
中亚干旱区咸海面积变化与人类活动及气候变化的关联研究
The relationship between area variation of the Aral Sea in the arid Central Asia and human activities and climate change
咸海是亚洲仅次于里海的第二大内陆咸水湖, 20世纪60年代以来湖泊面积急剧萎缩。基于1960 - 2018年咸海的面积数据、 CRU气温和降水数据以及咸海流域灌溉面积、 水库容量等资料, 定量分析了1960年以来咸海湖泊面积的变化情况, 并从气候变化与人类活动两方面探究了咸海面积变化的主要影响因素。结果表明: 1960 - 2018年咸海的面积由6.85×104 km2持续萎缩至(8.32±0.19)×103 km2, 共减少了(6.02±0.02)×104 km2(约87.85%), 其中1960 - 2009年面积萎缩了(5.94±0.02)×104 km2(约86.77%), 而在2009 - 2018年其面积萎缩速率明显放缓, 减少了740.04 km2(约8.17%)。统计结果显示, 1960年以来强烈的人类活动(主要表现为灌溉用水和水库储水量的持续增加)是导致咸海面积急剧萎缩的主要因素, 其对咸海面积变化的影响远大于气候变化。在中亚地区气候继续向暖湿变化的背景下, 咸海流域应尽快调整以农业灌溉为主的用水结构, 否则在上游冰川融水达到峰值后, 咸海可能面临干涸的危险。
Utilizing datasets of the Aral Sea area, global CRU meteorological data and the irrigation area and reservoir capacity, we quantitatively assessed the long-term area variation of the Aral Sea during the period of 1960 - 2018, and then investigated the dominant influence factors including climate change and human activities. It is revealed that area of the Aral Sea had shrunk dramatically from 6.85×104 km2 to (8.32±0.19)×103 km2 with a shrinkage of (6.02±0.02)×104 km2 (about 87.85%) from 1960 to 2018. The area of the Aral Sea had shrunk by (5.94±0.02)×104 km2 (about 86.77%) during the period of 1960 - 2009, while the shrinkage rate had slowed down obviously and the area had decreased by 740.04 km2 (about 8.17%) during the period of 2009 - 2018. The results of this statistical analysis show that the enhanced human activities since 1960, especially the increase of irrigation water consumption and reservoir capacity, is the dominant factor rendering the rapid shrinkage of the Aral Sea. Hence, water consumption, especially for irrigation should be adjusted to adapt on-going warming in the Aral Sea basin as soon as possible.
咸海 / 面积变化 / 气候变化 / 冰川变化 / 人类活动 {{custom_keyword}} /
Aral Sea / area variation / climate change / glacier change / human activity {{custom_keyword}} /
图4 1960 - 2018年咸海湖区气温变化及其M-K检验曲线Fig.4 Variations of annual mean air temperature (a), summer air temperature (c), winter air temperature (e) and M-K test curves of annual mean air temperature (b), summer air temperature (d), winter air temperature (f) in the Aral Sea from 1960 to 2018 |
表1 1960 - 2018年咸海面积与缓冲区及典型区内气象要素的相关系数Table 1 Correlation coefficients between area of the Aral Sea and climatic factors in buffer zones and typical zones from 1960 to 2018 |
区域 | 范围 | 年平均气温 | 夏季气温 | 冬季气温 | 年降水量 | 夏季降水量 | 冬季降水量 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
缓冲区 | 0 ~ 200 km | -0.575** | -0.632** | -0.197 | -0.265* | -0.093 | -0.370** |
200 ~ 400 km | -0.574** | -0.633** | -0.206 | -0.208 | -0.030 | -0.363** | |
400 ~ 600 km | -0.583 | -0.631** | -0.228 | -0.060 | 0.116 | -0.221 | |
600 ~ 800 km | -0.591** | -0.617** | -0.249 | 0.068 | 0.227 | -0.140 | |
800 ~ 1 000 km | -0.607** | -0.608** | -0.270 | -0.043 | 0.178 | -0.237 | |
1 000 ~ 1 200 km | -0.635** | -0.636** | -0.287 | -0.123 | 0.127 | 0.011 | |
1 200 ~ 1 400 km | -0.666** | -0.653** | -0.314 | -0.201 | 0.049 | -0.175 | |
1 400 ~ 1 600 km | -0.702** | -0.673** | -0.349** | -0.287* | -0.096 | -0.132 | |
典型区 | 阿姆河上游 | -0.629** | -0.548** | -0.283* | -0.171 | -0.314* | -0.293* |
锡尔河上游 | -0.683** | -0.580** | -0.333* | -0.178 | -0.217 | -0.237 |
表2 南、 北咸海面积与阿姆河、 锡尔河上游气候要素的相关系数Table 2 Correlation coefficients between areas of the South and North Aral Seas and climatic factors in upstreams of the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya |
区域 | 年平均气温 | 夏季 气温 | 冬季 气温 | 年降 水量 | 夏季降水量 | 冬季降水量 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
阿姆河上游 | -0.589** | -0.675** | 0.040 | -0.051 | 0.192 | -0.121 |
锡尔河上游 | 0.353* | 0.543** | -0.225 | -0.010 | -0.113 | 0.126 |
表3 1960 - 2015年咸海流域灌溉面积、 水库容量与咸海面积的相关系数Table 3 Correlation coefficients between area of the Aral Sea and irrigation area, reservoir capacity in the Aral Sea basin during 1960 - 2015 |
对象 | 流域 | 相关系数 |
---|---|---|
灌溉面积 | 咸海流域 | -0.959** |
水库容量 | 阿姆河流域 | -0.893** |
锡尔河流域 | -0.743** | |
咸海流域 | -0.844** |
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