
邻里类型 | 0.1407 | 0.0609 | 0.1599 | |
城市 | 0.1567 | 0.047293 | 0.134086 | |
户口 | 0.1357 | 0.0457 | 0.1606 | |
学历 | 0.1638 | 0.0598 | 0.1653 | |
年龄 | 0.1637 | 0.0585 | 0.1745 | |
雇主类型 | 0.1625 | 0.0611 | 0.1667 | |
职业 | 0.1593 | 0.0618 | 0.1626 | |
家庭收入 | 0.1291 | 0.0600 | 0.1286 |
表4 中国大城市低收入邻里住房条件的多元线性回归模型Table 4 Result of multivariable regression analysis on housing conditions |
参数 | 住房条件 | ||
---|---|---|---|
人均居住 面积 | 人均 房间数 | 房屋设施 完备程度 | |
B | B | B | |
截距 | 17.189*** | 1.061*** | 0.447*** |
社会群体(农民工) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
在职城市居民 | -24.216*** | 0.158 | 0.014 |
城市下岗/失业居民 | -29.032*** | 0.133 | -0.058 |
城市离退休人员 | -26.108*** | 0.185 | -0.026 |
邻里类型(工人新村) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
城中村 | 7.361*** | 0.063 | -0.118*** |
老城衰败邻里 | -0.909 | -0.051 | -0.181*** |
学历(大专及以上) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
小学及以下 | -1.876 | 0.059 | -0.177*** |
初中和高中 | 1.025 | 0.014 | -0.112*** |
城市(西安) 广州 武汉 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4.825*** | 0.267*** | 0.330*** | |
6.880*** | 0.051 | 0.274*** | |
户口(外地农业) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
本地非农 | 27.782*** | -0.144 | 0.060 |
本地农业 | 9.395*** | 0.434*** | 0.056* |
外地非农 | 25.996*** | 0.057 | 0.070 |
住房性质(自有住房) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
租住房 | -9.485*** | -0.278*** | -0.189*** |
职业(非正式工作者/其他) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
经理/主管人员 | -2.212 | -0.020 | 0.043 |
专业人员/公务员 | 2.422 | 0.030 | 0.033 |
技术工人/技术人员 | -1.398 | -0.010 | 0.043 |
个体户/小企业 | -3.273 | 0.032 | 0.092*** |
体力劳动者/服务业者 | -1.715 | 0.030 | -0.043 |
雇主类型(其他) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
公共部门 | -3.978 | 0.020 | -0.009 |
国有/集体企业 | -3.230 | 0.013 | 0.015 |
私营企业 | -3.102 | -0.020 | 0.020 |
合资/外资企业 | -6.414 | -0.098 | 0.088 |
年龄 | 0.0206 | 0.0003 | 0.0002 |
家庭人口数 | -1.781*** | -0.133*** | 0.026*** |
家庭人均月收入 | 0.00734*** | 0.00015*** | 0.00005*** |
家庭就业人数 | -2.397*** | -0.026 | -0.003 |
R2 | 0.290 | 0.300 | 0.503 |
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The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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